treatments-xml/data/FC/35/B6/FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2.xml

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<mods:title id="F35AD33004A0FEC2F6322D1D8AB8F4A7">A new species of Arachnanthus from the Red Sea (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8179463FC13286FBBE37FD82F6773A83">Stampar, Sergio N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="203B6A046F039940849E907C903542C2">Didi, Suraia O. El</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27FF330895E33E0A7ECC0CFA6C8F9278">Paulay, Gustav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5042D0524B41E1CDD1ACFA497B097D6E">Berumen, Michael L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143472681" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FC381C67-9DB8-4280-9C9C-00DBD04F7D56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_family="Arachnactidae" scope_phylum="Cnidaria">
<subSubSection id="9C33E974C3BB941608F02DFC839A95F4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2828BAA011083B369A9661604397BF63" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="9845B54F573F7E398A0166D2D1CA2B7D" LSID="http://zoobank.org/FC381C67-9DB8-4280-9C9C-00DBD04F7D56" authority="Stampar &amp; El Didi" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="lilith">
<pageBreakToken id="7286460CE77122CDF8936EE6214D9580" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Arachnanthus</pageBreakToken>
lilith Stampar &amp; El Didi
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DA10E211E5854AAA70772A83B93E7A28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, Tables 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="30ED8F6765A3B030FE8583521DB48F8B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B96EE7CD9B8F2B7132E701314DC9BFAE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined (six specimens).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="15DC95123412EC7F2DB33A5BB234A3E0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Holotype: UF Cnidaria 9168, adult individual (35 mm long), Saudi Arabia, island near 
<normalizedToken id="C8A0396CB9CB480B7CC43E8687E7946F" originalValue="Jaz’air">Jaz'air</normalizedToken>
Sila, (
<geoCoordinate id="93F6C1841FF8E30F55B530738CC5AD23" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="27.651">27.651°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2B79D7848C2487E8F112750DC34045DE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="35.2832">35.2832°E</geoCoordinate>
) (Fig. 1A), 10-30 m depth, fore reef, under rocks, G. Paulay, Seabird McKeon, Daisuke Uyeno coll. (27/ix/2013). Paratypes: UF Cnidaria 9167, adult (31 mm long), same data as holotype. UF Cnidaria 9227, adult (35 mm long), UF Cnidaria 9229, adult (42 mm long), UF Cnidaria 9230, adult (26 mm long) all three from Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba, 
<normalizedToken id="93E43706D9E2747B8B1340333EB877F9" originalValue="Joey’s">Joey's</normalizedToken>
Shipwreck Bay, (
<geoCoordinate id="CD059917BC29E957B360CEA66353A893" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="28.1846">28.1846°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2C43FD27646DCC2B99A62B1D9FA2D76F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="34.6381">34.6381°E</geoCoordinate>
) (Fig. 1B), 7-13 m depth, in sand and seagrass bed, collected at night, G. Paulay, Daisuke Uyeno, Casey Zakroff coll. (01/x/2013). UF Cnidaria 9076 (Fig. 2D), adult, Saudi Arabia, Farasan Banks, Atlantis Shoal (
<geoCoordinate id="6D12225039A9F5A45B447504FA2A5A4E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="18.1917">18.1917°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="A0F70B0EC56A1DEDD94FACC2FF4623D6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="41.1138">41.1138°E</geoCoordinate>
) 
<pageBreakToken id="D0676DCC08006065CD2475EB7A4B945F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
Fig. 1-C), 9-11 m depth, sandy shoal with patch reefs, in sand, collected at night, Arthur Anker, Patrick Norby, Gustav Paulay coll. (07/iii/2013).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F3DFAF9930FAAE42F2B2F55AE9DA7B48" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph id="06C3C821461B19DC2F170F5A229D886E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 2. 
<taxonomicName id="268A89E9ACABD716EFD2F49873BB7F24" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A (Paratype UF Cnidaria 9227) (not to scale) B (Paratype UF Cnidaria 9168) (not to scale) 
<normalizedToken id="FEE8BAE351B4C4663506A0FBD4362BA3" originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
Live specimens in nature (not included as paratypes - ICZN 72.4.6) (not to scale) E Dissected specimen with detail of acontioids (arrows) (scale bar 2 mm) UF Cnidaria 9168 (Holotype) F Detail of oral disc UF Cnidaria 9229 (Paratype) with detail on tentacular pores with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (arrows) (not to scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BF21C2A887C5F297DF42FBE1B2BE764" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="89FFB4C5F28AC9835073759C8FC3A4A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D40EBB286AFDB92AF6D89291E08D8CF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Small ceriantharian, up to at least 42 mm long, 4-6 mm wide. With 19-24 translucent marginal tentacles (3-5 mm long in preserved specimens), each with 2-4 brown bands (Fig. 1); tentacle arrangement (1)2.12.12.12.12 
<normalizedToken id="4593B117D0AE9ED55DD5FA7A701C369F" originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
; at least 5 pores per tentacle, pores marked by concentration of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Fig. 1-F); unpaired marginal tentacle present. With 11-15 pale labial tentacles (up to 2 mm long in preserved specimens), tentacle arrangement (0)3.12.31.23.23.12 
<normalizedToken id="14F4209A9BDFC84F7AB1F754AF5C624B" originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
; unpaired labial tentacle absent. Long actinopharynx extending over 1/3 of total body length, hyposulcus 3-4 mm long, hemisulci distinct; siphonoglyph wide, connected to eight mesenteries; directive mesenteries a little shorter than hyposulcus. Three pairs of protomesenteries (P), P2 and 
<pageBreakToken id="B5F7A862D5CA41E06BF0CCF19350B401" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">P</pageBreakToken>
4 long and P3 short, metamesenteries (M), long, fertile with double mesenteric filament; betamesenteries (B) short, sterile with single mesenteric filament (double in a short part immediately below actinophrarynx) and rather convoluted; acontioids only in mesenteries M3 and M4; see Fig. 2 for schematic arrangement of mesenteries. Cnidome (Fig. 3) of spirocysts, atrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores (three types), microbasic p-mastigophores (two types), and ptychocysts; distributed as shown in Table 1.
</paragraph>
<caption id="8DC5BA2B863BB328B861389002E30783" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="133608CBCC10FFA8FA1827B289065B92" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Table 1. Cnidome of 
<taxonomicName id="8F163DF6100FD567E1824A044CF695DE" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. based on two specimens (UF 9229; 9168). Mean and range given for each cnida.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BC58672BFC9D10CDA434719EC8AF6805" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table id="906953FE01B11DC39E92A267C9743CD5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr id="279A3882A381AD56C14E5E699B35F39F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="863F68BF1C3006DFB2F60B87A946C739" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
Length (in 
<normalizedToken id="0BC1D6BC249C00700EEAB15AEEDAB01C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
)
</th>
<th id="FC2513762B7FDCCE5969CFA92A036106" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
Width (in 
<normalizedToken id="2AC8D0C559174A550F3A06EFEA1D8AC9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6DD5C72A57A38C14863A33CEB38AAEC5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="6A64A33CD403DC22EBC6AE2C335EE976" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="4">Column</td>
<td id="314FED148056D6AC3D6A30E204914439" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">40.69</td>
<td id="10568D852D1456E11657F34C21C24D21" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">9.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="467DEB662241151373F38B160FE964F7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="D917D857258233DBD0D3AA025F02F2F3" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">48.57</td>
<td id="07EA84C47C9193A82D451560DD82396A" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">8.01</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4D61B016A8FF71CA9271AC35DBA4F070" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="17DA8A18DA4617EBDD0E91251B8C0B6E" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">32.32</td>
<td id="A900FA92533BA0FEDCA5CCFE4B3A4EA7" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C84044193FC618A61473FF05255299BC" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="354D370FB7FC7A08AAD4EFF495BA0C18" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">86.45</td>
<td id="07BB69DAED7F531A544A1CA47F0D6856" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">21.49</td>
</tr>
<tr id="68AA2B4EC03C116047138D78FDDA5B9E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="538E244D377A3D2184558F7146C58DEC" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="5">Marginal tentacles</td>
<td id="4AFBDD989C3C281003DE23FC7C6BA059" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">84.15</td>
<td id="2E9A9ED531F9D4638F7A3C741A2A7E4A" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">19.84</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9F1F5BC9CAA619635AD61652D0B0A69C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="9D5CA4C8B3124A75A5014D17F16951C1" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">33.75</td>
<td id="516BCF58B4A0E589F07676EDC5B999D0" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.84</td>
</tr>
<tr id="26E1CC0129450E0C9EC860EF6F0D098E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="AB245E615EEAD943FCD040342CC03764" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">32.63</td>
<td id="DAC4AC63C717B1210C826C8524D4514C" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CAF959B3AFF8528D994779C80C7FBEB4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="DC26A46683B12C1D63F0C5244D8A3D53" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">21.06</td>
<td id="E27C37D3CB0B22497346CACF858B1DF2" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F1A9AAA37072FE07D61AD99D7BE6862B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="B89EDD0E00490AE863FFF93BEBB0DC16" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">34.92</td>
<td id="9A6BAC5AE390A9A449881819BE5DC0F2" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.58</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F128B07CD1DCDC156D21D61894483FBF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="27FDF8FFF7AD0FADF97E80DBB80614C7" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Labial tentacles</td>
<td id="9933FE0F8E07AB5D9A9416D6D9993325" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">64.87</td>
<td id="5D603AC3E07425F03A35660F2E6CED34" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">13.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="78A52598FE43A9DA49329B8FD32A64FD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="12FE7C1D94328B7DE218D8908C692995" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.3</td>
<td id="A8AB16D7AB5816DE5281A25543212669" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.07</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5FA4BA564A7179D2D7F841B9DA044988" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="EF2F9A813677CF9D9D6E6778389B85DC" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.69</td>
<td id="C67A85124F909303464BAA26A9481653" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.02</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5F57E84A4753FBD49406B2D7E7082707" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="EA012AD9AD5E0CE2F3622D85781E494D" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Stomodeum</td>
<td id="BEFD09F28F3E5777FE30D221328157C3" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">49.44</td>
<td id="440AF2A228B3B92F3EAA1B5C0728AF4C" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">9.83</td>
</tr>
<tr id="31278B4A61409958C16780257126E1FD" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="62AFE25D140F6AB942DD44D7259B490A" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">24.05</td>
<td id="A585F7445F3276D30576391CE1771A9A" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.76</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2A53927F772C37929D41F78C7218E895" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="8CE7A1F8BBD8C4783E2F7BF055AEAD67" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">33.28</td>
<td id="9C948E870B9E183359E4254A9086CBB3" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.54</td>
</tr>
<tr id="52B93FB091FC33B29A2678869416A600" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="A44BC28D8E6A63A584D138E354EDB351" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Betamesenteries</td>
<td id="1B7FC8F4D0872D75566DAB0DEC6B35BA" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">83.8</td>
<td id="668375C9E6A3A8AFE04C17F16352F7E7" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">23.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="484A2B8E3B9949E6774AE441822DB690" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="9873521EA0FF63FF400ED1A7C48A1AEA" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">54.9</td>
<td id="3F37489D02A8E50365F53EBACC016B08" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">15.34</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5A7AF8A440781352097D7A96F01C552F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="F8E5BF966B945054F3508135C8067B21" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">19.24</td>
<td id="1819A332E3DF259E58E4B577CB17A259" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D2F2065312C8218B3FA26DDD6530AE3C" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="ECE852E8C07948404BB268F91BEBC941" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="2">Metamesenteries</td>
<td id="27744E1D404C1E36074F7E95A1A26205" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.04</td>
<td id="0E980BB9F19C9122EFB12287F347E160" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.76</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2972B5B4D1E64465D4938E43DE0C3E5F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td id="BBE69CF61D4305E55740A61489EED53C" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">17.76</td>
<td id="865F48593A307058963FEF18E5FF264A" colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="309A76D46DAD000D528C2AE3139661CE" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="4C9449DC14B31F211B6D6DDE2D48E5D2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 3. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of 
<taxonomicName id="1E7D0CFC5FF4EE2B4DCEC55506BD12ED" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Abbreviations: M.C. multiplication chamber, D directives, T.P. terminal pore, S siphonoglyph, B betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery), M metamesenteries (double filament), P protomesenteries, AC acontioids
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7C94A6AAE6CD78C03798EC0B756DE795" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="F3E0783A676CDBC4399893E4339CF20B" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 4. Cnidome of 
<taxonomicName id="C7D886A63D0DAFEDADD4FD8DB544C251" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A microbasic p-mastigophores I B microbasic p-mastigophores II C Atrich D Ptychocyst E microbasic b-mastigophores I F microbasic b-mastigophores II G microbasic b-mastigophores III.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B2B3143DAB8A7763C4B1C1DE71B4B577" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D5E922BE9E7CE2198F2835D3CA438717" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1612EED9C3E01BEC661E4814C3212272" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Presently known only from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Farasan Islands in the southern Red Sea. The species was found extended only at night.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CF6FE4E16DAA6F6A08E6F0083956B08A" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B845782140700CFD3041CB9A0D5AB080" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<pageBreakToken id="69D83D1A3C7F2C77EB49486614ADDDC2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Etymology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="648246ED5F30F11545EAC2A8DA3F3327" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The specific name 
<taxonomicName id="7BD3FD0099A394F8C5F66ED38AAC3000" lsidName="lilith" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="lilith">lilith</taxonomicName>
refers to the mythological figure of a female night demon in the vicinity of the Red Sea to ancient Mesopotamia (Saudi Arabia to Iraq).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F840E40E229B3674236B54626B1D87C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="live color">
<paragraph id="670882B8F111AE47538CE021D47324B1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Live color.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06A86DAF69DC14EE76B470A3F68D14CE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Column pinkish tan at basal half or along most of its length, becoming clear toward base of tentacles. Marginal tentacles whitish/transparent, with brown and light green bands; extent of banding variable, with a basal brown band commonly developed. Labial tentacles clear to brown, with whitish base and tips. Oral disk with green and white colors.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29C2A3508DE545D12C4D983DE9F21C33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="E0B86C4AF1E9AC8E6E28F3EA62A522DA" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description of holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A5D46B3B681F0975798EBD6FB315361" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(UF Cnidaria 9168). Small polyp, 35 mm long, 4 mm in diameter just below the marginal tentacles, 3 mm diameter near aboral end. With 19 marginal tentacles arranged in two pseudocycles, each 4 mm long and 0.5 mm in diameter near base, tentacle arrangement (1)2.12.12.12.12 
<normalizedToken id="8117C5B5D0C765D4A78F0F64EB6EE8A5" originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
With 12 labial tentacles, each ~1 mm long, brown with a white apical tip, directive labial tentacle absent, tentacle arrangement (0)3.12.31.23.12 
<normalizedToken id="35C8D8AE56A6885F431BF40BC35F2EF1" originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Oral disc 0.7 mm wide, actinopharynx 17 mm long, light beige to light brown, siphonoglyph wide and elongate with eight mesenteries attached, hyposulcus 9 mm long. Directive mesenteries shorter than actinopharynx. Protomesenteries as in diagnosis, M-mesenteries (M), long, fertile with a double mesenteric filament; B-mesenteries (B) short, sterile with single mesenteric filament (double in a short part immediately below actinopharynx) and rather convoluted; acontioids only in mesenteries M3 and M4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F4BCF147BD6C104D2B23E6989382A3BA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="1AF00BE0193CB08863C20423609A2CD1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comparison with other members of the genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD15021EF44FA59ADEBEB5698A12F624" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Although 
<bibRefCitation id="0F4735496C1DFAC06B19C5B672751A56" author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" url="https://doi.org/10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[549:SSACAA]2.0.CO;2" year="2007">Fautin et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that morphology alone is insufficient to distinguish species of this genus, 
<pageBreakToken id="3CB99A5F1DDAFD0A4B8CAAB9076C69A7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">internal</pageBreakToken>
anatomical characters do actually separate all known species (Table 2). While there are cases of cryptic species among tube-dwelling anemones (
<bibRefCitation id="BBDE415E61700EB578203048B6C0EF71" author="Stampar, SN" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041091" year="2012">Stampar et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), none are yet documented for 
<taxonomicName id="50A87ABB6FC747FDAC52D4D2E52BFF8E" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4FFE957378A91B60DABA00D619446039" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph id="8668450FB261EB4D7FBFD933A2C6E8D0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Table 2. Comparison of anatomical features of species of 
<taxonomicName id="C780656F399CAEF2B92B34DEA7EE40F9" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
(after 
<bibRefCitation id="A9EF482E732C0AB1D64E699CBBE3860F" author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf-Expeditie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 78" title="Ceriantharia." volume="5" year="1912">Carlgren 1912</bibRefCitation>
b; 
<bibRefCitation id="1CEF02D860CF74529F75DDADE3B43B39" author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="169 - 195" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16 XVI. Ceriantharia." volume="75" year="1924">Carlgren 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="75A95CE989A70FC459F9984D31D24D83" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Carlgren 1937</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9C40341A2ADF7661DBD59EC55D986412" author="Picton, BE" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="343 - 349" title="Arachnanthussarsi Carlgren, 1912 - a redescription of a cerianthid anemone new to the British-Isles." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01180.x" volume="83" year="1985">Picton and Manuel 1985</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6F0F66919C976F852BD2082F4A2FB616" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="79BDEE94CECD2F59340E5BA58B85F9AF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr id="55FF47B589B673B05E7210339B5182D5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="8C6A004E62701809D22B2F10C1726AB4" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="8B91BD423C2BB61651A5EBFC95C2FA14" lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="B1C2303CE283BA69507626AD0E2B6743" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="BABA098BA86BA67A9B82841DDAFDE2F2" lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="360C242A1508365B7C33A5F77DB6AE51" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0751B3659873B9D17427BDB768366103" lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="D341FE09DD4EF00A953AB391E10160FB" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="63BD6F95145957248B9DB516398F7864" lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="B47E1AEBE1A42B03E21EDB9EFA2940D5" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="4CE63DA8D4C8244A2419ADE229432E92" lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="20A34F4B05E5FA4F68BF984AB2170E6B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="4E856CF5B60A105FC5045F6A9A7A6C8B" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Marginal tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="161B9AC02B5BCD104CD5BB2B840E98ED" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="83CB18925F28EBA71AF7B49B2AE9FD2E" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Arrangement of labial tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0DC3547CACB87CDE3F394E152F3E15C5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="97A6372650042DA73C11F4A3829FF359" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Length of actinopharynx</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FD529F6F48CAFC6159C25315F0150511" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="11B042395EE8E1795C235BD11C1050D8" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Hyposulcus</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3EA16377451A308B67EC9E5099257E8B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="32FC1D621700B6F124A23D53EEA55B2A" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Oral disc diameter</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4B9E2AEAAF80DCC268121ACDAE03B8EF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="A4946A5694774D4DF85F0E7CF414D166" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Maximum n° of mesentery attached to siphonoglyph</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FF4E8D1D74C2EC0531A83C3CF31D8E6B" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="EAF3A9EF75951ADC9C40DF0D62BB5F28" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Directive mesenteries</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DBBFA5F2CC2C971BC0771DC6F2977E01" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="1E7BAA3660D071A6C4FDBE861CF9CC78" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">P(C)2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D5081A5D7829E7BBA4D4CDD1F622A9FB" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="68F6C1719FEE211C09D88E68D5886AB7" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">P(C)3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="214029F55BE018B718DB46CDF5D9534D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="C8085627501D34BABC56C18468DA3E88" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">M1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8D794D76E5C953233AAB94FEFC185201" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="94AF342EA7094FB824FC8842EB6D66B8" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">M3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D7BBE252CF4D4883EB9BA9447E590AA3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="4FB92EB4CCFB25B1A507E9EFED2C402B" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Cnido-glandular tract of fertile mesenteries</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8DFB6337B15C29F3D47C58E82B0C60A9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="33428F49CBF1904B3D254B0271C4C6C6" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Cnido-glandular tract of B</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F217AD97EE087C510ECB0A65AC7125DE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="092BD1E913B7C1E7F931E06A1DFEB354" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Acontioids</td>
</tr>
<tr id="62D2D43B6F1F4967F2EF8F2FE07486CD" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td id="C6942E0613051543C0EE8FD51A1ED676" colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Distribution</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C9C9FEC1B9C52E158B73AA810585F428" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="6C576C906592FA2B0DBEBCFE2938308C" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
has labial tentacles in three pseudocycles, unlike 
<taxonomicName id="8E13FE7A9199F127B4D14E40BF41EF31" lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7E2DD18A1D4141B44D1541CF2FCCFA83" lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="5E3ADC670BADF4D44EC7138CD97948EF" lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
, which all have them in one pseudocycle, while in 
<taxonomicName id="D1AEB094A8AB6564288AC0F39459036C" lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
labial tentacles are not clearly organized and may be considered to fall into one or two pseudocycles. The actinopharynx is 2/3 as long as the gastric cavity in 
<taxonomicName id="E64D0B477572FEACBEF18146C9B0D231" lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
, less than 
<normalizedToken id="B9CFD5D6FDC3BF7AC1275FB31F755F7D" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long in the other three described species, and a little over 
<normalizedToken id="6D1C68FCE0F58D304B25E94D5F65EEB5" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long in 
<taxonomicName id="BD8E1259719CD434577D1846BA6A5940" lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
. The maximum number of the mesenteries attached to the siphonoglyph is especially useful for distinguishing species: 
<taxonomicName id="25E7844ADF50C9FBFE10EA83F3437BC6" lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="93206253E1A443F8B3D53A432DA93D4D" lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
have 12 each, 
<taxonomicName id="2485DB90942F93F7F69733F51C4757C4" lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
has eight, 
<taxonomicName id="A81F80427ACF9CC06F93B143E24FDD58" lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
six, while 
<taxonomicName id="C9D4041E68A7619ED8B8D9AA34737D24" lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
has four. The organization of mesenter 
<pageBreakToken id="DD8116B23D4C7930675F07B7629041B4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">ies</pageBreakToken>
, particularly the mesentery P2 and M3, also provides useful characters to separate species (Table 2). Finally, the distribution of acontioids is also quite different in some species, especially in 
<taxonomicName id="189D136AB7FD859F8616709BE92059D3" lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
where acontioids are present only on mesenteries M3 and M4. These mesenterial characters serve well to differentiate species of 
<taxonomicName id="D0723574E5EB67505EC94DACE50DF8D8" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
, although how they vary over the ontogeny of each species remains to be studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="233EB674DA1DBBE41216956D690BF068" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Finally, the present study demonstrates the importance of more detailed investigations using non-standard collecting techniques. Small ceriantharians are rarely collected as they are frequently nocturnal and can be difficult to extract from the sediment as they retract quickly and rapidly. There are few described species of 
<taxonomicName id="1067279208F6FD8E4BABB2D9FC2A41AF" lsidName="A" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
with small body sizes; however, this may be the result of sampling limitations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>