treatments-xml/data/54/17/13/541713484364FFECD3AEFAF2FB9CFEAF.xml

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<mods:title id="6D51CC73264A587C48D9D8E7BF085BEA">A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6BCBACB976D4CD1D28B5428B616CFB30">Packer, Laurence</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5474C6E856DEB0BB4FB3753803D1BBA">Martins, Dino J.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="94A4F1D54364FFEAD3AEFAF2FEE4FAF4" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4364FFEAD3AEFAF2FD4FFA97" blockId="1.[151,698,1290,1350]" box="[151,698,1290,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
<heading id="874915324364FFEAD3AEFAF2FD4FFA97" bold="true" box="[151,698,1290,1317]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" reason="1">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3AEFAF2FD4FFA97" bold="true" box="[151,698,1290,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4364FFEAD3AEFAF2FDE8FA97" ID-CoL="6XGD8" authority="Packer" authorityName="Packer" box="[151,541,1290,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Samba">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3AEFAF2FF1FFA96" bold="true" box="[151,234,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Samba</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3C2FAF2FEBBFA96" bold="true" box="[251,334,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Samba</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD266FAF2FE4AFA96" bold="true" box="[351,447,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">turkana</emphasis>
Packer
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5F9C3374364FFEAD113FAF3FD4FFA97" box="[554,698,1291,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4364FFEAD3AEFAD5FEE4FAF4" blockId="1.[151,698,1290,1350]" box="[151,273,1325,1350]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
(
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD3A6FAD5FEFCFAF4" box="[159,265,1325,1350]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2 A – E" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1327,1350]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1396,1418]" captionTargetBox-0="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetBox-1="[250,1336,193,1299]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[250,1337,193,1307]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[150,1437,517,1375]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." captionText-1="FIGURES 2 A – E. Samba turkana: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2 A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2 B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1 A and 1 E). Fig. 2 C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1 / 3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2 D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2 E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Samba turkana: oblique lateral view of mesosoma of the palest paratype." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/236027/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/236028/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94A4F1D54364FFEAD3AEFA8DFB2EF9D4" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4364FFEAD3AEFA8DFB2EF9D4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1397,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3AEFA8DFEE4FA3C" bold="true" box="[151,273,1397,1422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Easily identified as a member of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4364FFEAD07DFA8DFC65FA3C" box="[836,912,1397,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD07DFA8DFC65FA3C" box="[836,912,1397,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the enormous and strongly curved single metatibial spur (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD26DFA61FE45FA00" box="[340,432,1433,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
). The new species is easily separated from the others in the subgenus by lacking dark markings on the metasomal terga (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD123FA45FD85FA64" box="[538,624,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) and in having the metapleural pits widely separated (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD7E8FA45FAD3FA64" box="[1233,1318,1469,1494]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4364FFEAD3ECFA1AFEA8FA48" box="[213,349,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3ECFA1AFEA8FA48" box="[213,349,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">S. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the mesobasitarsus more than twice as long as wide (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD712FA19FB75FA48" box="[1067,1152,1505,1530]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). Although the female of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4364FFEAD3AEF9FEFE3EF9AC" authority="Michez &amp; Patiny" authorityName="Michez &amp; Patiny" box="[151,459,1541,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascheri">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3AEF9FEFEF3F9AC" box="[151,262,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">S. ascheri</emphasis>
Michez &amp; Patiny
</taxonomicName>
is unknown, the wings of the latter species are stated to be brown, whereas those of the new species are mostly clear (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD2D5F9D1FDB1F9F0" box="[492,580,1577,1602]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) and the mesoscutum of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4364FFEAD05DF9D2FC21F9F0" box="[868,980,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascheri">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD05DF9D2FC21F9F0" box="[868,980,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">S. ascheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is densely punctate with i&lt;d (
<bibRefCitation id="B82FDFAF4364FFEAD613F9D1FF0BF9D4" author="Michez" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" refString="Michez, D., Eardley, C., Kuhlmann, M., Timmerman, K. &amp; Patiny, S. (2010) The bee genera Haplosamba and Samba (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Melittidae) phylogeny, biogeography and host plants. Invertebrate Systematics, 24, 327 - 347." type="journal article" year="2010">
Michez 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD6B1F9D2FF41F9D4" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), whereas that of the new species is sparsely punctate with i=2–8d on the disc (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4364FFEAD74DF9B5FB38F9D4" box="[1140,1229,1613,1638]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 A – G" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1798,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[246,1340,591,1774]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 A – G. Samba turkana: Figs. 1 A &amp; B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1 A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1 B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1 C-G a paratype. Fig. 1 C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1 D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1 E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1 F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1 G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94A4F1D54364FFEED3FEF989FEA9FE62" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" type="description">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4364FFEAD3FEF989FAC2F938" blockId="1.[151,1436,1397,2034]" box="[199,1335,1649,1674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3FEF989FE35F938" bold="true" box="[199,448,1649,1674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Description. Female:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD2FFF98AFDBFF93B" box="[454,586,1650,1673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Dimensions</emphasis>
: Head width 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4364FFEAD1DAF98AFCC1F938" box="[739,820,1650,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7mm</quantity>
, forewing length 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4364FFEAD0C1F989FBBCF938" box="[1016,1097,1649,1674]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="262" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9mm</quantity>
, body length 8.0mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4364FFEAD3FEF96DFD4DF840" blockId="1.[151,1436,1397,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4364FFEAD3FEF96DFEA5F91C" box="[199,336,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="262">Colouration</emphasis>
: Black with orange and brown markings. Following parts orange: scape, pedicel, F1–F4 (rest of flagellum reddish–brown), pronotum (suffused with dark brown adjacent to pronotal foramen below and weakly on the pronotal collar between pronotal lobes), large patch on mesoscutum anterolaterally, scutellum (suffused with dark brown anteriorly), metanotum, vertical portion of mesopleuron, metapleuron, metapostnotum medially (remainder red–brown), lateral surface of propodeum (posterior surface reddish–brown); metasoma (except pygidial plate red–brown anteriorly darkening to black towards apex and S6 mostly orange–brown), metasomal terga immediately anterior to apical impressed areas yellow–orange. Legs mostly dark orange–brown. Tegula amber. Costal vein blackish, remaining venation including prestigma and stigma brown. Wing membrane translucent, weakly suffused with orange–brown on apex of radial cell and anterior 2/3 of marginal cell, darker beyond wing veins and on apex of marginal cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4367FFE9D3FEFF6FFA94FDAA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4367FFE9D3FEFF6FFEBEFF02" box="[199,331,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Pubescence</emphasis>
: White, woolly, somewhat appressed and largely obscuring underlying integument on face between epistomal suture and midway between antennal socket and lateral ocellus, genal area, dorsal angle of pronotum, pronotal lobe, posterior margin of mesoscutum, metanotum anteriorly, mesopleuron anteriorly, lateral and most of posterior surface of propodeum, posterior surface of profemur and protibia, dorsal surface of mesotibia and mesobasitarsus, apex of metafemur and metatibia. Such hairs mostly &lt;1.5MOD except anteriorly on mesopleuron ~2.2MOD. Long, fine white hairs on hypostomal area, coxae, trochanters, mesopleuron posteriorly and metasternum. Long fine yellow–orange hairs on mesal surface of procoxa, mesothoracic venter and metasternum. Protarsus with dense, simple, orange hairs &lt;3MOD dorsally. Protibia and mesobasitarsus with sparse, long pale orange hairs ventrally, &lt;3MOD. Metatibial scopa sparse, hairs simple, robust, &lt;3.5MOD. T1–T5 with sparse, suberect, white hairs towards sides, &lt;2,5MOD; prepygidial fimbria orange–brown; T6 with golden hairs except white laterally. Metasomal sterna with pale yellow to white hairs, longest on S1 and S5 ~2MOD.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C1F2D64367FFE9D3AEF8FEFF3DF825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236026/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" targetBox="[246,1340,591,1762]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4367FFE9D3AEF8FEFF3DF825" blockId="2.[151,1437,1798,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4367FFE9D3AEF8FEFEBEF8AE" bold="true" box="[151,331,1798,1821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">FIGURES 1A–G</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4367FFE9D261F8FEFE06F8AE" box="[344,499,1798,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="263" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4367FFE9D261F8FEFE06F8AE" box="[344,499,1798,1820]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="263">Samba turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Figs. 1A&amp;B holotype, remainder from a paratype. Fig. 1A. Lateral habitus. Fig. 1B. Head, frontal view. Figs. 1C-G a paratype. Fig. 1C. Clypeus, oblique view to show lack of medial carina or ridge (arrow). Fig. 1D. Dorsum of mesosoma to show sparse punctation. Fig. 1E. Metapleuron to show relative position of metapleural pits (arrows). Fig. 1F. Mesobasitarsus to show length to width. Fig. 1G. Metatibia and metatarsus to show enormously developed metatibial spur.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4366FFE8D3FEFF6FFD3CFDD2" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D3FEFF6FFEC4FF02" box="[199,305,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Sculpture</emphasis>
. Shiny, lacking microsculpture except metasomal sterna weakly imbricate. Clypeal punctures dense medially, i&lt;d, irregularly spaced towards sides, i=0.3–1.5d, sparsely punctate apically. Supraclypeal area with finer, dense punctures, i~0.5d. Lower paraocular area more finely and regularly punctate, i&lt;0.5d. Area between lateral ocellus and compound eye coarsely, unevenly, punctate, i=0.3–4d. Hypostomal area shallowly and somewhat densely punctate, i&lt;d, except medially and anteriorly where punctures larger, and irregularly spaced, i=0.5–6d. Mesoscutum more evenly and densely punctate anterolaterally, i~d than on disc, i=2–8d, punctures on disc variable in size. Scutellum distinctly punctate, i=0.5–4d. Hypoepimeral area punctures coarse, i=0.5–1d; mesepisternal punctures shallower, i=0.5–2d. Lateral surface of propodeum with small, obscure punctures. Metapostnotum weakly striolate anterolaterally and mesad, otherwise lacking surface sculpture. T1–T2 with numerous minute punctures and sparser large ones, smaller punctures less numerous than large ones on T3, almost absent on T4–T6 except where giving rise to hairs of prepygidial fimbria; larger punctures increasing in size and density from T1–T5, somewhat smaller but dense on T6. Metasomal sterna distinctly and irregularly punctate, i=1–6d except more evenly spaced on S6, i=2–3d.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4366FFE8D3FEFD95FDBEFC17" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D3FEFD95FED9FD36" box="[199,300,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Structure</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D204FD94FE8CFD37" box="[317,377,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Head</emphasis>
: Broader than greatest width of mesosoma, 69:65, 1.75X as wide as long, 40. Labrum four times broader than medial length, 4:1, with broad weak transverse ridge that forms an upside–down U–shaped weak tubercle medially, lacking tooth either side of concavity of tubercle. Clypeus weakly concave apicomedially, margin of concavity beveled, with median raised line indistinct above, absent below. Supraclypeal area somewhat protuberant, convex. Malar space linear. IAD:AOD 9:15. IOC:OOC 10:15. Compound eyes weakly convergent below, UOD;LOD 47:44. Frontal line depressed, shallow and narrow above, wide and deep below. Vertex concave in frontal view. Genal area subequal to width of eye in lateral view. Scape longer than F1–F5 combined, narrow, L:W 19:4; pedicel quadrate, F1 longer than wide, F2 short, F3–F9 each shorter than wide, F10 with width and length subequal, F11 longer than wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4366FFE8D3FEFC49FF2BFA82" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D3FEFC49FECAFC7A" box="[199,319,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Mesosoma</emphasis>
: Pronotum lacking horizontal surface posteromedially. Mesoscutum much broader than long: 45:33; admedian and parapsidal lines weakly raised. Scutellum longer than metanotum and anterior less strongly declivitous surface of metapostnotum combined, the three parts in the ratio of 12:5:2.5 respectively. Protibial spur with malus less than half as long as spur, 5:12; mesotibial spur robust, strongly curved at apex; mesobasitarsus laterally compressed, broad, L:B 24:9; metatibial spur strongly curved, enormous, chord length almost as long as metabasitarsus 25:27; metabasitarsus flattened, broad, L:B 27:11, apex truncate, weakly overhanging base of second metatarsomere. Forewing basal vein and cu–v interstitial on M+Cu; first submarginal cell longer than second, lengths on posterior margins 23:17; distance between first recurrent vein and first submarginal crossvein equal to that between second recurrent vein and second submarginal crossvein; stigma more than 
<date id="A800849E4366FFE8D7C8FB28FAE1FB5A" box="[1265,1300,1232,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">3X</date>
longer than prestigma, 17:5; marginal cell 
<date id="A800849E4366FFE8D2D4FB0CFDE5FABF" box="[493,528,1268,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">5X</date>
longer than greatest width 35:7; jugal lobe less than 0.5X as long as vannal lobe, 23:53.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4366FFE8D3FEFAC5FD4FFACA" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D3FEFAC5FEC9FAE6" box="[199,316,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Metasoma</emphasis>
: Apical impressed areas of terga broader medially than at sides, on T2 9:5. Pygidial plate narrow, acutely pointed, lateral margins weakly concave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4366FFE8D3FEFA7CFB0EF857" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D3FEFA7CFCC0FA2E" box="[199,821,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">
Additional features described from the darkest 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4366FFE8D1EBFA7DFCC0FA2E" box="[722,821,1413,1436]" pageId="3" pageNumber="264" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4366FFE8D07AFA7CFC33FA2F" box="[835,966,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Mouthparts</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4366FFE8D0ECFA7CFBACFA2E" box="[981,1113,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 A – E" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1327,1350]" captionTargetBox="[250,1336,193,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[250,1337,193,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 A – E. Samba turkana: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2 A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2 B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1 A and 1 E). Fig. 2 C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1 / 3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2 D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2 E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236027/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="264">Figs. 2C–E</figureCitation>
): Cardo short and broad, L:B 32:6; cardinal lever elongate, strongly curved, apically subparallel to main axis of cardo; inner cardinal process enormous, concave ventrally. Stipes short, L:D 43:19, dorsal margin weakly biconvex, ventral margin strongly convex basally, weakly concave apically, outer surface longitudinally carinulate apically and ventrally. Postpalpal galea less than half entire length of galea, 15:35 and shorter than its greatest breadth, 17; galeal comb with 8 teeth, longest mesad; apex of galeal blade with approximately 5 robust setae oriented ventrad. Maxillary palpus with 6 palpomeres, first longest and broadest, 2nd–5th decreasing in length and width, 6th narrowest of all but subequal in length to 2nd. Lacinia long, narrow, obliquely oriented, pointed at both ends, with 3 robust bristles apicad and a few finer ones basad. Lorum short, transverse, acutely pointed at sides, somewhat broader mesad with deep and narrow anterior concavity and paired posterior processes surrounding base of mentum. Mentum weakly sclerotized towards sides, gradually increasing in breadth to membranous apex. Prementum considerably modified, fragmentum at base elongate, vertically oriented, 4 times longer than width at midlength; lateral walls of prementum membranous except towards base and around labial palpus, ligular arm scrolled and well sclerotized basad, briefly deflected mesad then extending apically as obliquely flattened rod ending in a bifurcation; ventral surface convex for basal 2/5, concave for following 3/10 and then convex for apical 3/10; subligular process gradually narrowing then expanded towards apex, apex bent dorsad; labial palpus with palpomeres 1–3 gradually decreasing in length and breadth, 4th palpomere narrowest, almost as long as first; paraglossa absent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C1F2D64361FFEFD3AEFAD7FD2FFA5C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" targetBox="[250,1336,193,1299]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4361FFEFD3AEFAD7FD2FFA5C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1327,1518]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4361FFEFD3AEFAD7FEBFFAF7" bold="true" box="[151,330,1327,1350]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">FIGURES 2A–E</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4361FFEFD26FFAC8FE04FAF4" box="[342,497,1328,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4361FFEFD26FFAC8FE04FAF4" box="[342,497,1328,1350]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">Samba turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1A and 1E). Fig. 2C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1/3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4361FFEFD3FEF9E6FB29F82D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1566,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4361FFEFD3FEF9E6FE39F985" box="[199,460,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">S6 and sting apparatus</emphasis>
: S6 apodeme with length and width subequal, transapodemal ridge weak but complete on right hand side, absent on left; marginal ridge extending slightly mesad along anterior edge; anterior margin evenly concave; apex produced medially, apex of process weakly concave. T7 hemitergite (= spiracular plate) with medial portion of marginal ridge straight, anterior and lateral portions of apodemal ridge forming a continuous curve, apodemal region extending anteromedially as a triangular process; lateral lamella extending from close to anterior margin of apodemal ridge, gradually widening anterolaterally and then subparallel to lateral portion of ridge; lamina spiracularis extending beyond apex of lateral portion of marginal ridge but not beyond apex of medial portion of ridge, spiracle at apex of lamina spiracularis at midwidth. T8 hemitergite (= oblong plate) with anterior margin of apodeme concave, posterior margin convex, broadly rounded mesad. Gonoplac (=gonostylus or sting sheath) digitiform, setae towards apex slightly longer than diameter. Furcula with ventral arms longer than dorsal arm, dorsal arm almost as deep as long. Valve of first gonapophysis (= sting shaft) curved dorsad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4361FFEED3FEF853FB1FFED6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1566,2023]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4361FFEFD3FEF853FEC0F876" bold="true" box="[199,309,1963,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265">Variation</emphasis>
. the darkest 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4361FFEFD2F4F854FDD8F876" box="[461,557,1964,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
differs from the 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4361FFEFD1CAF853FCA0F876" box="[755,853,1963,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="265" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in having a weak medial longitudinal ridge on the clypeus, albeit perhaps formed mostly as a result of the punctures immediately adjacent being arranged almost in longitudinal lines (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4360FFEED255FF6FFE4AFF02" box="[364,447,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 A – E" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1327,1350]" captionTargetBox="[250,1336,193,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[250,1337,193,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 A – E. Samba turkana: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2 A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2 B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1 A and 1 E). Fig. 2 C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1 / 3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2 D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2 E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Fig 2A</figureCitation>
) and in having a darker mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4360FFEED066FF6FFC42FF02" box="[863,951,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 A – E" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1327,1350]" captionTargetBox="[250,1336,193,1299]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[250,1337,193,1307]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2 A – E. Samba turkana: darkest paratype female. Fig. 2 A. Clypeus, oblique view to show weakly developed median longitudinal ridge (label line). Fig. 2 B. Lateral view of mesosoma to show darker colouration than in holotype (compare to Figs. 1 A and 1 E). Fig. 2 C. Cardo, mentum and prementum to show, as labelled: a) enormous inner cardinal process, b) sclerotized sides to mentum (broken and somewhat displaced at basal 1 / 3, and c) elongate fragmentum. Fig. 2 D. Lorum to show posterior concavity (label line). Fig. 2 E. Prementum, slightly oblique dorsal view to show, as labelled: a) form of ligular arm, b) membranous lateral wall; c) concave apex of ligular arm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
) as follows: pale colouration on pronotum restricted to orange–brown ventrally and on pronotal lobe, on mesopleuron orange restricted to posterior margin below scrobal groove, on metepisternum restricted to posterodorsal marking, legs more extensively dark brown, metapostnotum entirely black, propodeum with orange restricted to vertical lateral surface; hairs on mesopleuron posteroventrally and metasternum pale orange, prepygidial fimbria black medially, white laterally. The darkest 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED3AEFEB5FF02FED7" box="[151,247,333,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
is also somewhat larger, head width 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4360FFEED1ACFEB4FD13FED6" box="[661,742,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
, forewing length 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4360FFEED092FEB4FC09FED7" box="[939,1020,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1mm</quantity>
, body length 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4360FFEED7AAFEB4FB13FED6" box="[1171,1254,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4360FFEED3FEFE88FEA9FE62" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
Most of the remaining 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED2FEFE88FDC7FE3A" box="[455,562,368,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are similar in coloration to the 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED0AAFE97FC0DFE3A" box="[915,1016,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but two are notably paler as follows: mesosoma entirely orange except for red–brown suffusion across mesoscutum and mesepisternum pale brown ventrally (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4360FFEED233FE4FFEBBFE62" box="[266,334,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1396,1418]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,517,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1437,517,1375]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Samba turkana: oblique lateral view of mesosoma of the palest paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="88C1F2D64360FFEED3AEFA8CFC08FA38" box="[151,1021,1396,1418]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" targetBox="[150,1436,517,1374]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4360FFEED3AEFA8CFC08FA38" blockId="5.[151,1021,1396,1418]" box="[151,1021,1396,1418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED3AEFA8CFEF8FA3B" bold="true" box="[151,269,1396,1418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED220FA8CFE46FA38" box="[281,435,1396,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED220FA8CFE46FA38" box="[281,435,1396,1418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Samba turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: oblique lateral view of mesosoma of the palest paratype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="94A4F1D54360FFEED3FEFA4AFB6EF9CC" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4360FFEED3FEFA4AFB6EF9CC" blockId="5.[151,1438,1458,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED3FEFA4AFE64FA79" bold="true" box="[199,401,1458,1483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Material Studied</emphasis>
: 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED298FA4AFDFCFA79" box="[417,521,1458,1483]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female: 
<collectingCountry id="A4A9E2CE4360FFEED154FA4AFD25FA78" box="[621,720,1458,1482]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">KENYA</collectingCountry>
; 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED1E2FA4AFCCFFA79" box="[731,826,1458,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">Turkana</taxonomicName>
, South Turkwel, 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED0C5FA4AFBADFA79" box="[1020,1112,1458,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">Turkana</taxonomicName>
Basin Institute, 
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<geoCoordinate id="B98AC4994360FFEED3AEFA2DFEC7FA5C" box="[151,306,1493,1518]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" precision="1" value="35.865932">E035 51.956'</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="1B460FBB4360FFEED207FA2DFE7FFA5C" box="[318,394,1493,1518]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="455.0">455 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="A800849E4360FFEED2A1FA2DFDE6FA5C" box="[408,531,1493,1518]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" value="2014-09-17">17.ix.2014</date>
, P. Lomosingo and D. Martins. Seven 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED0EAFA2FFBB4FA5D" box="[979,1089,1495,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
, same locality and, except for two, the same date: the darkest specimen was caught on 
<date id="A800849E4360FFEED020FA02FC7BF9A1" box="[793,910,1530,1555]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" value="2012-04-12">12.iv.2012</date>
and bears a the code number TBI-BEE-00114 and a green 
<collectionCode id="BAAF3A9B4360FFEED21AF9E6FE95F984" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[291,352,1566,1590]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">DNA</collectionCode>
barcode reference label 
<collectionCode id="BAAF3A9B4360FFEED140F9E6FD30F984" box="[633,709,1566,1590]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4wb1-ykjs" name="Crustacean Collection of the Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">CCDB</collectionCode>
09808 B08 and another was collected Ex. 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED789F9E5FA8EF984" box="[1200,1403,1565,1590]" class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Tribulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="terrestris">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED789F9E5FA8EF984" box="[1200,1403,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Tribulus terrestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED3A7F9BAFEA2F9E9" box="[158,343,1602,1627]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zygophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
), on 
<date id="A800849E4360FFEED2A8F9BAFE04F9E8" box="[401,497,1602,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" value="2012-05-09">9.v.2012</date>
with the code number TBI-BEE-00112 and barcode reference label 
<collectionCode id="BAAF3A9B4360FFEED638F9BAFAB8F9E8" box="[1281,1357,1602,1626]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4wb1-ykjs" name="Crustacean Collection of the Department of Biology" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">CCDB</collectionCode>
09808 C04. The 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED23FF99DFE9DF9CC" box="[262,360,1637,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and two 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED2F6F99FFDCFF9CD" box="[463,570,1639,1663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
are to be housed at 
<collectionCode id="BAAF3A9B4360FFEED022F99FFCA9F9CC" box="[795,860,1639,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">TBIK</collectionCode>
the remainder are at 
<collectionCode id="BAAF3A9B4360FFEED770F99EFB62F9CC" box="[1097,1175,1638,1662]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/66ra-d50z" name="The Packer Collection at York University" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">PCYU</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94A4F1D54360FFECD3FEF972FB9CFEAF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4360FFEED3FEF972FA68F911" blockId="5.[151,1438,1458,2025]" box="[199,1437,1674,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED3FEF972FEBDF911" bold="true" box="[199,328,1674,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Etymology</emphasis>
: The species is named after the 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED197F973FD2BF911" box="[686,734,1675,1699]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">type</typeStatus>
locality and the name is to be considered a noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4360FFEDD3FEF955FBCCFED7" blockId="5.[151,1438,1458,2025]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED3FEF955FEB9F974" bold="true" box="[199,332,1709,1734]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">Phylogeny:</emphasis>
The character states for 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4360FFEED159F956FD26F974" box="[608,723,1709,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED159F956FD26F974" box="[608,723,1709,1734]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">S. turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are as follows preceded by the character number and state as in 
<bibRefCitation id="B82FDFAF4360FFEED3AEF92AFE78F958" box="[151,397,1746,1771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" refString="Michez, D., Eardley, C., Kuhlmann, M., Timmerman, K. &amp; Patiny, S. (2010) The bee genera Haplosamba and Samba (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Melittidae) phylogeny, biogeography and host plants. Invertebrate Systematics, 24, 327 - 347." type="journal article">
Michez 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4360FFEED3CCF92BFEC4F959" box="[245,305,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="266">et al.</emphasis>
, (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
(their characters 13–21 were scored from males and thus were not available for the new species): 1–1 paraglossa absent; 2–0 maxillary palpus nearly hairless; 3–1 stipital flange present; 4–1 labrum with a transverse ridge; 5–1 vertex concave in anterior view; 6–0 metapleural pits well separated; 7–1 propodeum slanting (albeit anterior portion briefly less vertically oriented than the rest of the structure, nonetheless it was scored as 1); 8–1 propodeal triangle smooth; 9–0 2nd abscissa of forewing Rs oblique; 10–1 jugal lobe approximately half as long as vannal lobe; 11–1 forewing basal vein interstitial with cu–v; 12–1 mesotibial spur coarsely ciliate; 22–1 inner orbits of compound eye subparallel; 23–2 head less than 0.75X as long as wide; 24—medial longitudinal clypeal ridge, this character was scored as polymorphic as the 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4360FFEED7A8F828FB06F85B" box="[1169,1267,2000,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="266" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
lacks it, but a 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4363FFEDD3AEFF60FF02FF02" box="[151,247,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
has a weak ridge; 25–0 upper paraocular area not differently sculptured from adjacent frontal area; 26–1 meso– and metathoracic legs with red (or orange) markings; 27–1 mesotrochanter and mesofemur with yellow bristles on ventral surface; 28–1 mesotibial spur robust; 29–1 mesotibial spur strongly curved at apex; 30–1 metabasitarsus less than 
<date id="A800849E4363FFEDD28DFEFCFE23FEAE" box="[436,470,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">3X</date>
as long as wide; 31–1 metabasitarsus apically projecting above insertion of second tarsomere (albeit weakly); 32–1 T1–T2 with red markings (or entirely red); 33–1 T2–T4 lacking apical hair bands, albeit weakly present laterally; 34–1 pygidial plate raised medially (albeit weakly).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4363FFEDD3FEFE97FDE4FE47" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
Character 35 is new: 35–0 metatibia with two apical spurs, neither of which is remarkably elongate and strongly curved, 35–1 metatibia with one apical spur which is remarkably elongate and strongly curved. All taxa included in 
<bibRefCitation id="B82FDFAF4363FFEDD227FE4FFDFBFE62" box="[286,526,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" refString="Michez, D., Eardley, C., Kuhlmann, M., Timmerman, K. &amp; Patiny, S. (2010) The bee genera Haplosamba and Samba (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Melittidae) phylogeny, biogeography and host plants. Invertebrate Systematics, 24, 327 - 347." type="journal article">
Michez 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD243FE41FE41FE62" box="[378,436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">et al.</emphasis>
, (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
score 0 for this character except 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD0B3FE40FBE7FE62" box="[906,1042,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcarata">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD0B3FE40FBE7FE62" box="[906,1042,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. calcarata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD775FE40FB35FE62" box="[1100,1216,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD775FE40FB35FE62" box="[1100,1216,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which have state 1 and 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD3FFFE25FEC1FE47" box="[198,308,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascheri">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD3FFFE25FEC1FE47" box="[198,308,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. ascheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is unknown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88C1F2D64363FFEDD3AEFA52FCA6F9EB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236029/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" targetBox="[153,1436,556,1425]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4363FFEDD3AEFA52FCA6F9EB" blockId="6.[151,1436,1450,1625]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD3AEFA52FEE5FA0D" bold="true" box="[151,272,1450,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Phylogeny for species of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD10BFA52FD82FA72" box="[562,631,1450,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD10BFA52FD82FA72" box="[562,631,1450,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and select related genera. Small numbers above the internodes indicate the character numbers from Michez etal. (2010) (see also “Phylogeny” section above), small numbers below internodes indicate the state that the character changes to along that internode. Large numbers above and below the internodes show support for the monophyletic groups subtended by that internode: GC values and traditional bootstrap frequencies respectively. Filled in circles indicate unique apomorphies, open circles indicate homoplasious apomorphies. See text for details. The character state vector for the new species is: 101110110111---------12*01111111111.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4363FFEDD3FEF967FCE0F8DE" blockId="6.[151,1436,1695,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
The resulting phylogeny is 60 steps long, with a CI of 65 and RI of 83 and its topology (Fig, 4) is identical to that obtained by 
<bibRefCitation id="B82FDFAF4363FFEDD26AF93BFDCCF96E" box="[339,569,1731,1756]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" refString="Michez, D., Eardley, C., Kuhlmann, M., Timmerman, K. &amp; Patiny, S. (2010) The bee genera Haplosamba and Samba (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Melittidae) phylogeny, biogeography and host plants. Invertebrate Systematics, 24, 327 - 347." type="journal article">
Michez 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD296F93CFE12F96E" box="[431,487,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
but with the three 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD037F93BFCAFF96E" box="[782,858,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD037F93BFCAFF96E" box="[782,858,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species forming a polytomy. Monophyly of 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD669F93BFF3EF94D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD669F93BFA69F96E" box="[1360,1436,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Samba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F5F9C3374363FFEDD3AEF910FF3EF94D" box="[151,203,1768,1791]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is well supported (
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4363FFEDD29AF91FFE1CF94D" box="[419,489,1767,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1450,1472]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,556,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,553,1429]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogeny for species of Samba and select related genera. Small numbers above the internodes indicate the character numbers from Michez etal. (2010) (see also “ Phylogeny ” section above), small numbers below internodes indicate the state that the character changes to along that internode. Large numbers above and below the internodes show support for the monophyletic groups subtended by that internode: GC values and traditional bootstrap frequencies respectively. Filled in circles indicate unique apomorphies, open circles indicate homoplasious apomorphies. See text for details. The character state vector for the new species is: 101110110111 --------- 12 * 01111111111." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236029/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Successive approximations character weighting stabilized after a single round and yielded a tree identical to that shown in figure 4 except that 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD009F8F4FC68F896" box="[816,925,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascheri">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD009F8F4FC68F896" box="[816,925,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. ascheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was sister to the remaining two species of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD23FF8D7FEA7F8FA" box="[262,338,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD23FF8D7FEA7F8FA" box="[262,338,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Given that 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD2E5F8C8FDBFF8FA" box="[476,586,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ascheri">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD2E5F8C8FDBFF8FA" box="[476,586,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. ascheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD1B8F8C8FD06F8FA" box="[641,755,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turkana">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD1B8F8C8FD06F8FA" box="[641,755,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">S. turkana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known only from the male and female respectively, little confidence can be placed in these alternative resolutions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DC01A25E4363FFECD3FEF88FFB9CFEAF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1695,2008]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD3FEF88FFE75F822" bold="true" box="[199,384,1911,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">DNA Barcodes.</emphasis>
Full length barcode sequences of 658bp were obtained from two 
<typeStatus id="03051CFC4363FFEDD764F880FB3DF822" box="[1117,1224,1912,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
specimens and the sequences were identical despite the morphological differences noted above. Barcode voucher code labels for the included taxa are provided in the appendix. They cluster with other species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4363FFEDD7ACF847FB14F86A" box="[1173,1249,1983,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4363FFEDD7ACF847FB14F86A" box="[1173,1249,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="267">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The phylogeny based upon DNA barcodes included only 4 species of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4362FFECD01DFF6FFC84FF02" box="[804,881,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4362FFECD01DFF6FFC84FF02" box="[804,881,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and among the outgroups included previously, 
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4362FFECD3AEFF44FED8FF67" box="[151,301,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">Eremephanta</emphasis>
Popov was unavailable. The resulting tree was 417 steps, with a CI of 75 and RI of 78. 
<figureCitation id="4485BEDB4362FFECD602FF44FA69FF67" box="[1339,1436,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,810,832]" captionTargetBox="[165,1436,329,786]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[165,1450,327,787]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phylogeny of Samba based upon DNA barcode sequences. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of base changes. The black bar represents 2 % sequence divergence." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236030/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">Figure 5</figureCitation>
shows the topology with branch lengths proportional to the number of evolutionary changes. The combined data matrix resulted in a tree that was entirely unresolved for species of 
<taxonomicName id="1BBED9DD4362FFECD0BEFEFCFC26FEAF" box="[903,979,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Melittidae" genus="Samba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="EECA7E4C4362FFECD0BEFEFCFC26FEAF" box="[903,979,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="268">Samba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not shown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>