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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1113-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1113-1" checkinTime="1658252710949" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe, Dahlgren, Thomas G., Amon, Diva J., Cairns, Stephen, Drennan, Regan, Durden, Jennifer M., Eleaume, Marc P., Hosie, Andrew M., Kremenetskaia, Antonina, McQuaid, Kirsty, O'Hara, Timothy D., Rabone, Muriel, Simon-Lledo, Erik, Smith, Craig R., Watling, Les, Wiklund, Helena &amp; Glover, Adrian G." docDate="2022" docId="0B801D6B36735E0B8261B07B0B18B015" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1113: 1-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1113" docPubDate="2022-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172" docTitle="Porphyrocrinus sp. CCZ _ 165" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A" masterDocTitle="Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1658253014331" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Benthic megafauna of the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bribiesca-Contreras, Guadalupe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-8724</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">l.bribiesca-contreras@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dahlgren, Thomas G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6854-2031</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden &amp; Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Amon, Diva J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>SpeSeas, D'Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-9271</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Drennan, Regan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0137-5464</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Durden, Jennifer M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-9109</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Eleaume, Marc P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Collections &amp; Research, Western Australia Museum, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hosie, Andrew M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-662X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kremenetskaia, Antonina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-3318</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McQuaid, Kirsty</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8332</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Museums Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>O'Hara, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rabone, Muriel</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-2313</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Simon-Lledo, Erik</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>UMR ISYEB, Department Origines et Evolution, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Craig R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3976-0889</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Watling, Les</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-1168</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wiklund, Helena</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8252-3504</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Glover, Adrian G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9489-074X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-07-18</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1113</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>110</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1113-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EB46BF265F2E51B3A83799886C5F084A</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0B801D6B36735E0B8261B07B0B18B015" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B801D6B36735E0B8261B07B0B18B015" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
cf.
<taxonomicName LSID="0B801D6B-3673-5E0B-8261-B07B0B18B015" authority="sp. CCZ _ 165" authorityName="sp. CCZ _ 165" class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrocrinus" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Porphyrocrinus sp. CCZ_165</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. cf. Porphyrocrinus sp. CCZ _ 165 A in situ image B xenomorph stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule C detached crown before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716355" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="ON400718, ON406616" collectingDate="2018-06-06" collectorName="Smith, Durden, GenBank, Voucher" elevation="5002" latitude="6.9879" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-149.9327" specimenCount="1">
Clarion-Clipperton Zone •
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; APEI 4;
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.9879" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="6.9879">6.9879°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="149.9327" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.9327">149.9327°W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.002" unit="m" value="5002.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.002" unit="m" value="5002.0">5002 m</elevation>
</quantity>
deep;
<collectingDate value="2018-06-06">06 Jun. 2018</collectingDate>
;
<collectorName>Smith</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>Durden</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectorName>GenBank</collectorName>
:
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON400718">ON400718</accessionNumber>
(COI),
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ON406616">ON406616</accessionNumber>
(16S); NHMUK 2022.76;
<collectorName>Voucher</collectorName>
code: CCZ_165
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Single specimen, attached to a nodule by a xenomorphic stalk (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. cf. Porphyrocrinus sp. CCZ _ 165 A in situ image B xenomorph stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule C detached crown before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716355" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">29A</figureCitation>
). Crown (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. cf. Porphyrocrinus sp. CCZ _ 165 A in situ image B xenomorph stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule C detached crown before preservation. Scale bars: 1 cm (A). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716355" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">29C</figureCitation>
) detached from stalk (Fig, 29B); L = 32 mm, composed of a crown and short proximal part of stalk. Proximal stalk composed of 5 very thin discoidal columnals up to 0.54 mm in diameter. Basal circlet truncated conical with distal diameter 0.54 mm and adoral diameter 0.78 mm; basals five, pentagonal in shape, with sunken lateral edges. Marked angle (~ 120°) between basals and radials. Radials five, pentagonal in shape; distal diameter 1.48 mm. Crown has five undivided arms. IBr1 are in close apposition with thin lateral flanges. Brachial formula 1+2 3+4 5+6 7+8 8+9 etc. First pinnule at IBr6; following pinnules every second ossicle; P1 has eight segments 4.04 mm in length; P2 is similar with eight pinnulars and 4.9 mm in length; P1 and P2 display lateral discoidal plates along ambulacral groove.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716355" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 29" startId="F29">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 29.</emphasis>
cf.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrocrinus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. CCZ_165
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
in situ image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
xenomorph stalk attached to a polymetallic nodule
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detached crown before preservation. Scale bars:1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Morphological characters are concordant with those of the family
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Millericrinida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Phrynocrinidae</taxonomicName>
and the genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrocrinus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as understood by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" author="Messing, CG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 35" refId="B66" refString="Messing, CG, 2016. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern. Zootaxa 4147 (1): 1 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" title="Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" volume="4147" year="2016">Messing (2016)</bibRefCitation>
. This is the first record of the genus in the Eastern Pacific. Only two specimens have been previously recorded from similar depths but collected from the Eastern Atlantic and attributed to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1933" baseAuthorityName="Gislen" baseAuthorityYear="1933" class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrocrinus incrassatus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="incrassatus">Porphyrocrinus cf. incrassatus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3425.1.1" author="Eleaume, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B25" refString="Eleaume, M, Bohn, J-M, Roux, M, Ameziane, N, 2012. Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R/V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica. Zootaxa 3425 (1): 1 - 22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3425.1.1" title="Stalked crinoids (Echinodermata) collected by the R / V Polarstern and Meteor in the south Atlantic and in Antarctica." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3425.1.1" volume="3425" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Eléaume">Eleaume</normalizedToken>
et al. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
). In the phylogenetic tree the specimen is recovered in a monophyletic clade with other sequences from members of the family (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Crinoidea. Concatenated (16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and CytB) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716354" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
) and represents a new species. Based on genetic divergence of the COI gene (0.5% K2P), the specimen found in the eastern CCZ (
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
sp. NHM_055;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" author="Glover, AG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Science and Engineering" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Glover, AG, Wiklund, H, Rabone, M, Amon, DJ, Smith, CR, O'Hara, T, Mah, CL, Dahlgren, TG, 2016b. Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7251. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" title="Abyssal fauna of the UK- 1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e 7251." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" year="2016 b">Glover et al. 2016b</bibRefCitation>
) belongs to the same species. However, the specimen in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" author="Glover, AG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Science and Engineering" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Glover, AG, Wiklund, H, Rabone, M, Amon, DJ, Smith, CR, O'Hara, T, Mah, CL, Dahlgren, TG, 2016b. Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7251. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" title="Abyssal fauna of the UK- 1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e 7251." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" year="2016 b">Glover et al. (2016b)</bibRefCitation>
was not identified to family level or lower taxonomic level due to its early developmental stage, lacking key diagnostic morphological features.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The specimen was found attached to a nodule in the abyssal sediments of APEI 4 at 5001 m depth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
No similar
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
morphotypes have been catalogued so far from seabed imagery in the eastern CCZ or in abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ. Consequently, the in situ image of CCZ_065 was catalogued as a new morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrocrinus" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. indet., CRI_008). Note however, that the in situ image of CCZ_065 was collected from an oblique angle and zoomed-in camera, generating a detailed view of a specimen that, owing to its small size, would be otherwise difficult to identify in quantitative assessments, e.g., where images are usually collected vertically-facing, fully zoomed out, and at a higher altitude above the seabed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Antedonoidea">Antedonoidea</taxonomicName>
Norman, 1865
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
Norman, 1865
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
AH Clark, 1909
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
inc. CCZ_176
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Bathymetrinae inc. CCZ _ 176 A side view of adult specimen. Specimen CCZ _ 186 B pentacrinoid stage attached to a glass sponge stalk C pentacrinoid stage. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B); Bribiesca-Contreras 2019 (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material.</emphasis>
Clarion-Clipperton Zone • 1 adult specimen; APEI 4;
<geoCoordinate degrees="6.9879" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="6.9879">6.9879°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="149.9326" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-149.9326">149.9326°W</geoCoordinate>
; 5009 m deep; 06 Jun. 2018; Smith &amp; Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400719 (COI), ON406617 (16S); NHMUK 2022.77; Voucher code: CCZ_176. • 1 specimen pentacrinoid stage; APEI 1;
<geoCoordinate degrees="11.2751" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="11.2751">11.2751°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="153.7444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-153.7444">153.7444°W</geoCoordinate>
; 5241 m deep; 09 Jun. 2018; Smith &amp; Durden leg.; GenBank: ON400723 (COI), ON406618 (16S); NHMUK 2022.60; Voucher code: CCZ_186.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</emphasis>
Two specimens, one adult (CCZ_176; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Bathymetrinae inc. CCZ _ 176 A side view of adult specimen. Specimen CCZ _ 186 B pentacrinoid stage attached to a glass sponge stalk C pentacrinoid stage. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B); Bribiesca-Contreras 2019 (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30A, B</figureCitation>
) and one pentacrinoid stage (CCZ_186; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Bathymetrinae inc. CCZ _ 176 A side view of adult specimen. Specimen CCZ _ 186 B pentacrinoid stage attached to a glass sponge stalk C pentacrinoid stage. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B); Bribiesca-Contreras 2019 (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30C, D</figureCitation>
), both whitish when alive and attached to a glass sponge stalk. Adult with 10 arms; centrodorsal low conical. Cirri ~ 17, length 7.5 mm; c1 W&gt; L; c2 W = L; c3 longest L = 0.95 mm, W at centre of ossicle = 0,25, W distal = 0,45; following cirrals decreasing in length to c8 or c9; c3 to c17 with everted distal edge; c8 to c14 with a spine on distal edge; c17 slightly longer than wide; claw same length as c17; opposing spine small. No basal visible. Radial 5, visible, extending beyond the rim of centrodorsal. First brachitaxis of two ossicles well separated laterally. Ibr1 rectangular slightly incised by Ibr2; Ibr2 axillery, losangic. Subsequent brachials very long; syzygies at 3+4, 9+10. First pinnule P1 on br2, 14 segments very thin and slender, composed of very long segments starting at p3 with L &lt;6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
W. In pentacrinoid stage, five arms are visible, with orals, and stalk.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 30" startId="F30">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
inc. CCZ_176
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
side view of adult specimen. Specimen CCZ_186
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
pentacrinoid stage attached to a glass sponge stalk
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
pentacrinoid stage. Scale bars: 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
); Bribiesca-Contreras 2019 (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
Morphological characters are concordant with those of the subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
in the family
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
. The closest match (2.7% K2P) to the COI sequences is a sequence of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="AH Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Psathyrometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psathyrometra fragilis" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psathyrometra fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AH Clark, 1907) from Rodriguez Seamount (1887 m; SIO-BIC E4433), within the family
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Zenometridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Zenometridae</taxonomicName>
. However, in the phylogenetic analysis the specimens were recovered in a different clade from
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Psathyrometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psathyrometra" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psathyrometra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Figure 28. Rooted Bayesian phylogeny of Crinoidea. Concatenated (16 S, 18 S, 28 S, COI, and CytB) median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716354" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">28</figureCitation>
), but in a well-supported clade with two species (
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" genus="Psathyrometra" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
sp. NHM_056,
<taxonomicName class="Crinoidea" genus="Psathyrometra" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Crinoidea</taxonomicName>
sp. NHM_300) from the eastern CCZ (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" author="Glover, AG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Science and Engineering" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Glover, AG, Wiklund, H, Rabone, M, Amon, DJ, Smith, CR, O'Hara, T, Mah, CL, Dahlgren, TG, 2016b. Abyssal fauna of the UK-1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7251. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" title="Abyssal fauna of the UK- 1 polymetallic nodule exploration claim, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e 7251." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7251" year="2016 b">Glover et al. 2016b</bibRefCitation>
). The two species previously recorded in the eastern CCZ were delimited only from genetic sequences, as they seem to be early pentacrinoid stages and thus lack morphological characters for identification. However, based on the genetic divergence values with the species
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
inc. CCZ_176 (~ 10% K2P), the two eastern CCZ species are most likely members of the subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</emphasis>
The adult specimen was found attached to a glass sponge stalk (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Metridioidea stet. CCZ _ 164 A in situ image of specimen CCZ _ 164 B detail of oral disc C lateral view of specimen. Scale bars: 2 cm (A); 2 mm (B); 5 mm (C). Image attribution: Durden and Smith (A), Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (B, C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716337" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
), along with an anemone, in abyssal sediments of APEI 4 at 5001 m depth. After careful examination of the material in the laboratory, a pentacrinoid stage was found attached to a sponge stalk (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Catherinum cf. albatrossianum (Pilsbry, 1907). Specimen CCZ _ 073: A left B right lateral views. Scale bars: 2 mm. Image attribution: Hosie (A, B)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Bathymetrinae inc. CCZ _ 176 A side view of adult specimen. Specimen CCZ _ 186 B pentacrinoid stage attached to a glass sponge stalk C pentacrinoid stage. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B); 0.5 mm (C). Image attribution: Wiklund, Durden, Drennan, and McQuaid (A, B); Bribiesca-Contreras 2019 (C)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30B</figureCitation>
), along with the cirriped
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hoek" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catherinum novaezelandiae" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="novaezelandiae">Catherinum cf. novaezelandiae</taxonomicName>
(specimen CCZ_185) and the anemone
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metridioidea">Metridioidea</taxonomicName>
stet. CCZ_164, in abyssal sediments of APEI 1 at 5241 m depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparison with image-based catalogue.</emphasis>
A very similar
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Comatulida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
morphotype (i.e.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bathymetrinae">Bathymetrinae</taxonomicName>
gen. indet., CRI_001) has been commonly encountered in seabed image surveys conducted across the eastern CCZ, both in nodule fields and in seamount areas (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" author="Amon, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B6" refString="Amon, DJ, Ziegler, AF, Kremenetskaia, A, Mah, CL, Mooi, R, O'Hara, T, Pawson, DL, Roux, M, Smith, CR, 2017b. Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 11794: e11794. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" title="Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata. Biodiversity Data Journal 11794: e 11794." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794" year="2017 b">Amon et al. 2017b</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, CRI_001 was not encountered in image surveys conducted within abyssal areas of the Kiribati EEZ, where the presence of Crinoids was substantially lower than at the eastern CCZ (e.g., only nine specimens representing three morphotypes encountered in ~ 15,000 m2 of seabed surveyed;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00605" author="Simon-Lledo, E" journalOrPublisher="Limnology and Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Simon-Lledo, E, Thompson, S, Yool, A, Flynn, A, Pomee, C, Parianos, J, Jones, DOB, 2019d. Preliminary Observations of the Abyssal Megafauna of Kiribati. Frontiers in Marine Science 605: e605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00605" title="Preliminary Observations of the Abyssal Megafauna of Kiribati. Frontiers in Marine Science 605: e 605." url="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00605" year="2019 d">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simon-Lledó">Simon-Lledo</normalizedToken>
et al. 2019d
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Class
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Echinoidea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
To date, there are 1455 records of echinoids occurring deeper than 3000 m in the CCZ, 11 of these representing preserved specimens (
<bibRefCitation author="O'Loughlin, PM" journalOrPublisher="Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B75" refString="OBIS (2022) Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO." year="2011">OBIS 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Two specimens belonging to different species were collected. Sequences for the barcoding gene COI were successfully amplified for both specimens and included in a COI-only phylogenetic tree.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1113.82172.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/716357" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 31" startId="F31">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 31.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic tree of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Echinoidea</taxonomicName>
. COI-only median consensus BEAST tree with posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap (BS) values indicated. Only values of PP&gt; 0.70 and BS&gt; 50 are shown, with values of PP&gt; 0.95 and BS&gt; 90 indicated with a circle. Nodes not recovered on the RAxML tree are indicated with a hyphen. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in violet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subclass
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subClass" subClass="Euechinoidea">Euechinoidea</taxonomicName>
Bronn, 1860
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Infraclass
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" infraClass="Audolonta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="infraClass">Audolonta</taxonomicName>
Jackson, 1912
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Superoder
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="superOrder" superOrder="Echinothuriacea">Echinothuriacea</taxonomicName>
Jensen, 1982
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Order
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zevina" authorityYear="1978" class="Echinoidea" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Catherinum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Aspidodiadematoida</taxonomicName>
Kroh &amp; Smith, 2010
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Family
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duncan" authorityYear="1889" class="Echinoidea" family="Aspidodiadematidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Aspidodiadematoida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Aspidodiadematidae</taxonomicName>
Duncan, 1889
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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