192 lines
20 KiB
XML
192 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="41A5CECF856A542364F7C3A49AE03B5E" ID-CLB-Dataset="69154" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6632289" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4420304b-d31c-468a-a431-2145caa8e2c0" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632289" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654878241841" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="8477905E8649C35B28D5AC5F1729FA49" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Phitheciidae_0432.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Callicebus oenanthe Thomas 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="784EE826864AC358287DA544105EFFF2" masterDocTitle="Phitheciidae" masterLastPageNumber="483" masterPageNumber="432" pageNumber="460" updateTime="1699339270720" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3D0DA4470661D6434E070789C7EE2AD3">
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<mods:title id="EF7CBF80B205C598274C33A0CE0680B2">Phitheciidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="02A98EA873B34233AA86FEF0A918EE34">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="978CF87CDB9E6EC69DB4E5F217505B1F">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5265D57653F88896D009AFEBE9E23846">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A176B094C975843A1C99F60DFD89D61A">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="55F42BC129DC8F6D1CB417CACCD837FB">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="20CA8CEC29DA1DC2083868B0D0380D76">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="E617CFB927BFADF0E2E826F53573EC28">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8477905E8649C35B28D5AC5F1729FA49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632177" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195833793" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632177" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8477905E8649C35B28D5AC5F1729FA49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8477905E8649C35B28D5AC5F1729FA49" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B28D5AC5F1096F6B7" box="[168,200,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28D5AC5F1096F6B7" blockId="3.[167,1357,2331,2451]" box="[168,200,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="572996248649C35B28D5AC5F1096F6B7" box="[168,200,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<figureCitation id="94E53DCD8649C35B28D5AC5F1096F6B7" box="[168,200,2331,2373]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[93,123,3364,3389]" captionTargetBox="[13,2722,15,3630]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Olallas’ Titi (Callicebus olallae); 5. San Martin Titi (Callicebus oenanthe); 6. Coppery Titi (Callicebus cupreus); 7. Red-crowned Titi (Callicebus discolon; 8. Ornate Titi (Callicebus ornatus); 9. Chestnut-bellied Titi (Callicebus caligatus); 10. Doubtful Titi (Callicebus dubius); 11. Stephen Nash's Titi (Callicebus stephennashi); 12. Caqueta Titi (Callicebus caquetensis);, 13. Ashy Titi (Callicebus cinerascens); 14. Hoffmanns's Titi (Callicebus hoffmannsi); 15. Lake Baptista Titi (Callicebus baptista); 16. Red-bellied Titi (Callicebus moloch)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632473" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632473/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">5.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B28A4AC5F124BF6B7" box="[217,533,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28A4AC5F124BF6B7" blockId="3.[167,1357,2331,2451]" box="[217,533,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="572996248649C35B28A4AC5F124BF6B7" box="[217,533,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B28A4AC5F124BF6B7" box="[217,533,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">San Martin Tit</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2A20AC5F13E5F6B7" box="[605,955,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2A20AC5F13E5F6B7" blockId="3.[167,1357,2331,2451]" box="[605,955,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="572996248649C35B2A20AC5F13E5F6B7" box="[605,955,2331,2373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2A20AC5F13E5F6B7" ID-CoL="PMLR" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" box="[605,955,2331,2373]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oenanthe">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2A20AC5F13E5F6B7" box="[605,955,2331,2373]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Callicebus oenanthe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B28DAAC131513F661" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28DAAC131324F69E" blockId="3.[167,1357,2331,2451]" box="[167,890,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="572996248649C35B28DAAC131324F69E" box="[167,890,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B28DAAC1310AAF69E" bold="true" box="[167,244,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2881AC131128F69E" box="[252,374,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Titi du Mayo</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B29F6AC1311B8F69E" bold="true" box="[395,486,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2993AC1312C2F69E" box="[494,668,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Anden-Springaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2ACCAC131353F69E" bold="true" box="[689,781,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2B68AC131324F69E" box="[789,890,2391,2412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Titi andino</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28DAAC3A1513F661" blockId="3.[167,1357,2331,2451]" box="[167,1357,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="572996248649C35B28DAAC3A1513F661" box="[167,1357,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B28DAAC3A11C7F661" bold="true" box="[167,409,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B29DCAC3A123AF661" box="[417,612,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Andean Titi Monkey</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2A0FAC3A12B1F661" box="[626,751,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Isabelline Titi</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2A80AC3A1322F661" box="[765,892,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Rio Mayo Titi</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2BF4AC3A1400F661" box="[905,1118,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Rio Mayo Titi Monkey</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="82DD51668649C35B2C16AC3A1513F661" box="[1131,1357,2430,2451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">San Martin Titi Monkey</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2B73AC8C1306F5FB" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2B73AC8C1306F5FB" blockId="3.[782,1370,2504,2922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2B73AC8C13F7F613" bold="true" box="[782,937,2504,2529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2BB8AC8C130AF5FB" ID-CoL="PMLR" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oenanthe">Callicebus oenanthe Thomas, 1924</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2B15ACA81399F5C2" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2B15ACA81399F5C2" blockId="3.[782,1370,2504,2922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<materialsCitation id="BCB62B158649C35B2B15ACA81399F5C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3806466318" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Moyobamba, San Martin, Peru, altitude 840 m.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2B6FAF7E1550F58D" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2B6FAF7E1550F58D" blockId="3.[782,1370,2504,2922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2B6FAF7E13EFF5A5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" box="[786,945,2618,2647]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oenanthe">C. oenanthe</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2D7AAF7E13C7F58D" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1863" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="donacophilus">C. donacophilus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2B72AFC11390F4EE" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="distribution">
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<caption id="58A171C08649C35B2B72AFC11390F4EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6632303" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6632303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6632303/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[171,749,2507,2913]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2B72AFC11390F4EE" blockId="3.[782,1370,2504,2922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2B72AFC113E0F554" bold="true" box="[783,958,2693,2726]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W Amazon Basin in N Peru, mainly in the upper Rio Mayo Valley, but extending S possibly as far as the Rio Huayabamba.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2B72AE661508F3A7" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2B72AE661508F3A7" blockId="3.[782,1370,2504,2922]" lastBlockId="3.[168,1369,2932,3471]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2B72AE661454F4B1" bold="true" box="[783,1034,2850,2883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 30-32 cm, tail 38-40 cm (males) and 36-38 cm (females); weight c.800 g as for other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2B00AE30147DF463" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[893,1059,2932,2961]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="donacophilus">donacophilus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Pelage of the San Martin Titi is dark brown agouti or light brown agouti. It has a pale malar stripe, and a buffy or whitish forehead blaze is usually present, continuous with a similarly colored, long circumfacial crest. Sideburns and outer surfaces of limbs are agouti, and underparts (including inner surfaces of limbs) are a contrasting orange. Tail is dark brown agouti. There are differences in pelage coloration among subpopulations.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B28D5A91F11A4F2EB" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28D5A91F11A4F2EB" blockId="3.[168,1369,2932,3471]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B28D5A91F1149F38E" bold="true" box="[168,279,3163,3196]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Montane cloud forest at elevations of 750-950 m. The San Martin Titi can be found in a variety of distinct vegetation formations, including inundated areas with “aguajales” (
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2926A9EE118CF339" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1863" box="[347,466,3242,3275]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mauritia</taxonomicName>
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flexuosa palm-dominated forests) and “renacales” (Ficus-dominated forests), low secondary forest, Cecropia-dominated stands, bamboo stands, viney thickets, and fruit crops.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B28D5A864192DFE61" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B28D5A864192DFE61" blockId="3.[168,1369,2932,3471]" lastBlockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B28D5A86411EAF2B3" bold="true" box="[168,436,3360,3393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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A recent field study of one group of the San Martin Titi in the upper Mayo Valley revealed a frugivorous diet (54% fruit), with a relatively large contribution of arthropod prey (22%), along with seeds, leaves, and flowers. While this degree of frugivory is typical of titis, this was the highest proportion of animal prey recorded to date for any titi species, although similar proportions have been recorded in the Brown Titi (
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2EDBA432171BFE61" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1702,1861,374,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunneus">C. brunneus</taxonomicName>
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) and the Yellow-handed Titi (
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2096A4321939FE61" box="[2283,2407,374,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifer">C. lucifer</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2DE2A4D916EAFDFB" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2DE2A4D916EAFDFB" blockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2DE2A4D9167BFE48" bold="true" box="[1439,1573,413,442]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Breeding.</emphasis>
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A birth of a San Martin Titi was recorded in May. Titis, in general,
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<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B2276A4D91601FE10" form="monogamous" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" rank="form">form monogamous</taxonomicName>
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breeding pairs, in which the male provides parental care by carrying the single offspring.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2DE0A74B176BFD07" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2DE0A74B176BFD07" blockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
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||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2DE0A74B16D7FDC2" bold="true" box="[1437,1673,527,560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The San Martin Titi is diurnal and arboreal. They live in small, pairbonded, territorial groups that engage in duet vocalizations mainly during the early part of the day. One study recorded relatively high levels of foraging (35% feeding and foraging) compared with othertiti species, except the Masked Titi (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBDE5ACB8649C35B21F2A7C11A1FFD54" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1812" box="[2447,2625,645,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Pitheciidae" genus="Callicebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="3" pageNumber="471" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="personatus">C. personatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Resting took up ¢.33% of the activity budget, followed by traveling (22%) and engaging in social behavior (10%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2DE2A7B81847FBFB" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2DE2A7B81847FBFB" blockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2DE2A7B8182FFCEF" bold="true" box="[1439,2161,764,797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
One study group of San Martin Tits in an isolated fragment of forest contained an adult breeding pair and 2-3 immature offspring, which is typical of the group composition oftitis. This group of San Martin Tits occupied a home range of 2-5 ha, with mean daily movements of ¢.650 m. Relatively high densities have been recorded in other fragmented forests, with a group of eleven individuals being observed at onesite. It is unclear if this was a permanent group or a temporary meeting of two groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2DE2A14B19B9FAB6" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2DE2A14B19B9FAB6" blockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2DE2A14B175EFBC2" bold="true" box="[1439,1792,1039,1072]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The San Martin Titi is found in a small and isolated part of the western Amazon Basin, which nevertheless suffers intensive anthropogenic pressures and widespread deforestation. San Martin Titis are also hunted and captured for the local pet trade. Most of the overall population of the San Martin Titi is now restricted to small, isolated fragments of habitat. The establishment of ecological corridors is a priority conservation action. Privately owned reserves and indigenous lands may play an essential role in the conservation of the San Martin Titi over the long term.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="44C472C38649C35B2DDDA0171729FA49" pageId="3" pageNumber="460" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6121488649C35B2DDDA0171729FA49" blockId="3.[1437,2641,297,1467]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EAAFD5A8649C35B2DDDA0171664FA9E" bold="true" box="[1440,1594,1363,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="460">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aldrich (2006), Aquino & Encarnacion (1994b), Boveda-Penalba et al. (2009), Deluycker (2006, 2007b), Hershkovitz (1988, 1990), Mark (2003), Norconk (2011), Rowe & Martinez (2003), Veiga, Béveda-Penalba et al. (2008), Vermeer et al. (2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |