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treatments-xml/data/14/49/92/144992FF575E5926976D771AD9A4A0BD.xml
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e56030" ID-PMC="PMC7511460" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-8-e56030" ID-Pensoft-UUID="B96994AE7BA95755928033E2A9841F3C" ID-PubMed="33013173" ModsDocID="1314-2828-8-e56030" checkinTime="1600294112593" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Petrosyan, Varos G, Osipov, Fedor A, Bobrov, Vladimir V, Dergunova, Natalia N, Kropachev, Ivan I, Danielyan, Felix D &amp; Arakelyan, Marine S" docDate="2020" docId="144992FF575E5926976D771AD9A4A0BD" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 8: e56030" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 8" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e56030" docTitle="Darevskia unisexualis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="B96994AE7BA95755928033E2A9841F3C" lastPageNumber="56030" masterDocId="B96994AE7BA95755928033E2A9841F3C" masterDocTitle="New records and geographic distribution of the sympatric zones of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia in Armenia and adjacent territories" masterLastPageNumber="56030" masterPageNumber="56030" pageNumber="56030" updateTime="1668128487861" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New records and geographic distribution of the sympatric zones of unisexual and bisexual rock lizards of the genus Darevskia in Armenia and adjacent territories</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Petrosyan, Varos G</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Osipov, Fedor A</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Bobrov, Vladimir V</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Dergunova, Natalia N</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kropachev, Ivan I</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Tula Exotarium, Tula, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Danielyan, Felix D</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Arakelyan, Marine S</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number>8</mods:number>
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The parthenogenetic lizard of
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is formed as a result of interspecific hybridisation between bisexual
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(&quot;paternal&quot;) and
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(&quot;maternal&quot;) species (
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,
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,
<bibRefCitation author="Uzzell, Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882887" refString="Uzzell, Thomas, Darevsky, Ilya S., 1975. Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications. Copeia 1975 (2)" title="Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications" volume="1975" year="1975">Uzzell and Darevsky 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Moritz, C." journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B5882682" refString="Moritz, C., Uzzell, T., Spolsky, C., Hotz, H., Darevsky, I., Kupriyanova, L., Danielyan, F., 1992. The material ancestry and approximate age of parthenogenetic species of Caucasian rock lizards (Lacerta: Lacertidae). Genetica 87 (1): 53 - 62" title="The material ancestry and approximate age of parthenogenetic species of Caucasian rock lizards (Lacerta: Lacertidae)" volume="87" year="1992">Moritz et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Murphy, R W" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="527 - 549" refId="B5882695" refString="Murphy, R W, Fu, J, MacCulloch, R D, Darevsky, I S, Kupriyanova, L A, 2000. A fine line between sex and unisexuality: the phylogenetic constraints on parthenogenesis in lacertid lizards. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130 (4): 527 - 549" title="A fine line between sex and unisexuality: the phylogenetic constraints on parthenogenesis in lacertid lizards" volume="130" year="2000">Murphy et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Species identification in studed SZs was carried out using allozyme loci, mt-DNA, multilocus DNA fingerprinting, mini- and micro-satellite markers and morphological traits (
<bibRefCitation author="Darevsky, I S" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882375" refString="Darevsky, I S, 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus. Nauka, Leningrad" title="Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus" year="1967">Darevsky 1967</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Uzzell, Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882887" refString="Uzzell, Thomas, Darevsky, Ilya S., 1975. Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications. Copeia 1975 (2)" title="Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications" volume="1975" year="1975">Uzzell and Darevsky 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
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,
<bibRefCitation author="Ryskov, A P" journalOrPublisher="Genetika" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="1501 - 1506" refId="B5882807" refString="Ryskov, A P, Kan, N G, Martirosian, I A, Darevskiĭ, I S, Danielian, F D, Petrosian, V G, Tokarskaia, O N, 2000. High variability of (TCC)n microsatelline loci in populations of the parthenogenetic lizard Lacerta unisexualis Darevsky. Genetika 36 (11): 1501 - 1506" title="High variability of (TCC) n microsatelline loci in populations of the parthenogenetic lizard Lacerta unisexualis Darevsky." volume="36" year="2000">Ryskov et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tokarskaya, O." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Genetics and Genomics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="812 - 819" refId="B5882873" refString="Tokarskaya, O., Kan, N., Petrosyan, V., Martirosyan, I., Grechko, V., Danielyan, F., Darevsky, I., Ryskov, A., 2001. Genetic variation in parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Lacerta (L. dahli, L. armeniaca, L. unisexualis) analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 265 (5): 812 - 819" title="Genetic variation in parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Lacerta (L. dahli, L. armeniaca, L. unisexualis) analyzed by DNA fingerprinting" volume="265" year="2001">Tokarskaya et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Ryskov, A. P." journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="986 - 992" refId="B5882820" refString="Ryskov, A. P., Martirosyan, I. A., Badaeva, T. N., Korchagin, V. I., Danielyan, F. D., Petrosyan, V. G., Darevsky, I. S., Tokarskaya, O. N., 2003. Hyperunstable (TCT/TCC)n microsatellite loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis (Lacertidae). Russian Journal of Genetics 39 (9): 986 - 992" title="Hyperunstable (TCT / TCC) n microsatellite loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis (Lacertidae)" volume="39" year="2003">Ryskov et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tokarskaya, O. N." journalOrPublisher="Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="64 - 67" refId="B5882859" refString="Tokarskaya, O. N., Darevsky, I. S., Martirosyan, I. A., Badaeva, T. N., Korochkin, L. I., Danielyan, F. D., Petrosyan, V. G., Ryskov, A. P., 2003. Genetic instability of (GATA)n microsatellite DNA repeats and somatic mosaicism in the unisexual lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 388: 64 - 67" title="Genetic instability of (GATA) n microsatellite DNA repeats and somatic mosaicism in the unisexual lizards Darevskia unisexualis" volume="388" year="2003">Tokarskaya et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Korchagin, V I" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="630 - 632" refId="B5882567" refString="Korchagin, V I, Tokarskaya, O N, 2010. Molecular structure of the allelic variants of (AAT)n microsatellite locus DU47D in the parthenogenetic species Darevskia unisexualis and bisexual parental species D. valentini and D. raddei. Russian Journal of Genetics 46 (5): 630 - 632" title="Molecular structure of the allelic variants of (AAT) n microsatellite locus DU 47 D in the parthenogenetic species Darevskia unisexualis and bisexual parental species D. valentini and D. raddei" volume="46" year="2010">Korchagin and Tokarskaya 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Omel'chenko, A V" journalOrPublisher="Doklady Biochemistry and biophysics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="5 - 7" refId="B5882742" refString="Omel'chenko, A V, Korchagin, V I, Sevast'yanova, G A, Tokarskaya, O N, 2009. Polymorphism of microsatellite dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Doklady Biochemistry and biophysics 424 (1): 5 - 7" title="Polymorphism of microsatellite dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis." volume="424" year="2009">Omel'chenko et al. 2009a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Omel'chenko, A V" journalOrPublisher="Genetika" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="230 - 238" refId="B5882706" refString="Omel'chenko, A V, Korchagin, V I, Sevastianova, G A, Ryskov, A P, Tokarskaia, O N, 2009. Molecular genetic characteristic of dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Genetika 45 (2): 230 - 238" title="Molecular genetic characteristic of dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis" volume="45" year="2009">Omel'chenko et al. 2009b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Arakelyan, MS" journalOrPublisher="Society for Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Salt Lake City" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882280" refString="Arakelyan, MS, Danielyan, FD, Corti, C, Sindaco, R, Leviton, AE, 2011. Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Society for Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Salt Lake City" title="Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh." year="2011">Arakelyan et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In the field,
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. unisexualis" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="unisexualis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. unisexualis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was identified using species identification guides according to Darevsky (
<bibRefCitation author="Darevsky, I S" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882375" refString="Darevsky, I S, 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus. Nauka, Leningrad" title="Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus" year="1967">Darevsky 1967</bibRefCitation>
), (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F5883829" captionText="Figure 6. Distinguishing characters of D. unisexualis. A. The central temporal shield is large, often divided into two; from the first upper temporal shield in the narrowest place, it is separated by 1 - 3 and from the tympanum - by 2 - 4 transverse rows of enlarged shields (indicated by arrow); B. The anal shield is large, in front of it four small and approximately equal in size pre-anal shields are located symmetrically, the middle of which can be slightly increased. (indicated by arrow); C. Only in this species - the maxillary shield is in contact with the fronto-nasal (indicated by arrow). Photos by I. Kropachev." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.8.e56030.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/421452" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">6</figureCitation>
), since it has previously been shown that the identification using specific features did not cause confusion between the species (
<bibRefCitation author="Darevsky, I S" journalOrPublisher="Nauka, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882375" refString="Darevsky, I S, 1967. Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus. Nauka, Leningrad" title="Rock lizards of the Caucasus, systematics, ecology and phylogenesis of the polymorphic groups of Caucasian rock lizards of the subgenus" year="1967">Darevsky 1967</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Uzzell, Thomas" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882887" refString="Uzzell, Thomas, Darevsky, Ilya S., 1975. Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications. Copeia 1975 (2)" title="Biochemical evidence for the hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic species of the Lacerta saxicola complex (Sauria: Lacertidae), with a discussion of some ecological and evolutionary implications" volume="1975" year="1975">Uzzell and Darevsky 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tokarskaya, O." journalOrPublisher="Molecular Genetics and Genomics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="812 - 819" refId="B5882873" refString="Tokarskaya, O., Kan, N., Petrosyan, V., Martirosyan, I., Grechko, V., Danielyan, F., Darevsky, I., Ryskov, A., 2001. Genetic variation in parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Lacerta (L. dahli, L. armeniaca, L. unisexualis) analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 265 (5): 812 - 819" title="Genetic variation in parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizards of the genus Lacerta (L. dahli, L. armeniaca, L. unisexualis) analyzed by DNA fingerprinting" volume="265" year="2001">Tokarskaya et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Tokarskaya, O. N." journalOrPublisher="Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="64 - 67" refId="B5882859" refString="Tokarskaya, O. N., Darevsky, I. S., Martirosyan, I. A., Badaeva, T. N., Korochkin, L. I., Danielyan, F. D., Petrosyan, V. G., Ryskov, A. P., 2003. Genetic instability of (GATA)n microsatellite DNA repeats and somatic mosaicism in the unisexual lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 388: 64 - 67" title="Genetic instability of (GATA) n microsatellite DNA repeats and somatic mosaicism in the unisexual lizards Darevskia unisexualis" volume="388" year="2003">Tokarskaya et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Omel'chenko, A V" journalOrPublisher="Doklady Biochemistry and biophysics" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="5 - 7" refId="B5882742" refString="Omel'chenko, A V, Korchagin, V I, Sevast'yanova, G A, Tokarskaya, O N, 2009. Polymorphism of microsatellite dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Doklady Biochemistry and biophysics 424 (1): 5 - 7" title="Polymorphism of microsatellite dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis." volume="424" year="2009">Omel'chenko et al. 2009a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Omel'chenko, A V" journalOrPublisher="Genetika" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="230 - 238" refId="B5882706" refString="Omel'chenko, A V, Korchagin, V I, Sevastianova, G A, Ryskov, A P, Tokarskaia, O N, 2009. Molecular genetic characteristic of dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis. Genetika 45 (2): 230 - 238" title="Molecular genetic characteristic of dinucleotide loci in parthenogenetic lizards Darevskia unisexualis" volume="45" year="2009">Omel'chenko et al. 2009b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Arakelyan, MS" journalOrPublisher="Society for Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Salt Lake City" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5882280" refString="Arakelyan, MS, Danielyan, FD, Corti, C, Sindaco, R, Leviton, AE, 2011. Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Society for Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Salt Lake City" title="Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh." year="2011">Arakelyan et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). We captured and identified 18 individuals in 11 SZs. All individuals were found to be females, determined by visual inspection of the genitals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">
The
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. unisexualis" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="unisexualis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. unisexualis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
range covers the territory of northern and central highland Armenia and the adjacent regions of eastern Turkey. In Armenia, the species is found in isolated populations in the five Provinces of Aragatsotn, Gegharkunik, Kotayk, Lori and Shirak. In these Provinces, nine SZs were identified, including four SZs in which
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. unisexualis" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="unisexualis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. unisexualis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-exists with the &quot;maternal&quot; species
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. r. subsp. nairensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="subSpecies" species="r." subSpecies="nairensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. r. nairensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in two SZs with the &quot;paternal&quot; species
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. valentini" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="valentini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. valentini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The number of SZs, where there is co-existence with other parthenogenetic species
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. armeniaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="armeniaca">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. armeniaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. dahli" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="dahli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. dahli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. rostombekowi" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="rostombekowi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. rostombekowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are five, two and two, respectively. Hybrid individuals of
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. valentini" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="valentini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. valentini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
x
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. unisexualis" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" rank="species" species="unisexualis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030">D. unisexualis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in two zones (Artavazd, Kuchak), which were previously noted in literature (
<bibRefCitation author="Danielyan, Felix" journalOrPublisher="Amphibia-Reptilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="487 - 504" refId="B5883152" refString="Danielyan, Felix, Arakelyan, Marine, Stepanyan, Ilona, 2008. Hybrids of Darevskia valentini, D. armeniaca and D. unisexualis from a sympatric population in Armenia. Amphibia-Reptilia 29 (4): 487 - 504" title="Hybrids of Darevskia valentini, D. armeniaca and D. unisexualis from a sympatric population in Armenia" volume="29" year="2008">Danielyan et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Spangenberg, Victor" journalOrPublisher="Genes" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B6068682" refString="Spangenberg, Victor, Arakelyan, Marine, Galoyan, Eduard, Matveevsky, Sergey, Petrosyan, Ruzanna, Bogdanov, Yuri, Danielyan, Felix, Kolomiets, Oxana, 2017. Reticulate Evolution of the Rock Lizards: Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics and Spermatogenesis in Diploid and Triploid Males of the Genus Darevskia. Genes 8 (6)" title="Reticulate Evolution of the Rock Lizards: Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics and Spermatogenesis in Diploid and Triploid Males of the Genus Darevskia" volume="8" year="2017">Spangenberg et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Carretero, MA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" pagination="405 - 413" refId="B5882323" refString="Carretero, MA, Garcia-Munoz, E, Argana, E, Freitas, S, Corti, C, Arakelyan, M, Sillero, N, 2018. Parthenogenetic Darevskia lizards mate frequently if they have the chance: a quantitative analysis of copulation marks in a sympatric zone. Journal of Natural History 52 (7-8): 405 - 413" title="Parthenogenetic Darevskia lizards mate frequently if they have the chance: a quantitative analysis of copulation marks in a sympatric zone" volume="52" year="2018">Carretero et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). In the SZ Artavazd, autotriploid males and sterile intersexual individuals were found from 1984-1988 (
<bibRefCitation author="Darevsky, I S" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the NY State Museum, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="56030" refId="B5907911" refString="Darevsky, I S, Danielyan, F D, Sokolova, T M, Rozonov, Y M, 1989. Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates. Bulletin of the NY State Museum, New York" title="Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates" year="1989">Darevsky et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
). The origin of these hybrids can be explained by interclonal mating between parthenogenetic females and rare, conspecific diploid males. Identified SZs are located at rock outcrops, piles of stones and rocky slopes in the mountain-steppe zone.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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