274 lines
28 KiB
XML
274 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad9fadb9-dae2-4d9e-99ac-18720e54e2fa" ID-PMC="PMC4304033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-472-117" ID-PubMed="25632252" ID-ZBK="F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-472-117" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 472" ModsDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" checkinTime="1451244827731" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mally, Richard, Korycinska, Anastasia, Agassiz, David J. L., Hall, Jayne, Hodgetts, Jennifer & Nuss, Matthias" docDate="2015" docId="E060DE71EE61AB68DF1D3CC023DA24C1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 472: 117-162" docOrigin="ZooKeys 472" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781" docTitle="Leucinodes laisalis Walker 1859, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FFE27F4AFFB0563AFFFBFF814072DA71" masterDocTitle="Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1668159804888" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Discovery of an unknown diversity of Leucinodes species damaging Solanaceae fruits in sub-Saharan Africa and moving in trade (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Korycinska, Anastasia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Agassiz, David J. L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hall, Jayne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hodgetts, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nuss, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>472</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>117</mods:start>
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<mods:end>162</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8781</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-472-117</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F9D10185A581424093C1B35A960F5F88</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152057693" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E060DE71EE61AB68DF1D3CC023DA24C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E060DE71EE61AB68DF1D3CC023DA24C1" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="18" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="135">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Crambidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, 1859" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis (Walker, 1859)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="18" pageNumber="135">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 7-8, 20, 28, 35, 40-41, 44-46
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Megaphysa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megaphysa laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="136" start="start">Megaphysa</pageBreakToken>
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laisalis
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="255 - 508" title="Pyralides." volume="17" year="1859">Walker 1859</bibRefCitation>
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: 382-383. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hampson, GF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="172 - 291" title="A revision of the moths of the subfamily Pyraustinae and family Pyralidae. Part II." volume="1899" year="1899">Hampson 1899</bibRefCitation>
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: 275 to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sceliodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sceliodes</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Daraba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Daraba idmonealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idmonealis">Daraba idmonealis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="255 - 508" title="Pyralides." volume="17" year="1859">Walker 1859</bibRefCitation>
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: 385-386.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Hyamia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyamia subterminalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterminalis">Hyamia subterminalis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, London" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="1121 - 1533" volume="34" year="1866">Walker 1866</bibRefCitation>
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: 1145.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Daraba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Daraba plenisignata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenisignata">Daraba plenisignata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, London" pageId="36" pageNumber="153" pagination="1121 - 1533" volume="34" year="1866">Walker 1866</bibRefCitation>
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: 1977-1978.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes translucidalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="translucidalis">Leucinodes translucidalis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gaede, M" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="387 - 401" title="Neue Lepidopteren des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. I. Aethiopische Pyralididen." volume="8" year="1917">Gaede 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 398, syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="type-locality">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Type-locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">South Africa, Cape of Good Hope</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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Type-specimen. Holotype, sex unknown, [round white label with green border]
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Type”">"Type"</normalizedToken>
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; [round pale white label] [front] "C. G. | Hope", [back] "44 | 6"; [rectangular blue label] "Megaphysa | laisalis Wlk | Type" (BMNH). - Additional material.MOROCCO. 1♂ Oued Cherrat, 17.ix.1952, leg. Ch. Rungs, prep. RM 734 (MNHN); SENEGAL. 1♂ Dakar, viii.1952, leg. A. Villiers, prep. RM736 (MNHN);
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<normalizedToken originalValue="CÔTE">COTE</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D’IVOIRE">D'IVOIRE</normalizedToken>
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. 1♂
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouaké">Bouake</normalizedToken>
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, Inepa, 29.-30.xii.1983, leg. Stam, prep. RM688 (RMCA); NIGERIA. 1 ex. Oyo, Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="7.501">7.501N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="3.906">3.906E</geoCoordinate>
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, 240m, 19.vi.2006, leg. G.M. Miller & T.M. Kuklenski, DNA Barcode USNM ENT 676643 (USNM); KENYA. 1♂ Nairobi, Kiambu (Kyambu), 6000 ft, x.1916, leg. H. L. Andrewes, BMNH
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<taxonomicName family="Pyralidae" lsidName="" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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slide No. 23136 (BMNH); 1♂ 1♀ Kitui (Katoteni), 30.viii.2005, ex larva on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">Solanum incanum</taxonomicName>
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, adult 30.ix.2005, leg. Muli & Okuku, preps RM301 & RM308 (SMTD); 10ex. Laikipia County, Laikipia Plateau, Mpala Research Centre,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="0.293">0.293N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="36.899">36.899E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1650m, 13.ii.1999 (1ex.), 20.iv.1999 (4ex.), 17.vii.1999 (3ex.), 23.xii.1999 (1ex.), 06.xii.2002 (1ex.), leg. S.E. Miller & T.M. Kuklenski (5ex.), S.E. Miller & R.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Meara">O'Meara</normalizedToken>
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(4ex.), S.E. Miller (1ex.), DNA Barcodes USNM ENT 196697-196706 (USNM); 1ex. Matthews Range,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="1.24">1.24N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="37.29">37.29E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1506m, 17.i.2004, leg. R.S. Copeland, DNA Barcode USNM ENT 719748 (USNM); TANZANIA. 1♀ Morogoro, Sokoine University Garden,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-6.8333335">06°50'S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="37.633335">037°38'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 05.vii.2009, leg. J. & W. De Prins, prep. RM668 (RMCA); 1♂ Morogoro Distr. & Town, 550-600 m, 14.xi.1992, leg. L. Aarvik, prep. RM686 (coll. Aarvik); SOUTH AFRICA. 1♂ Mpumalanga, Barberton, northern edge of town, suburban garden- and bushland, 610 m, 15./16.i.2007, leg. T. Karisch, DNA Barcode BC MTD 01819, prep. RM504 (coll. Karisch); SPAIN. 1♂ Cadiz, 3 km NW Tarifa, 5 m, 25.ix.1987, leg. P. Skou, prep. RM380 (ZMUC); GREAT BRITAIN (IMPORT). see Suppl. material 2 (Fera material).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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Distinguished from most other members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
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by the orange-brown to greyish forewing colour. Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
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by the generally darker forewing colour with less amount of white. Differs from both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ethiopica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethiopica">Leucinodes ethiopica</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
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in: male genitalia with large, oval sacculus; broad, strongly sclerotized ventrad fibula; saccus well elongated; phallus coecum keeled, posteriodorsal apodeme with slim, fingerlike, well sclerotized process; female genitalia with antrum broad, its anterior end coiled, with exocuticle diffusely sclerotized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="redescription of adults">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Redescription of adults.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Head. Frons slightly bulged; labial palps upturned, greyish to brown, first meron on ventral side with forward-directed tuft, third meron in males half as long as second meron, considerably longer in females; maxillary palps minute; haustellum well developed; eyes large, hemispherical; ocelli present; antennae ciliate, cilia considerably longer in males; vertex with creamy white scales; chaetosemata absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Thorax. Dorsal side brown with greyish and dark brown scales mixed in; ventral side grey to whitish; legs predominantly whitish or grey, epiphysis present; tibial spurs 0, 2, 4 with outer spur 2/3 the length of inner spur.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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Wings. Forewing length 7.0-11.5 mm, the females being somewhat larger; both sexes with one frenular bristle; forewing ground colour orange- to grey-brown, with the general
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Sceliodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sceliodes</taxonomicName>
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wing pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Abdomen. First segment whitish, remainder light-brown; older specimens often with darkened abdomen due to degeneration of abdominal fat body.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Male genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: vinculum saccus conspicuously elongated anteriad; juxta usually with small notch at median base; valvae emerging in narrow angle from vinculum; phallus with keeled coecum, posteriodorsal apodeme with slim, fingerlike, slightly curved and well sclerotized process, vesica with a short line of tiny cornuti.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Female genitalia. As for the genus, apart from: antrum long, tubular, anterior end coiled; apophysis pairs straight, apophyses anteriores with somewhat broader muscle attachment area at posterior quarter.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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In Africa known from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
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, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania (own observations). Externally,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
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is similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes ugandensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">Leucinodes ugandensis</taxonomicName>
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(see below), therefore literature records from other African countries than those listed here need verification. In Europe recorded from Spain, Portugal (
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<bibRefCitation author="Speidel, W" editor="Karsholt, O" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" title="The Lepidoptera of Europe. A distributional checklist" year="1996">Speidel 1996</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Huertas Dionisio, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Lepidopterologia" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="321 - 334" title="Immature states of Lepidoptera (XIII). Three species of tropical origin of the subfamily Pyraustinae Meyrick, 1890: (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Crambidae). Shilap." volume="28" year="2000">Huertas Dionisio 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; own observations) and Great Britain (own observations). The records from Great Britain certainly refer to interceptions and it is assumed that those from the Iberian Penninsula also do not refer to a native occurrence.
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<bibRefCitation author="Huertas Dionisio, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Lepidopterologia" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" pagination="321 - 334" title="Immature states of Lepidoptera (XIII). Three species of tropical origin of the subfamily Pyraustinae Meyrick, 1890: (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Crambidae). Shilap." volume="28" year="2000">Huertas Dionisio (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded the species from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum linnaeanum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">Solanum linnaeanum</taxonomicName>
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, a species native to southern Africa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="food plants">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Food plants.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" lsidName="" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum incanum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">Solanum incanum</taxonomicName>
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L. (Kenya, leg. Muli & Okuku 2005),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum anguivi" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anguivi">Solanum anguivi</taxonomicName>
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Lam. ("
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sodomaeum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sodomaeum">Solanum sodomaeum</taxonomicName>
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L.,"),
|
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpon">Solanum macrocarpon</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum melongena" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">Solanum melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum linnaeanum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linnaeanum">Solanum linnaeanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hepper & P.-M. Jaeger,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum lycopersicon" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycopersicon">Solanum lycopersicon</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="annuum">Capsicum annuum</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayden, JE" journalOrPublisher="Fort Collins, CO" pageId="34" pageNumber="151" title="Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae" url="http://idtools.org/id/leps/micro/" volumeTitle="USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP)" year="2013">Hayden et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="19" pageNumber="136" type="immature stages">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="136">Immature stages.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="19" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Larva. Generally very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="137" start="start">Leucinodes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
orbonalis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the metathorax the MSD setae are usually on separate pinacula, while the mesothoracic MSD setae are usually on the same pinaculum. The abdominal D1 pinacula are often smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and lack dark spots or unpigmented areas (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ogunwolu, EO" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="175 - 177" title="Sceliodeslaisalis (Pyralidae): Description of the mature larva and note on its feeding habit." volume="32" year="1978">Ogunwolu (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a detailed larval description and chaetotaxy). Pupa. length ca. 8.5 mm; distal margins of cremaster usually evenly rounded, without distinct corners; spinulation of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cremaster’s">cremaster's</normalizedToken>
|
||
dorsal surface a little coarser than dorsal spinulation on abdominal segment 9 dorsal surface, no distinct small spines as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes orbonalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes africensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africensis">Leucinodes africensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; cocoon of beige coloured silk that does not darken significantly over time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="137" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="137">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="137">
|
||
We found a significant DNA Barcode difference of 2.4-2.8% uncorrected-p distance between the single South African specimen and the Kenyan and Ghanan/Nigerian Barcode clusters (Fig. 47; see also section 'DNA
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Barcoding’">Barcoding'</normalizedToken>
|
||
below). These differences in the DNA Barcode are not reflected in a divergent morphology of the clusters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="137">
|
||
The record of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Belgium by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nyst, RH" journalOrPublisher="Phegea" pageId="35" pageNumber="152" pagination="147 - 148" title="Quand l'Afrique fait du tourisme sous la forme de Sceliodes laisalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." volume="32" year="2004">Nyst (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is most probably a misidentification, since the illustrated imago resembles much more the whitish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucinodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Apart from that, there is a European record of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Spain. Additionally, it is frequently intercepted with the import of solanaceous fruits in Great Britain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Despite repeated search in the collection of the ZMHB, original material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes translucidalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="translucidalis">Leucinodes translucidalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gaede, 1917 from Tanzania, Tendaguru, could not be traced. According to the original description, this taxon can be regarded as conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to all details given in the original description. Especially the white triangle at the anterior line, another white triangle, though often somewhat inconspicuous, at the middle of costa, and the dark brown area below apex support the conspecifity with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Leucinodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucinodes laisalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laisalis">Leucinodes laisalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |