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<document id="74BC803E6356205869C82466BE4017DF" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5388594" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630307993975" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="ENGEL, MICHAEL S. &amp; GRIMALDI, DAVID A." docDate="2007" docId="038D8787FFCFFFABFF3238B1C9BDFBF5" docLanguage="en" docName="N3587.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3587" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293587%5B1%3ATNFODA%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sialis (Protosialis) casca ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI 2007, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFB4FFFFFFC9FFA2FF9C3C6DCD19FF93" masterDocTitle="The Neuropterid Fauna of Dominican and Mexican Amber (Neuropterida: Megaloptera, Neuroptera)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1699222101340" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="89CE2F966055E0F4BFC84F4CC2F98B5D">The Neuropterid Fauna of Dominican and Mexican Amber (Neuropterida: Megaloptera, Neuroptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A5A40D15EC5F1CD934ACC6F58DBAC9CB">ENGEL, MICHAEL S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="21262CE903E16465DBE5951254E29145">GRIMALDI, DAVID A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D4E2956F8252F7F2268703AB59A6F52A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CE2DE05E934245DFBD9D0461C2DDF34D">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C76CA7475CB3437E74580EFB2D11D5EB">
<mods:date id="025536F89F3AE9F508C5D870041F8CA5">2007</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="3268AA3FCA812BDA3C43AC2E29DD1CC4" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="B1608385AE5ADF8108766C5E89BC12A8">2007-09-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1EDC514749BF74471B37859908803802">3587</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="939BAD04082AE28326058A4DAE37F7CD">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293587%5B1%3ATNFODA%5D2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E8178725DF03D5EE0B92E2EB432B519E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E624A785036331F32D2C96564652F4CB" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3587[1:TNFODA]2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="12E6665D6332EE06445CAA9A3BF14841" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D1781A66289453CA96D68C7FC94728B7" type="Zenodo-Dep">5388594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038D8787FFCFFFABFF3238B1C9BDFBF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8787FFCFFFABFF3238B1C9BDFBF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038D8787FFCFFFABFF3238B1C9BDFBF5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C33E651AFFCFFFA4FF3238B1CCDCFA88" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCFFFA4FF3238B1CCDCFA88" blockId="6.[174,606,1244,1268]" lastBlockId="6.[328,453,1283,1307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0D381FDFFCFFFA4FF3238B1CF47FB67" box="[174,606,1244,1268]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCFFFA4FF3238B1CCD2FB67" ID-CoL="4X5GM" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[174,459,1244,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casca" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FF3238B1CCD2FB67" bold="true" box="[174,459,1244,1268]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sialis (Protosialis) casca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFCFFFA4FE4738B1CF47FB67" box="[475,606,1244,1268]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
<figureCitation id="131F2A14FFCFFFA4FED4396ECCDCFA88" box="[328,453,1283,1307]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs" captionStartId-0="7.[149,187,1731,1753]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,198,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox-0="[91,1184,968,1697]" captionTargetBox-1="[144,1220,210,1335]" captionTargetId-0="figure-207@7.[91,1185,968,1698]" captionTargetId-1="figure-140@8.[135,1220,210,1335]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of holotype of Sialis (Protosialis) casca, new species (MACT-2090)." captionText-1="Figs. 2, 3. Holotype of Sialis (Protosialis) casca, new species (MACT-2090). 2. Dorsal aspect. 3. Left lateral aspect." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388596" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388598" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5388596/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5388598/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">figures 1–3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E651AFFCFFFA4FF063952CF1BF9F1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCFFFA4FF063952CF1BF9F1" blockId="6.[128,654,1343,1754]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
DIAGNOSIS: The orange coloration of the head and pronotum and narrowed costal area with a reduced number of costal crossveins indicate this to be a species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCFFFA4FF1C39DBCDEEFA5D" box="[128,247,1462,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FF1C39DBCDEEFA5D" box="[128,247,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCFFFA4FED839DBCCA2FA5D" box="[324,443,1462,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FED839DBCCA2FA5D" box="[324,443,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species the presence of only three costal crossveins is unique while the black markings on the head are similar to that seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCFFFA4FE293A62CC50F9D6" authority="(Penny)" baseAuthorityName="Penny" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammata" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FE293A62CCEBF9B4" box="[437,498,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FD923A62CF9CF9B4" box="[526,645,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FF1C3A40CDF3F9D6" box="[128,234,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">flammata</emphasis>
(Penny)
</taxonomicName>
but are rounded in the fossil (not flamelike as in
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCFFFA4FEFB3A26CCE8F9F0" box="[359,497,1611,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flammata">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCFFFA4FEFB3A26CCE8F9F0" box="[359,497,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. flammata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E651AFFCFFFA5FF063A04CDA4FC90" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCFFFA4FF063A04C9D5F949" blockId="6.[128,654,1343,1754]" lastBlockId="6.[701,1228,1085,1754]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
DESCRIPTION: Forewing length (preserved)
<quantity id="4CDC9B74FFCFFFA4FF1C3AEBCDC0F90D" box="[128,217,1670,1694]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
, (estimated: from bent forewing)
<quantity id="4CDC9B74FFCFFFA4FF1C3AC9CDC0F92F" box="[128,217,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
; total body length
<quantity id="4CDC9B74FFCFFFA4FE4F3AC9CF33F92F" box="[467,554,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="131F2A14FFCFFFA4FDDE3AC9CF64F92F" box="[578,637,1700,1724]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[91,1184,968,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-207@7.[91,1185,968,1698]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of holotype of Sialis (Protosialis) casca, new species (MACT-2090)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5388596/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Head and pronotum orange with black markings; antennae black; head with black markings along margins of eye and extending posteriorly near to posterior border of head, black extended medially but not reaching midline, borders of markings rounded (not flamelike). Apical segments of maxillary palpi with medioapical tooth. Ocelli absent. Pronotum apparently twice as wide as long, remainder of thorax dark brown. Protibia, mesofemur, mesotibia, and metatibia black, remaining leg segments whitish; fourth tarsomere bilobed. Wing membranes fuscous; veins dark brown to black; forewing with costal area distinctly narrowed just before middle of wing; three costal crossveins, distal two veins distinctly oblique (i.e., not perpendicular to C or Sc); distal r-rs crossvein meeting R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FCE13A57CE85F9D9" attach="left" box="[893,924,1594,1610]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2+3</subScript>
slightly distad to R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FB393A57C9DDF9D9" attach="right" box="[1189,1220,1594,1610]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2+3</subScript>
/ R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FD4E3A3ACFE8F9F4" attach="left" box="[722,753,1623,1639]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4+5</subScript>
fork; posterior branch of R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FBCE3A3AC945F9F4" attach="left" box="[1106,1116,1623,1639]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</subScript>
/R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FBE43A3AC99BF9F4" attach="left" box="[1144,1154,1623,1639]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5</subScript>
separating near wing apex (i.e., distad R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FB073A19C9BCF917" attach="left" box="[1179,1189,1652,1668]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</subScript>
/R
<subScript id="17A034D4FFCFFFA4FB5D3A19C9D2F917" attach="left" box="[1217,1227,1652,1668]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</subScript>
branching); outer series of gradate crossveins confluent (
<figureCitation id="131F2A14FFCFFFA4FC313AC8C933F92E" box="[941,1066,1701,1725]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="8.[151,198,1369,1391]" captionTargetBox="[144,1220,210,1335]" captionTargetId="figure-140@8.[135,1220,210,1335]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs. 2, 3. Holotype of Sialis (Protosialis) casca, new species (MACT-2090). 2. Dorsal aspect. 3. Left lateral aspect." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5388598/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">figs. 2, 3</figureCitation>
). Abdomen slightly distended and bent ventrally near
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FDCC3CBECDA4FC90" blockId="7.[525,750,211,258]" lastBlockId="7.[88,614,687,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
TABLE 5
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FD913C81CFF7FE91" bold="true" box="[525,750,236,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Named Fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FD023C81CFF7FE91" box="[670,750,236,258]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sialidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
midpoint; apparently light brown; apex of abdomen curled under, with genitalia pointed anteriad.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FF643D47C95EFDE1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="F924C431FFCE005DFFC43D47C95EFDE1" box="[88,1095,298,626]" colsContinueFrom="5.[88,1174,324,1136]" colsContinueIn="9.[88,1155,298,680]" gridcols="3" gridrows="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43D47CCC5FEAE" box="[88,476,298,317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Taxa</th>
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3D47CE39FEAE" box="[627,800,298,317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deposit</th>
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3D47C95EFEAE" box="[880,1095,298,317]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43D38C95EFEFA" box="[88,1095,341,361]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43D38CCC5FEFA" box="[88,476,341,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43D3BCC8FFEFB" authority="(Handlirsch)" box="[88,406,341,361]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Dobbertinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43D3BCC05FEFA" box="[88,284,342,361]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dobbertinia reticulata</emphasis>
(Handlirsch)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3D38CE39FEFA" box="[627,800,341,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Jurassic, Germany</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3D38C95EFEFA" box="[880,1095,341,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3D38CEEAFEFB" author="Ansorge, J." box="[880,1011,341,360]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="553 - 564" refId="ref17515" refString="Ansorge, J. 2001. Dobbertinia reticulata Handlirsch, 1920 from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin (Mecklenburg / Germany) - the oldest representative of Sialidae (Megaloptera). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte 2001: 553 - 564." type="journal article" year="2001">Ansorge, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43D1DC95EFE10" box="[88,1095,368,387]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43D1DCCC5FE10" box="[88,476,368,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43D1DCC2BFE10" authority="Nel et al." box="[88,306,368,387]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Eosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorisi">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43D1DCDCCFE10" box="[88,213,368,387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eosialis dorisi</emphasis>
Nel et al.
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3D1DCE39FE10" box="[627,800,368,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Parisian amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3D1DC95EFE10" box="[880,1095,368,387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3D1DCEE5FE10" author="Nel, A. &amp; J. - J. Menier &amp; G. de Ploeg &amp; G. Hodebert &amp; L. Danvin" box="[880,1020,368,387]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="313 - 319" refId="ref21843" refString="Nel, A., J. - J. Menier, G. de Ploeg, G. Hodebert, and L. Danvin. 2002. Eosialis, a new alderfly genus in French lowermost Eocene amber (Insecta, Megaloptera, Sialidae). Geobios 35 (3): 313 - 319." type="journal article" year="2002">Nel et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43DE6C95EFE0D" box="[88,1095,395,414]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43DE6CCC5FE0D" box="[88,476,395,414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43DE6CC4FFE0D" authority="Nel" authorityName="Nel" authorityYear="1988" box="[88,342,395,414]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Indosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beskonakensis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43DE6CC36FE0D" box="[88,303,395,414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Indosialis beskonakensis</emphasis>
Nel
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3DE6CE39FE0D" box="[627,800,395,414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Miocene, Turkey</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3DE6C95EFE0D" box="[880,1095,395,414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3DE6CECBFE0D" author="Nel, A." box="[880,978,395,414]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref21573" refString="Nel, A. 1988 a. Les Sialidae (Megaloptera) fossils des diatomites de Murat (Cantal, France) et des Bes-Konak (Anatolie, Turquie). Neuroptera International 5 (1): 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="1988">Nel, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43DC8C95EFE2B" box="[88,1095,421,440]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43DC8CCC5FE2B" box="[88,476,421,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43DC8CC41FE2B" authority="Nel" authorityName="Nel" authorityYear="1988" box="[88,344,421,440]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Proindosialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantalensis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43DC8CC28FE2B" box="[88,305,421,440]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Proindosialis cantalensis</emphasis>
Nel
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3DC8CE39FE2B" box="[627,800,421,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Miocene, France</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3DC8C95EFE2B" box="[880,1095,421,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3DC8CECBFE2B" author="Nel, A." box="[880,978,421,440]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref21573" refString="Nel, A. 1988 a. Les Sialidae (Megaloptera) fossils des diatomites de Murat (Cantal, France) et des Bes-Konak (Anatolie, Turquie). Neuroptera International 5 (1): 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="1988">Nel, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43DADC95EFE40" box="[88,1095,448,467]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43DADCCC5FE40" box="[88,476,448,467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43DADCDE5FE40" authority="Illies" authorityName="Illies" authorityYear="1967" box="[88,252,448,467]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strausi">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43DADCDD3FE40" box="[88,202,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis strausi</emphasis>
Illies
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3DADCE39FE40" box="[627,800,448,467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pliocene, Germany</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3DADC95EFE40" box="[880,1095,448,467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3DADCECBFE40" author="Illies, J." box="[880,978,448,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref19954" refString="Illies, J. 1967. Megaloptera und Plecoptera (Ins.) aus den jungpliozanen Susswassermergeln von Willershausen. Bericht der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover 111: 47 - 55." type="journal article" year="1967">Illies, 1967</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43DB7C95EFE7E" box="[88,1095,474,493]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43DB7CCC5FE7E" box="[88,476,474,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43DB7CC3FFE7E" authority="Wichard" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="1997" box="[88,294,474,493]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groehni">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43DB7CDC8FE7E" box="[88,209,474,493]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis groehni</emphasis>
Wichard
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3DB7CE39FE7E" box="[627,800,474,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baltic amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3DB7C95EFE7E" box="[880,1095,474,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3DB7CEEFFE7E" author="Wichard, W." box="[880,1014,474,493]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="197 - 211" refId="ref23820" refString="Wichard, W. 1997. Schlammfliegen aus Baltischen Bernstein (Megaloptera, Sialidae). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut der Universitat Hamburg 80: 197 - 211." type="journal article" year="1997">Wichard, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43D98C95EFD9B" box="[88,1095,501,520]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43D98CCC5FD9B" box="[88,476,501,520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43D98CC0CFD9B" authority="Nel" authorityName="Nel" authorityYear="1988" box="[88,277,501,520]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muratensis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43D98CDF7FD9B" box="[88,238,501,520]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis muratensis</emphasis>
Nel
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3D98CE39FD9B" box="[627,800,501,520]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Miocene, France</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3D98C95EFD9B" box="[880,1095,501,520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3D98CECBFD9B" author="Nel, A." box="[880,978,501,520]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="39 - 44" refId="ref21573" refString="Nel, A. 1988 a. Les Sialidae (Megaloptera) fossils des diatomites de Murat (Cantal, France) et des Bes-Konak (Anatolie, Turquie). Neuroptera International 5 (1): 39 - 44." type="journal article" year="1988">Nel, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43E62C95EFDB0" box="[88,1095,527,547]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43E62CCC5FDB0" box="[88,476,527,547]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43E7DCC8DFDB1" authority="Wichard" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="1997" box="[88,404,527,547]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baltica" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43E7DCD90FDB0" box="[88,137,528,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FF0B3E7DCDEFFDB0" box="[151,246,528,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FE9F3E7DCC26FDB0" box="[259,319,528,547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">baltica</emphasis>
Wichard
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3E62CE39FDB0" box="[627,800,527,547]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baltic amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3E62C95EFDB0" box="[880,1095,527,547]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3E62CEEFFDB1" author="Wichard, W." box="[880,1014,527,546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="197 - 211" refId="ref23820" refString="Wichard, W. 1997. Schlammfliegen aus Baltischen Bernstein (Megaloptera, Sialidae). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut der Universitat Hamburg 80: 197 - 211." type="journal article" year="1997">Wichard, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43E47C95EFDAE" box="[88,1095,554,573]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43E47CCC5FDAE" box="[88,476,554,573]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43E47CCBAFDAE" authority="Wichard" authorityName="Wichard" authorityYear="2002" box="[88,419,554,573]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herrlingi" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43E47CD90FDAE" box="[88,137,554,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FF0B3E47CDEFFDAE" box="[151,246,554,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FE9F3E47CC57FDAE" box="[259,334,554,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">herrlingi</emphasis>
Wichard
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3E47CE39FDAE" box="[627,800,554,573]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baltic amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3E47C95EFDAE" box="[880,1095,554,573]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3E47CEEFFDAE" author="Wichard, W." box="[880,1014,554,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="253 - 261" refId="ref23849" refString="Wichard, W. 2002. Eine neue Schlammfliege aus dem baltischen Bernstein (Megaloptera, Sialidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch- Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg 86: 253 - 261." type="journal article" year="2002">Wichard, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43E29C95EFDCB" box="[88,1095,580,600]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43E29CCC5FDCB" box="[88,476,580,600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43E28CC2AFDC4" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[88,307,580,600]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casca" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43E28CD90FDCB" box="[88,137,581,600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FF0B3E28CDEFFDCB" box="[151,246,581,600]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FE9F3E29CC2AFDC4" bold="true" box="[259,307,580,599]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">casca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFCEFFA5FEA63E29CC7FFDC4" box="[314,358,580,599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3E29CE39FDCB" box="[627,800,580,600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dominican amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3E29C95EFDCB" box="[880,1095,580,600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Present study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFCE005DFFC43E32C95EFDE1" box="[88,1095,607,626]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFFC43E32CCC5FDE1" box="[88,476,607,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FFC43E32CCC5FDE1" authority="Wichard &amp; Engel" authorityName="Wichard &amp; Engel Wichard &amp; Engel" authorityYear="2006" box="[88,476,607,626]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voigti" subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FFC43E32CD90FDE1" box="[88,137,607,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FF0B3E32CDEFFDE1" box="[151,246,607,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FE9F3E32CC2DFDE1" box="[259,308,607,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">voigti</emphasis>
Wichard &amp; Engel
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFDEF3E32CE39FDE1" box="[627,800,607,626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Baltic amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFCE005DFCEC3E32C95EFDE1" box="[880,1095,607,626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFCEFFA5FCEC3E32C95EFDE1" author="Wichard, W. &amp; M. S. Engel" box="[880,1095,607,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref23958" refString="Wichard, W., and M. S. Engel. 2006. A new alderfly in Baltic amber (Megaloptera: Sialidae). American Museum Novitates 3513: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2006">Wichard &amp; Engel, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C33E651AFFCEFFA5FFEE3F64CF4FFCAC" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FFEE3F64CF4FFCAC" blockId="7.[88,614,687,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<materialsCitation id="3B4C3CCCFFCEFFA5FFEE3F64CF4FFCAC" country="Dominican Republic" location="Male" municipality="Miocene" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="549F8833FFCEFFA5FFEE3F64CDFAFC8C" box="[114,227,777,801]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
:
<location id="8EFB604AFFCEFFA5FE9A3F64CC5AFCB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038D8787FFCFFFABFF3238B1C9BDFBF5:8EFB604AFFCEFFA5FE9A3F64CC5AFCB2" box="[262,323,777,801]" country="Dominican Republic" municipality="Miocene" name="Male" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Male</location>
; MACT-2090 (
<figureCitation id="131F2A14FFCEFFA5FD863F64CF4DFCB2" box="[538,596,777,801]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[149,187,1731,1753]" captionTargetBox="[91,1184,968,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-207@7.[91,1185,968,1698]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of holotype of Sialis (Protosialis) casca, new species (MACT-2090)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5388596/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">fig. 1</figureCitation>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFFACEBFFCEFFA5FFC43F4ACDA3FCAC" box="[88,186,807,831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Miocene</collectingMunicipality>
amber of
<collectingCountry id="F3337601FFCEFFA5FEAF3F4ACCC7FCAC" box="[307,478,807,831]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
Republic.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33E651AFFCEFFABFFEE3F28C9BDFBF5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FFEE3F28CF7AFC0B" blockId="7.[88,614,687,920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FECA3F0ECC85FCE8" box="[342,412,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cascus</emphasis>
(meaning ‘‘old’’) and is a reference to the age of the specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FD6C3EC0C95FFD4B" blockId="7.[752,1119,685,728]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
ORDER
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FCDB3EC0C946FD53" authority="LINNAEUS" authorityName="LINNAEUS" box="[839,1119,685,704]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">NEUROPTERA LINNAEUS</taxonomicName>
FAMILY
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FCC83EA8C95FFD4B" authority="LEACH" authorityName="LEACH" box="[852,1094,709,728]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">MANTISPIDAE LEACH</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFAAFD2C3E98C9D5F949" blockId="7.[662,1188,757,927]" lastBlockId="8.[701,1228,1465,1754]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The mantispids are perhaps one of the most instantly recognizable of neuropteran families and consist of approximately 400 species worldwide. Their convergent form with mantises (Mantodea) of an elongate prothorax and raptorial forelegs is remarkable. Adults tend to be diurnal and are often found on flowers, although a few lineages are nocturnal or crepuscular. Some species are brightly colored and appear to mimic social, aculeate
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFF1C3A42CC38F9D4" box="[128,289,1583,1607]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
. The most basal mantispids, the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFF303A21CC56F9F7" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1909" box="[172,335,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Symphrasinae">Symphrasinae</taxonomicName>
, have sedentary larvae that are generalist predators found in the nests of social
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFF513AEACC74F90C" box="[205,365,1671,1695]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, particularly vespids, or burrows of scarab beetle larvae. Similarly, the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFF1C3AAFCC59F949" authorityName="Navás" authorityYear="1914" box="[128,320,1730,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Calomantispinae">Calomantispinae</taxonomicName>
appear to be generalist predators although the larvae of at least one studied species are ambulatory. The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFD213999CE4CF99F" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[701,853,1524,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Drepanicinae">Drepanicinae</taxonomicName>
is entirely unknown biologically. The largest subfamily, the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFB993A7CC98AF9BA" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1029,1171,1553,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantispinae">Mantispinae</taxonomicName>
and the subfamily to which the fossils described below belong, are specialized, obligate parasites of spiders, and the first-instar larva either boards a female spider and enters the egg sac as it is constructed, to feed on the eggs, or it searches directly for an egg sac. Later larval
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5B6619FFCEFFA5FF093AAEC97EF94A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5388596" box="[149,1127,1731,1753]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5388596/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[149,187,1731,1753]" targetBox="[91,1184,968,1697]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFCEFFA5FF093AAEC97EF94A" blockId="7.[149,1127,1731,1753]" box="[149,1127,1731,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFCEFFA5FDD43AA9CE59F94A" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[584,832,1731,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casca" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FDD43AA9CF66F94A" box="[584,639,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FD133AA9CFE3F94A" box="[655,762,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFCEFFA5FC963AA9CE59F94A" box="[778,832,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">casca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFCEFFA5FCD33AAECEDDF94A" box="[847,964,1731,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(MACT-2090).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5B6619FFC1FFAAFF0B3934CC16FA19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5388598" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5388598" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5388598/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,198,1369,1391]" targetBox="[144,1220,210,1335]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC1FFAAFF0B3934CC16FA19" blockId="8.[128,1227,1369,1418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Figs. 2, 3. Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC1FFAAFE033934CF80FAFD" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[415,665,1369,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Sialidae" genus="Sialis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megaloptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="casca" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Protosialis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC1FFAAFE033934CCCFFAFD" box="[415,470,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sialis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC1FFAAFE7B3934CF4BFAFD" box="[487,594,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Protosialis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC1FFAAFDFF3934CF80FAFD" box="[611,665,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">casca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFC1FFAAFD353934CE39FAFC" box="[681,800,1369,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(MACT-2090).
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC1FFAAFC503934CEC6FAFC" bold="true" box="[972,991,1369,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2.</emphasis>
Dorsal aspect.
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC1FFAAFB193934C981FAFC" bold="true" box="[1157,1176,1369,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3.</emphasis>
Left lateral aspect.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC0FFABFDCC3CBECF1CFB1B" blockId="9.[499,777,211,258]" lastBlockId="9.[88,614,868,1754]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
TABLE 6
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFE6F3C81CE10FF66" bold="true" box="[499,777,231,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Named Fossil
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFD183C81CE19FE91" box="[644,768,236,258]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
<superScript id="7C519BD9FFC0FFABFC9C3C8ACE10FF66" attach="left" box="[768,777,231,245]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a</superScript>
</emphasis>
instars are relatively immobile. Pupation occurs within the host egg sac. Adults are actively predaceous on a variety of other insect groups.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFFC43FD3CC0BFC45" author="Redborg, K. E." box="[88,274,958,982]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="175 - 194" refId="ref22808" refString="Redborg, K. E. 1998. Biology of the Mantispidae. Annual Review of Entomology 43: 175 - 194." type="journal article" year="1998">Redborg (1998)</bibRefCitation>
has reviewed the available information on the remarkably specialized biology of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFF413F94CC77FB82" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[221,366,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mantispinae">Mantispinae</taxonomicName>
. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE6A3F94CD86FBBC" author="Willmann, R." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="253 - 265" refId="ref23993" refString="Willmann, R. 1990. The phylogenetic position of the Rhachiberothinae and the basal sistergroup relationships within the Mantispidae (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 15 (2): 253 - 265." type="journal article" year="1990">Willmann (1990)</bibRefCitation>
included the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFEF1387ACF2EFBBC" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1959" box="[365,567,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothinae</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43859CDF1FBDF" box="[88,232,1076,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
, we follow
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFEE83859CD86FBF9" author="Aspock, U. &amp; M. W. Mansell" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="181 - 206" refId="ref17864" refString="Aspock, U., and M. W. Mansell. 1994. A revision of the family Rhachiberothidae Tjeder, 1959, stat. n. (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 19 (3): 181 - 206." type="journal article" year="1994">Aspöck and Mansell (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFF4B383FCCA3FBF9" author="Aspock, U. &amp; J. D. Plant &amp; H. L. Nemeschkal" box="[215,442,1106,1130]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="73 - 86" refId="ref17907" refString="Aspock, U., J. D. Plant, and H. L. Nemeschkal. 2001. Cladistic analysis of Neuroptera and their systematic position within Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida: Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 26 (1): 73 - 86." type="journal article" year="2001">Aspöck et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
by considering this group as allied to the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFE1D381DCF18FB1B" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1906" box="[385,513,1136,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Berothidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC0FFABFF763D47CEFEFD34" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<table id="F924C431FFC0005DFFC43D47C99AFD3B" box="[88,1155,298,680]" colsContinueFrom="7.[88,1095,298,626]" colsContinueIn="16.[128,1163,298,998]" gridcols="3" gridrows="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43D47C99AFEAE" box="[88,1155,298,317]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43D47CCBAFEAE" box="[88,419,298,317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Table</th>
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783D47CFEBFEAE" box="[484,754,298,317]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Deposit</th>
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63D47C99AFEAE" box="[858,1155,298,317]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Reference</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43D38C99AFEFA" box="[88,1155,341,361]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43D38CCBAFEFA" box="[88,419,341,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43D3BCDA5FEFA" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1910" box="[88,188,342,361]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Climaciella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43D3BCDA5FEFA" box="[88,188,342,361]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Climaciella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFF573D3BCC07FEFA" box="[203,286,342,361]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">henrotayi</emphasis>
Nel
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783D38CFEBFEFA" box="[484,754,341,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligocene, France</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63D38C99AFEFA" box="[858,1155,341,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63D38CEA4FEFB" author="Nel, A." box="[858,957,341,360]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="103 - 109" refId="ref21615" refString="Nel, A. 1988 b. Deux nouveaux Mantispidae (Planipennia) fossiles de l'Oligocene du sudest de la France. Neuroptera International 5 (2): 103 - 109." type="journal article" year="1988">Nel, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43D1DC99AFE10" box="[88,1155,368,387]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43D1DCCBAFE10" box="[88,419,368,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43D1DCC69FE10" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[88,368,368,387]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Dicromantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="electromexicana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43D1DCC69FE10" box="[88,368,368,387]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Dicromantispa
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFF7C3D1DCC69FE10" bold="true" box="[224,368,368,387]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">electromexicana</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFC0FFABFEEB3D1DCCBAFE10" box="[375,419,368,387]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783D1DCFEBFE10" box="[484,754,368,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mexican amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63D1DC99AFE10" box="[858,1155,368,387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Present study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43DE6C99AFE0D" box="[88,1155,395,414]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43DE6CCBAFE0D" box="[88,419,395,414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43DE6CC3EFE0D" authority="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI, 2007" authorityName="ENGEL &amp; GRIMALDI" authorityYear="2007" box="[88,295,395,414]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Dicromantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moronei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43DE6CC3EFE0D" box="[88,295,395,414]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Dicromantispa
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFF7C3DE6CC3EFE0D" bold="true" box="[224,295,395,414]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">moronei</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26357F8FFC0FFABFEB33DE6CC42FE0D" box="[303,347,395,414]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783DE6CFEBFE0D" box="[484,754,395,414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dominican amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63DE6C99AFE0D" box="[858,1155,395,414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Present study</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43DC8C99AFE2B" box="[88,1155,421,440]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43DC8CCBAFE2B" box="[88,419,421,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43DC8CC3AFE2B" authority="Poinar" authorityName="Poinar Poinar" authorityYear="2006" box="[88,291,421,440]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Feroseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prisca">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43DC8CDF9FE2B" box="[88,224,421,440]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Feroseta prisca</emphasis>
Poinar
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783DC8CFEBFE2B" box="[484,754,421,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dominican amber</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63DC8C99AFE2B" box="[858,1155,421,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63DC8CED7FE2B" author="Poinar, G. O., Jr." box="[858,974,421,440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="411 - 417" refId="ref22640" refString="Poinar, G. O., Jr. 2006. Feroseta priscus (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), a new genus and species of mantidflies in Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108 (2): 411 - 417." type="journal article" year="2006">Poinar, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43DADC99AFE40" box="[88,1155,448,467]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43DADCCBAFE40" box="[88,419,448,467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43DADCC97FE40" authority="Makarkin" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="1990" box="[88,398,448,467]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Gerstaeckerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asiatica">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43DADCC35FE40" box="[88,300,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gerstaeckerella asiatica</emphasis>
Makarkin
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783DADCFEBFE40" box="[484,754,448,467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Late Cretaceous, Kazakhstan</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63DADC99AFE40" box="[858,1155,448,467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63DADCEF5FE40" author="Makarkin, V. N." box="[858,1004,448,467]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="63 - 68" refId="ref20612" refString="Makarkin, V. N. 1990. New Neuroptera from the Upper Cretaceous of Asia. In Novosti Faunistiki i Sistematiki: 63 - 68. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. [In Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1990">Makarkin, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43DB7C99AFE7E" box="[88,1155,474,493]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43DB7CCBAFE7E" box="[88,419,474,493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43DB7CC99FE7E" authority="Ansorge" box="[88,384,474,493]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Liassochyrsa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stigmatica">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43DB7CC35FE7E" box="[88,300,474,493]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Liassochyrsa stigmatica</emphasis>
Ansorge
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783DB7CFEBFE7E" box="[484,754,474,493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Early Jurassic, Germany</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63DB7C99AFE7E" box="[858,1155,474,493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63DB7C951FE7E" author="Ansorge, J. &amp; T. Schluter" box="[858,1096,474,493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref17561" refString="Ansorge, J., and T. Schluter. 1990. The earliest chrysopid: Liassochyrsa stigmatica n. g., n. sp. from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin, Germany. Neuroptera International 6 (2): 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1990">Ansorge &amp; Schlüter, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43D98C99AFD9B" box="[88,1155,501,520]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43D98CCBAFD9B" box="[88,419,501,520]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">&amp; Schülter</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63D98C99AFD9B" box="[858,1155,501,520]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCE83D98C99AFD9B" author="Wedmann, S. &amp; V. N. Makarkin" box="[884,1155,501,520]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="701 - 716" refId="ref23436" refString="Wedmann, S., and V. N. Makarkin. 2007. A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701 - 716." type="journal article" year="2007">Wedmann &amp; Makarkin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43E62C99AFDB0" box="[88,1155,527,547]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43E62CCBAFDB0" box="[88,419,527,547]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43E7DCC98FDB1" authority="Makarkin" authorityName="Makarkin" authorityYear="1997" box="[88,385,527,547]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Mesomantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sibirica">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43E7DCC06FDB0" box="[88,287,528,547]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mesomantispa sibirica</emphasis>
Makarkin
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783E62CFEBFDB0" box="[484,754,527,547]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Early Cretaceous, Siberia</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63E62C99AFDB0" box="[858,1155,527,547]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63E62CEF5FDB1" author="Makarkin, V. N." box="[858,1004,527,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="91 - 93" refId="ref20716" refString="Makarkin, V. N. 1996. Fossil Neuroptera of the Lower Cretaceous of Baisa, east Siberia. Part 5. Mantispidae. Russian Entomological Journal 5 (1 - 4): 91 - 93." type="journal article" year="1996">Makarkin, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43E47C99AFDAE" box="[88,1155,554,573]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43E47CCBAFDAE" box="[88,419,554,573]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43E47CC43FDAE" authority="Panfilov" box="[88,346,554,573]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Promantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43E47CC1EFDAE" box="[88,263,554,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Promantispa similis</emphasis>
Panfilov
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783E47CFEBFDAE" box="[484,754,554,573]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Late Jurassic, Karatau</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63E47C99AFDAE" box="[858,1155,554,573]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63E47CEC4FDAE" author="Panfilov, D. V." box="[858,989,554,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="82 - 111" refId="ref22244" refString="Panfilov, D. V. 1980. New representatives of lacewings (Neuroptera) from the Jurassic of Karatau. In V. G. Dolin, D. V. Panfilov, A. G. Ponomarenko and L. N. Pritykina (editors), Fossil insects of the Mesozoic: 82 - 111. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 133 + [3] pp. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1980">Panfilov, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43E29C99AFDCB" box="[88,1155,580,600]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43E29CCBAFDCB" box="[88,419,580,600]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43E28CC7EFDC4" authority="Nel" authorityName="Nel" authorityYear="1989" box="[88,359,580,600]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Prosagittalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligocenica">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43E28CC26FDCB" box="[88,319,581,600]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prosagittalata oligocenica</emphasis>
Nel
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783E29CFEBFDCB" box="[484,754,580,600]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oligocene, France</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63E29C99AFDCB" box="[858,1155,580,600]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63E29CEA4FDC4" author="Nel, A." box="[858,957,580,599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="103 - 109" refId="ref21615" refString="Nel, A. 1988 b. Deux nouveaux Mantispidae (Planipennia) fossiles de l'Oligocene du sudest de la France. Neuroptera International 5 (2): 103 - 109." type="journal article" year="1988">Nel, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43E32C99AFDE1" box="[88,1155,607,626]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43E32CCBAFDE1" box="[88,419,607,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43E32CCBAFDE1" authority="Wedmann &amp;" box="[88,419,607,626]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Symphrasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eocenicus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43E32CC31FDE1" box="[88,296,607,626]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Symphrasites eocenicus</emphasis>
Wedmann &amp;
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783E32CFEBFDE1" box="[484,754,607,626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eocene, Germany</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63E32C99AFDE1" box="[858,1155,607,626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63E32C971FDE1" author="Wedmann, S. &amp; V. N. Makarkin" box="[858,1128,607,626]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="701 - 716" refId="ref23436" refString="Wedmann, S., and V. N. Makarkin. 2007. A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701 - 716." type="journal article" year="2007">Wedmann &amp; Makarkin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351434D3FFC0005DFFC43E17C99AFD3B" box="[88,1155,634,680]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<th id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFFC43E17CCBAFD3B" box="[88,419,634,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Makarkin
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFFC43EF8CC57FD34" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[88,334,660,680]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Vectispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relicta">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFFC43EF8CDFAFD3B" box="[88,227,661,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vectispa relicta</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
b
</th>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFE783E17CFEBFD3B" box="[484,754,634,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eocene, England</td>
<td id="76C55DAFFFC0005DFCC63E17C99AFD3B" box="[858,1155,634,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCC63EF9CEFEFD34" author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[858,999,660,679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="453 - 480" refId="ref18442" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. 1921. Fossil arthropods in the British Museum, VI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 7: 453 - 480." type="journal article" year="1921">Cockerell, 1921</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76C2371FFFC0FFABFFF13ED7C95EFCA8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[88,1155,298,680]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC0FFABFFF13ED7CF25FC95" blockId="9.[88,1188,698,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<superScript id="7C519BD9FFC0FFABFFF13ED7CD6CFD55" attach="right" box="[109,117,698,710]" fontSize="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">a</superScript>
Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFF4D3ED0CC70FD43" author="Willmann, R." box="[209,361,701,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="177 - 203" refId="ref24028" refString="Willmann, R. 1994. Die phylogenetische Position ursprunglicher Mantispidae (Insecta, Planipennia) aus dem Mesozoikum und Alt-Tertiar. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 34: 177 - 203." type="journal article" year="1994">Willmann (1994)</bibRefCitation>
transferred the Cretaceous amber
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFD3D3ED3CE06FD42" authorityName="Schluter" authorityYear="1978" box="[673,799,702,721]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Retinoberotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFD3D3ED3CE06FD42" box="[673,799,702,721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Retinoberotha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFCD03ED3CEA2FD42" authorityName="Whalley" authorityYear="1980" box="[844,955,702,721]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Paraberotha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFCD03ED3CEA2FD42" box="[844,955,702,721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paraberotha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFC443ED0C955FD43" box="[984,1100,701,720]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
, these are rhachiberothids. Similarly,
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFED33EB5CF9CFD78" authority="(Whalley, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Whalley" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[335,645,728,747]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Whalfera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venatrix">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFED33EB5CCE8FD78" box="[335,497,728,747]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Whalfera venatrix</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE603EB5CF67FD78" author="Whalley, P. E. S." box="[508,638,728,747]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="229 - 233" refId="ref23633" refString="Whalley, P. E. S. 1983. Fera venatrix gen. and sp. n. (Neuroptera, Mantispidae) from amber in Britain. Neuroptera International 2 (4): 229 - 233." type="journal article" year="1983">Whalley, 1983</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is excluded owing to its likely position in
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFB9D3EB5C9BAFD78" authorityName="Tjeder" authorityYear="1959" box="[1025,1187,728,747]" class="Insecta" family="Rhachiberothidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Rhachiberothidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFF173E9ECC1DFC95" author="Engel, M. S." box="[139,260,755,774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="137 - 140" refId="ref19074" refString="Engel, M. S. 2004 b. Thorny lacewings (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (2): 137 - 140." type="journal article" year="2004">Engel, 2004b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE923E9ECF2BFC95" author="Wedmann, S. &amp; V. N. Makarkin" box="[270,562,755,774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="701 - 716" refId="ref23436" refString="Wedmann, S., and V. N. Makarkin. 2007. A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701 - 716." type="journal article" year="2007">Wedmann and Makarkin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC0FFABFFF13F64C95EFCA8" blockId="9.[88,1188,698,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<superScript id="7C519BD9FFC0FFABFFF13F64CD6FFC85" attach="right" box="[109,118,777,790]" fontSize="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">b</superScript>
Originally proposed in
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFEDA3F60CC82FCB3" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1798" box="[326,411,781,800]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Mantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFEDA3F60CC82FCB3" box="[326,411,781,800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mantispa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and then transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFDE83F60CEBAFCB3" authority="Jarzembowski (1980" authorityName="Jarzembowski" authorityYear="1980" box="[628,931,781,800]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Promantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFDE83F60CFFCFCB3" box="[628,741,781,800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Promantispa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFD753F60CEBAFCB3" author="Jarzembowski, E. A." box="[745,931,781,800]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="237 - 293" refId="ref20062" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. 1980. Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 33: 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski (1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: nomen praeoccupatum, nec
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFFC43F45CDC5FCA8" author="Panfilov, D. V." box="[88,220,808,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="82 - 111" refId="ref22244" refString="Panfilov, D. V. 1980. New representatives of lacewings (Neuroptera) from the Jurassic of Karatau. In V. G. Dolin, D. V. Panfilov, A. G. Ponomarenko and L. N. Pritykina (editors), Fossil insects of the Mesozoic: 82 - 111. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 133 + [3] pp. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1980">Panfilov, 1980</bibRefCitation>
) and finally to
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFEF03F45CF57FCA8" authority="Lambkin (1986" authorityName="Lambkin" authorityYear="1986" box="[364,590,808,827]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Vectispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFEF03F45CCA1FCA8" box="[364,440,808,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Vectispa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE233F45CF57FCA8" author="Lambkin, K. J." box="[447,590,808,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref20488" refString="Lambkin, K. J. 1986. A revision of the Australian Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) with a contribution to the classification of the family: I. General and Drepanicinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, supplement 116: 1 - 142." type="journal article" year="1986">Lambkin (1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: nomen novum pro
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFC953F45C925FCA8" authority="Jarzembowski, 1980" authorityName="Jarzembowski" authorityYear="1980" box="[777,1084,808,827]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Promantispa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFC953F45CE63FCA8" box="[777,890,808,827]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Promantispa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFC1D3F45C925FCA8" author="Jarzembowski, E. A." box="[897,1084,808,827]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="237 - 293" refId="ref20062" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. 1980. Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 33: 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<paragraph id="8B9B3691FFC0FFABFFEE38E3C9BDFBF5" blockId="9.[88,614,868,1754]" lastBlockId="9.[662,1188,868,1126]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The geological history of the
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFE4B38E3CF7CFB35" box="[471,613,1166,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mantispidae</taxonomicName>
has only recently begun to come together. Previously there were nine fossil species described from deposits ranging from the Early Jurassic to the Miocene (table 6:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE6C3968CC45FAA9" author="Wedmann, S. &amp; V. N. Makarkin" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="701 - 716" refId="ref23436" refString="Wedmann, S., and V. N. Makarkin. 2007. A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701 - 716." type="journal article" year="2007">Wedmann and Makarkin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
), although the exact systematic position of some of these taxa is not entirely certain. Only two mantispid species had been discovered in amber until this time, but one is likely not a member of this family.
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFF7039DACF35FA5C" authority="(Whalley)" baseAuthorityName="Whalley" box="[236,556,1463,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Walfera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venatrix">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFF7039DACCA9FA5C" box="[236,432,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Walfera venatrix</emphasis>
(Whalley)
</taxonomicName>
was discovered in amber that had washed up on the eastern shore of Britain and presumably was derived from the Baltic amber deposits of the
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFF113A43CC17F9D5" box="[141,270,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">blaue Erde</emphasis>
. The identity of
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFE6A3A43CF47F9D5" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2004" box="[502,606,1582,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Berothidae" genus="Whalfera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFE6A3A43CF47F9D5" box="[502,606,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Whalfera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, has been questioned by many, and the genus is very likely a rhachiberothid (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFFC33AEBCCB4F90D" author="Aspock, U. &amp; M. W. Mansell" box="[95,429,1670,1694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="181 - 206" refId="ref17864" refString="Aspock, U., and M. W. Mansell. 1994. A revision of the family Rhachiberothidae Tjeder, 1959, stat. n. (Neuroptera). Systematic Entomology 19 (3): 181 - 206." type="journal article" year="1994">Aspöck and Mansell, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE5E3AEBCF7BF90D" author="Engel, M. S." box="[450,610,1670,1694]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="137 - 140" refId="ref19074" refString="Engel, M. S. 2004 b. Thorny lacewings (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (2): 137 - 140." type="journal article" year="2004">Engel, 2004b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFFC43AC9CC87F92F" author="Grimaldi, D. &amp; M. S. Engel" box="[88,414,1700,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19602" refString="Grimaldi, D., and M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp." type="book" year="2005">Grimaldi and Engel, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFE283AC9CC38F949" author="Wedmann, S. &amp; V. N. Makarkin" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="701 - 716" refId="ref23436" refString="Wedmann, S., and V. N. Makarkin. 2007. A new genus of Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Eocene of Germany, with a review of the fossil record and palaeobiogeography of the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (4): 701 - 716." type="journal article" year="2007">Wedmann and Makarkin, 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The only other amber mantispid is
<taxonomicName id="4C244D12FFC0FFABFCD63F09C96DFCEF" authority="Poinar" authorityName="Poinar" authorityYear="2006" box="[842,1140,868,892]" class="Insecta" family="Mantispidae" genus="Feroseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="priscus">
<emphasis id="B950EA83FFC0FFABFCD63F09C916FCEF" box="[842,1039,868,892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Feroseta priscus</emphasis>
Poinar
</taxonomicName>
in Miocene Dominican amber (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFC653FECC981FC0A" author="Poinar, G. O., Jr." box="[1017,1176,897,921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="411 - 417" refId="ref22640" refString="Poinar, G. O., Jr. 2006. Feroseta priscus (Neuroptera: Mantispidae), a new genus and species of mantidflies in Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 108 (2): 411 - 417." type="journal article" year="2006">Poinar, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Herein we report two further, definitive mantispids in Cenozoic amber from the Western Hemisphere. Spiders are common in Tertiary ambers of North America (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFD0A387ECE70FBB8" author="Wunderlich, J." box="[662,873,1043,1067]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 378" refId="ref24157" refString="Wunderlich, J. 1988. Die fossilen Spinnen im Dominikanischen Bernstein. Beitrage zur Araneologie 2: 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1988">Wunderlich, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB54B60FFC0FFABFCE0387EC907FBB8" author="Penney, D." box="[892,1054,1043,1067]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="64 - 70" refId="ref22363" refString="Penney, D. 1999. Hypotheses for the Recent Hispaniolan spider fauna based on the Dominican Republic amber spider fauna. Journal of Arachnology 27 (1): 64 - 70." type="journal article" year="1999">Penney, 1999</bibRefCitation>
), and it is therefore perhaps not surprising that their parasites would also eventually be discovered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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