423 lines
48 KiB
XML
423 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CD36156C768E1D9188F8AA3D613FEBB5">Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="7A1702C226359F7407B9F4E0A4506272">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF76FFF70FC26" ID-CoL="3B2FV" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[192,599,874,898]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF76FFF70FC26" bold="true" box="[192,599,874,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF76FFC49FC26" bold="true" box="[192,366,874,898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Erinnyis ello</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFEB2F76FFF69FC26" author="Linnaeus" box="[382,590,874,898]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 824" refId="ref15410" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Halae Magdebvrgicae; Stockholm. 1 - 824 p." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF79CFF81FC0B" blockId="12.[192,870,921,1029]" box="[192,678,921,943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF79CFF2CFC0B" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[192,523,921,943]" class="Insecta" genus="Anceryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF79CFC62FC0A" box="[192,325,921,942]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Anceryx ello</emphasis>
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(
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFE98F79CFF24FC0B" author="Linnaeus" box="[340,515,921,943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1758">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFE98F79CFF24FC0B" author="Linnaeus" box="[340,515,921,943]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 824" refId="ref15410" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Halae Magdebvrgicae; Stockholm. 1 - 824 p." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFDD8F79CFF81FC0B" author="Walker" box="[532,678,921,943]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1856">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFDD8F79CFF81FC0B" author="Walker, F." box="[532,678,921,943]" journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="224 - 225" refId="ref18131" refString="Walker, F. 1856. Sphingidae. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera Series 2: 224 - 225." title="Sphingidae" type="book chapter" year="1856">Walker, 1856</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF7B3FE41FC6F" blockId="12.[192,870,921,1029]" box="[192,870,950,972]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFFEFFCAFF0CF7B3FE41FC6F" box="[192,870,950,972]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF7B3FF1CFC68" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[192,571,950,972]" class="Insecta" genus="Dilophonota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF7B3FC52FC6F" box="[192,373,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Dilophonota ello</emphasis>
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(
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFE48F7B3FF14FC68" author="Linnaeus" box="[388,563,950,972]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1758">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFE48F7B3FF14FC68" author="Linnaeus" box="[388,563,950,972]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 824" refId="ref15410" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Halae Magdebvrgicae; Stockholm. 1 - 824 p." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFD89F7B3FE41FC6F" author="Godman & Salvin" box="[581,870,950,972]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1881">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFD89F7B3FE41FC6F" author="Godman and Salvin" box="[581,870,950,972]" firstAuthor="Godman" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14272" refString="Godman, F. D., and O. Salvin. 1881. 1. Dilophonota ello. In: H. Druce. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Heterocera. Vol. I. R. H. Porter; London, United Kingdom. xxxi + 490 p." type="book" year="1881">Godman and Salvin, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF7D6FCD2FC4C" blockId="12.[192,870,921,1029]" box="[192,501,979,1001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFFEFFCAFF0CF7D6FCD2FC4C" box="[192,501,979,1001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF7D6FCD2FC4C" authority="Zikan, 1934" authorityName="Zikan" authorityYear="1934" box="[192,501,979,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinifera">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF7D6FC4FFC4C" box="[192,360,979,1000]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphinx cinifera</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFEA3F7D6FCD2FC4C" author="Zikán" box="[367,501,979,1001]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1934">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFEA3F7D6FCD2FC4C" author="Zikan, J. F." box="[367,501,979,1001]" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Entomologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="157 - 162" part="4" refId="ref18526" refString="Zikan, J. F. 1934. Drei neue Lepidopteren aus Brasilien. Revista de Entomologia 4: 157 - 162." title="Drei neue Lepidopteren aus Brasilien" type="journal article" year="1934">Zikán, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF7F5FF25FBA1" blockId="12.[192,870,921,1029]" box="[192,514,1008,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C8EF119FFFFEFFCAFF0CF7F5FF25FBA1" box="[192,514,1008,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF7F5FF25FBA1" authority="Mooser, 1942" authorityName="Mooser" authorityYear="1942" box="[192,514,1008,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Sphinx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="omorfia">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF7F5FC4EFBA1" box="[192,361,1008,1029]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sphinx omorfia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="695E10A0FFFEFFCAFEBDF7F5FF25FBA1" author="Mooser" box="[369,514,1008,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" year="1942">
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<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFEBDF7F5FF25FBA1" author="Mooser, O." box="[369,514,1008,1029]" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="205 - 211" part="13" refId="ref16131" refString="Mooser, O. 1942. Esfingidos nuevos de Mexico (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Anales del Instituto de Biologia 13: 205 - 211." title="Esfingidos nuevos de Mexico (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)" type="journal article" year="1942">Mooser, 1942</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFEFFCAFF24F01BF87BFB92" box="[232,1372,1054,1078]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF24F01BF87BFB92" blockId="12.[232,1372,1054,1078]" box="[232,1372,1054,1078]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFF24F01BFC89FB92" author="Linnaeus" box="[232,430,1054,1078]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 824" refId="ref15410" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Halae Magdebvrgicae; Stockholm. 1 - 824 p." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
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described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFDFDF01AFFE9FB92" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[561,718,1054,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFDFDF01AFFE9FB92" box="[561,718,1054,1078]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Erinnyis ello</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
from his own material in the collection of the MLUR.
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFEFFCAFF0CF04BFE13FA03" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF04BFE13FA03" blockId="12.[192,1440,1102,1448]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF04BFC8CFBC2" bold="true" box="[192,427,1102,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Description. Egg.</emphasis>
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||
Circular and pale green, changing to pale yellow before hatching.
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<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB0EF04BF83BFBC2" bold="true" box="[1218,1308,1102,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Larva.</emphasis>
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||
All instars usually green, sometimes brown depending on food. The main characteristic of
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||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB55F06AF9C0FB22" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1177,1255,1134,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
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||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB55F06AF9C0FB22" box="[1177,1255,1134,1158]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. ello</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
larvae is a big eyespot on the dorsal thorax that is divided by a thin vertical line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFFEFFCAFC39F08AF96EFB03" box="[1013,1097,1167,1191]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="25.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[377,1254,213,1785]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 1. Larvae of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676601" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676601/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFBADF08AF9CEFB03" bold="true" box="[1121,1257,1167,1191]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Pre-pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to last instar but paler and wider.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFDDEF0ABFF41FB62" bold="true" box="[530,614,1198,1222]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Adult.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexually dimorphic, male thinner with a black, medial uneven line on forewings extending from basal to apical area, female completely pale-gray, but similar size.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFAACF0CAFC38FAA2" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Wing expanse</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="2F079B54FFFEFFCAFEE2F0EAFCF9FAA2" box="[302,478,1263,1287]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.025" metricValueMax="8.66" metricValueMin="7.39" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="80.25" valueMax="86.6" valueMin="73.9">73.9–86.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFE25F0EBFF63FAA2" bold="true" box="[489,580,1262,1286]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Wings.</emphasis>
|
||
Very narrow.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD38F0EAFE83FAA3" box="[756,932,1263,1287]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
|
||
: Forewings completely whitish-gray with dark-gray and brown strigiform markings. Hindwings orange with a grayish-black wide line in outer margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFEE7F12AFCCFFAE3" box="[299,488,1327,1351]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Ventral surface</emphasis>
|
||
: Both wings pale-brown with brown strigiform markings.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB07F12AF83CFAE2" bold="true" box="[1227,1307,1327,1351]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFAE9F12AF8BFFAE2" box="[1317,1432,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
: Whitish-gray; moderately clubbed.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD4CF155FFE9FAC3" box="[640,718,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Vertex</emphasis>
|
||
: Grayish-brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFC61F14AF919FAC3" box="[941,1086,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: Labial palps small.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFA9DF14AF887FAC2" bold="true" box="[1361,1440,1359,1383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Body.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF16AFC3FFA23" box="[192,280,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Completely gray, without markings.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD2BF16AFE7DFA23" box="[743,858,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Gray with horizontal black lines and a median gray line dividing those.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFE23F195FF01FA03" box="[495,550,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Pale brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70C42A34FFFEFFCAFD03F18AFE01FA03" box="[719,806,1423,1447]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="26.[192,275,1790,1812]" captionTargetBox="[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[379,1254,213,1756]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 2. Adults of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. The unlabeled images in the top half of the figure are to scale, whereas the labeled images in the bottom half of the figure have been resized. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3676603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3676603/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFEFFCAFF0CF1BAF9FAF993" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF1BAF9FAF993" blockId="12.[192,1440,1471,1592]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF1BAFC54FA73" bold="true" box="[192,371,1471,1495]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFEB6F1C5FF30FA73" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[378,535,1471,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFEB6F1C5FF30FA73" box="[378,535,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Erinnyis ello</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was incorrectly noted as occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFC27F1BAF90BFA73" box="[1003,1068,1471,1495]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFB95F1BAF802FA73" author="Linnaeus" box="[1113,1317,1471,1495]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 824" refId="ref15410" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Halae Magdebvrgicae; Stockholm. 1 - 824 p." type="book chapter" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This species is native to the Americas. It has been found in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFCAAF1E5FE84FA5C" box="[870,931,1504,1528]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFC62F1DAF920FA53" box="[942,1031,1503,1527]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFBDFF1E5F95CFA53" box="[1043,1147,1504,1527]" name="Panama" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFB44F1E5F828FA53" box="[1160,1295,1503,1528]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFAD7F1DAFC09F9BC" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, West Indies, French Antilles,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFD6BF205FE8DF9BC" box="[679,938,1536,1560]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFC7AF205F938F9BC" box="[950,1055,1536,1560]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFBE6F205F98EF9BC" box="[1066,1193,1536,1560]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90E87621FFFEFFCAFB27F205F811F9BC" box="[1259,1334,1536,1560]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFA89F205FDD9F993" author="Walker, F." journalOrPublisher="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="224 - 225" refId="ref18131" refString="Walker, F. 1856. Sphingidae. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera Series 2: 224 - 225." title="Sphingidae" type="book chapter" year="1856">Walker 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFEC6F225FF65F99C" author="Godman and Salvin" box="[266,578,1568,1592]" firstAuthor="Godman" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14272" refString="Godman, F. D., and O. Salvin. 1881. 1. Dilophonota ello. In: H. Druce. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Heterocera. Vol. I. R. H. Porter; London, United Kingdom. xxxi + 490 p." type="book" year="1881">Godman and Salvin 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFD82F225FE0AF993" accessDate="2015-10-06" author="Zagatti, P. & B. Lalanne-Cassou & J. Duchat-d'Aubigny" box="[590,813,1567,1592]" journalOrPublisher="Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" publicationUrl="http://www7.inra.fr/papillon/indexeng.htm" refId="ref18440" refString="Zagatti, P., B. Lalanne-Cassou, and J. Duchat-d'Aubigny. 1995 - 2006. The Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the French Antilles. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Available at http: // www 7. inra. fr / papillon / indexeng. htm. (Last accessed October 6 2015)." title="The Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the French Antilles" type="url" year="1995">
|
||
Zagatti et al.
|
||
<date id="9C411071FFFEFFCAFD3FF21AFE0AF993" box="[755,813,1567,1591]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" value="1995" valueMax="2006">1995</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFC4AF225F9F6F993" author="Lotts and Naberhaus" box="[902,1233,1567,1592]" firstAuthor="Lotts" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15459" refString="Lotts, K. and T. Naberhaus. 2015. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Available at http: // www. butterfliesandmoths. org /. (Last accessed July 12, 2015.)" type="url" year="2015">Lotts and Naberhaus 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0E5653AFFFEFFCBFF0CF255FC44FD38" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFEFFCAFF0CF255FE6AF82D" blockId="12.[192,1440,1615,1929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF255FC33F9CC" bold="true" box="[192,276,1616,1640]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Hosts.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFED5F24AFF05F9C3" box="[281,546,1615,1639]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Allamanda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cathartica">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFED5F24AFF05F9C3" box="[281,546,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Allamanda cathartica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD81F255FFC9F9CC" box="[589,750,1616,1640]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD32F255F9CFF9CC" authority="Brot." authorityName="Brot." box="[766,1256,1615,1640]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Araujia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericofera">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD32F255FEF3F9C3" box="[766,980,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Araujia sericofera</emphasis>
|
||
Brot. (Asclepiadaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB3DF255F8B8F9C3" box="[1265,1439,1616,1639]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papaya">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB3DF255F8B8F9C3" box="[1265,1439,1616,1639]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Carica papaya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF26F275FC53F92C" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[234,372,1648,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFE46F26AFE23F923" authority="Torr." authorityName="Torr." box="[394,772,1647,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Cnidoscolus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFE46F26AFF9DF923" box="[394,698,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cnidoscolus angustidens</emphasis>
|
||
Torr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFCDEF26AF9A1F92C" authority="Boiss." authorityName="Boiss." box="[786,1158,1647,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gymnoclada">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFCDEF26AF915F923" box="[786,1074,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Euphorbia gymnoclada</emphasis>
|
||
Boiss.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB58F275F85FF92C" authority="Aiton" authorityName="Aiton" authorityYear="1789" box="[1172,1400,1648,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prostrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB58F275F80EF923" box="[1172,1321,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. prostrata</emphasis>
|
||
Aiton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFA49F275FF65F90C" authority="Willd. ex Klotzsch" authorityName="Klotzsch" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pulcherrima">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFA49F275FC70F903" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. pulcherrima</emphasis>
|
||
Willd. ex Klotzsch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD83F295FE55F90C" authority="Murray" authorityName="Murray" authorityYear="1786" box="[591,882,1679,1704]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyathophora">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD83F295FE2EF903" box="[591,777,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. cyathophora</emphasis>
|
||
Murray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFCB3F295F91DF903" box="[895,1082,1679,1703]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFCB3F295F91DF903" box="[895,1082,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. heterophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFBA7F295FC5FF96C" authority="(Jacq.) Dugand" authorityName="Dugand" baseAuthorityName="Jacq." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mesembrianthemifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFBA7F295F887F903" box="[1131,1440,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">E. mesembrianthemifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Jacq.) Dugand
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFE4EF2B5FFFFF963" authority="Mull. Arg." authorityName="Mull. Arg." box="[386,728,1712,1736]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Hevea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFE4EF2B5FF7CF96C" box="[386,603,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Hevea brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
Müll. Arg.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD2AF2B5F99CF96C" authority="(Mill.) Mull. Arg." authorityName="Mull. Arg." baseAuthorityName="Mill." box="[742,1211,1712,1736]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Jatropha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gossypiifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD2AF2B5FED7F96C" box="[742,1008,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Jatropha gossypiifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Mill.) Müll.Arg.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB08F2B5FC3FF94C" authority="Crantz" authorityName="Crantz" authorityYear="1766" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB08F2B5F887F96C" box="[1220,1440,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Manihot esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
Crantz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFEEAF2D5FFCDF94C" authority="(Mull. Arg.) Allem" authorityName="Allem" baseAuthorityName="Mull. Arg." box="[294,746,1744,1768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Manihot" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carthaginensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFEEAF2D5FF24F94C" box="[294,515,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">M. carthaginensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Müll.Arg.) Allem
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD34F2D5FEFBF943" box="[760,988,1744,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ricinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD34F2D5FEFBF943" box="[760,988,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Ricinus communis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFBDCF2D5F84FF94C" authority="Lundell" authorityName="Lundell" box="[1040,1384,1744,1768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Sebastiana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFBDCF2D5F9D8F94C" box="[1040,1279,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sebastiana confusa</emphasis>
|
||
Lundell
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF2F5FFF2F8AC" authority="Jacq." authorityName="Jacq." box="[192,725,1776,1800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Sapium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aucuparium">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF2F5FC9AF8A3" box="[192,445,1776,1799]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sapium aucuparium</emphasis>
|
||
Jacq. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD2DF2F5FE90F8AC" box="[737,951,1776,1800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Arachis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hypogaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD2DF2F5FE90F8AC" box="[737,951,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Arachis hypogaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (Leguminosae);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB6DF2F5FC74F88C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB6DF2F5F887F8AC" box="[1185,1440,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Gossypium hirsutum</emphasis>
|
||
(Malvaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFE91F315FF00F88C" box="[349,551,1808,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFE91F315FF00F88C" box="[349,551,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD9EF315FFF3F88C" box="[594,724,1808,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD2AF315F93CF88C" box="[742,1051,1808,1832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Chrysophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oliviforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD2AF315F93CF88C" box="[742,1051,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Chrysophyllum oliviforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB89F315FC07F8EC" authority="(Mart.) Dubard" authorityName="Dubard" authorityYear="1915" baseAuthorityName="Mart." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subsericea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB89F315F861F88C" box="[1093,1350,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Manilkara subsericea</emphasis>
|
||
(Mart.) Dubard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFEE7F334FC85F8EC" box="[299,418,1841,1864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Manilkara" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zapota">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFEE7F334FC85F8EC" box="[299,418,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">M. zapota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) van Royen,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFDA9F335F91CF8EC" authority="(Kunth) Penn" authorityName="Penn" baseAuthorityName="Kunth" box="[613,1083,1840,1864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celastrinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFDA9F335FEABF8EC" box="[613,908,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sideroxylon celastrinum</emphasis>
|
||
(Kunth) Penn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFB8AF335F9D1F8EC" box="[1094,1270,1840,1864]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFB8AF335F9D1F8EC" box="[1094,1270,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. salicifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Lam. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFF0CF355FF95F8CC" authority="(Standl.) Penn." authorityName="Penn." baseAuthorityName="Standl." box="[192,690,1872,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tepicense">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFF0CF355FC6BF8CC" box="[192,332,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">S. tepicense</emphasis>
|
||
(Standl.) Penn. (Sapotaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFD72F355FEF4F8CC" box="[702,979,1872,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lycopersicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFEFFCAFD72F355FEF4F8CC" box="[702,979,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Solanum lycopersicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFEFFCAFBCFF355F9AAF8CC" box="[1027,1165,1872,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFB69F355FDD9F82D" author="Bernays, E. A. & D. H. Janzen" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="1153 - 1160" part="69" refId="ref12801" refString="Bernays, E. A., and D. H. Janzen. 1988. Saturniid and sphingid caterpillars: Two ways to eat leaves. Ecology 69: 1153 - 1160." title="Saturniid and sphingid caterpillars: Two ways to eat leaves" type="journal article" year="1988">Bernays and Janzen 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFEC6F374FCEBF82C" author="Coto" box="[266,460,1904,1929]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Coto" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13532" refString="Coto, D., J. L. Saunders, C. L. Vargas, and A. B. King. 1995. Plagas invertebradas de cultivos tropicales con enfasis en America Central: un inventario (No. 12). CATIE; Turrialba, Costa Rica. 203 p." type="book" year="1995">Coto et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFE1BF375FFA9F82D" author="Robinson, G. S." box="[471,654,1904,1929]" journalOrPublisher="Nota Lepidopterologica" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="35 - 47" part="22" refId="ref17139" refString="Robinson, G. S. 1999. HOSTS-a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera. Nota Lepidopterologica 22: 35 - 47." title="HOSTS-a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1999">Robinson 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFEFFCAFD56F375FE66F82D" author="Jenkins" box="[666,833,1904,1929]" firstAuthor="Jenkins" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14952" refString="Jenkins, D. 2012. Erinnyis ello: a story about a pretty caterpillar, its host range, its parasitoids and parasitoids of its parasitoids. Entomology Lab PR. Available at http: // entomologylabpr. blogspot. com / 2012 / 10 / erinnyis-ello-story-about-pretty. html? vi ew = classic. (Last accessed November 16, 2015.)" type="url" year="2012">Jenkins 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF4DCF833FE97" blockId="13.[192,1441,217,308]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF4DCFCBAFF55" bold="true" box="[192,413,217,241]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
The adults are active all year, especially in spring and summer (March-September). Females lay eggs primarily on leaf buds or leaves. Larvae hatch five days later and feed on leaves. Larval development takes 19–28 days. The pupal stage occurs underground and lasts 27–29 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF549F8AFFE02" blockId="13.[192,1440,332,422]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF549FC10FEC0" bold="true" box="[192,311,332,356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Damage.</emphasis>
|
||
The larva chews the leaf buds and the leaves at any stage. The damage can be easily detected because this species does not consume the entire leaf. Therefore, the plants attacked by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFB01F568F830FE21" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1229,1303,365,389]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFB01F568F830FE21" box="[1229,1303,365,389]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. ello</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have many chewed leaves similar to other sphingid larvae. Leaf damage can be extensive, weakening the plant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84036B1FFFFFFCBFF0CF5BAFC44FD38" blockId="13.[192,1440,446,668]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF5BAFC5EFE73" bold="true" box="[192,377,447,471]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Management.</emphasis>
|
||
Control of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFDC7F5BAFF7CFE72" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[523,603,446,470]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Erinnyis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ello">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFDC7F5BAFF7CFE72" box="[523,603,446,470]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E. ello</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been studied for many years. Growers initially used chemical pesticides, but due to uncontrolled use almost all are ineffective today. Currently there are many parasitoids (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFE45F605FFD8FDBD" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1871" box="[393,767,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Trichogrammatidae" genus="Trichogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFE45F605FF9EFDBC" box="[393,697,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Trichogramma minutum</emphasis>
|
||
Riley
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFCF7F605F9F9FDBD" authority="Cameron" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1913" box="[827,1246,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Telenomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dilophonotae">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFCF7F605F944FDBC" box="[827,1123,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Telenomus dilophonotae</emphasis>
|
||
Cameron
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), predators (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFF0CF624FF6DFD9D" authority="(Linnaeus))" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" box="[192,586,545,569]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Polistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFF0CF624FC93FD9D" box="[192,436,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Polistes canadiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nematodes and viruses (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFC63F624F98BFD9D" box="[943,1196,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Baculovirus erinnyis</emphasis>
|
||
Bellotti, Reyes, and Arias) used as biological control that have had better results (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFC63F647F9B3FDFE" author="Bellotti, A. C. & B. Arias & O. L. Guzman" box="[943,1172,578,602]" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="506 - 515" part="75" refId="ref12684" refString="Bellotti, A. C., B. Arias, and O. L. Guzman. 1992. Biological control of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Florida Entomologist 75: 506 - 515." title="Biological control of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">Bellotti et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C6E4B40FFFFFFCBFB53F646FC03FDDF" author="Da Silva-Carvalho & R. Ringenberg & V. Pietrowski" bookContentInfo="30 p." journalOrPublisher="Cruz das Almas: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura; Cruz das Almas, Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref13162" refString="Da Silva-Carvalho R., R. Ringenberg, and V. Pietrowski. 2015. Controle biologico do mandarova da mandioca Erinnyis ello. Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura-Folder / Folheto / Cartilha (INFOTECA-E). Cruz das Almas: Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura; Cruz das Almas, Brazil. 30 p." title="Controle biologico do mandarova da mandioca Erinnyis ello. Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura-Folder / Folheto / Cartilha (INFOTECA-E)" type="book" year="2015">Da Silva-Carvalho et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, some spider species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FFF4D32FFFFFFCBFCE6F666F9A4FDDF" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[810,1155,611,635]" class="Arachnida" family="Nephilidae" genus="Nephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="DA8BEAA3FFFFFFCBFCE6F666FED3FDDF" box="[810,1012,611,635]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Nephila clavipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, play an important role in its control.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |