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<mods:title id="68EAE5C604B60C070F6FDFBDC60EC95A">The Okuru skink (Oligosoma carinacauda sp. nov) of South Westland, New Zealand-simply elusive or extinct?</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FF44FC53D0908E23" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,441,1014,1041]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF44FC53D0908E23" bold="true" box="[151,441,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF44FB9BD01A8E6A" bold="true" box="[151,307,1086,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Chresonyms</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FF44FB26D33F8EA9" authority="&quot; Okuru" authorityName="Okuru" box="[151,534,1155,1179]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF44FB26D02F8EA9" box="[151,262,1155,1179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Oligosoma</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FEE6FB21D0EB8EA9" box="[309,450,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">inconspicuum</emphasis>
“Okuru
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”
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<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FF14FB07D0EF8E88" author="Hitchmough, R. A. &amp; Hoare, J. M. &amp; Jamieson, H. &amp; Newman, D. &amp; Tocher, M. D. &amp; Anderson, P. A. &amp; Lettink, M. &amp; Whitaker, A. H." box="[199,454,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" pagination="203 - 224" refId="ref10737" refString="Hitchmough, R. A., Hoare, J. M., Jamieson, H., Newman, D., Tocher, M. D., Anderson, P. A., Lettink, M. &amp; Whitaker, A. H. (2010) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (3), 203 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.496487" type="journal article" year="2010">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FE83FB06D0A18E88" box="[336,392,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FE06FB07D3FD8E88" author="Hitchmough, R. &amp; Anderson, P. &amp; Barr, B. &amp; Monks, J. &amp; Lettink, M. &amp; Reardon, J. &amp; Tocher, M. &amp; Whitaker, T." box="[469,724,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref10823" refString="Hitchmough, R., Anderson, P., Barr, B., Monks, J., Lettink, M., Reardon, J., Tocher, M. &amp; Whitaker, T. (2013) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 2. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 16 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FD8DFB06D3BC8E88" box="[606,661,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FD30FB07D2428E88" author="Lettink, M." box="[739,875,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref11826" refString="Lettink, M. (2013) Determination of conservation status of Okuru skink (Oligosoma aff. inconspicuum ' Okuru') and Chesterfield skink (Oligosoma aff. infrapunctatum ' Chesterfield'). Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Conservation National Office. Department of Conservation National Office, Wellington, 11 pp., appendices." type="book" year="2013">Lettink 2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FCA9FB07D5668E88" author="Chapple, D. G. &amp; Hitchmough, R. A." box="[890,1103,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" pagination="109 - 131" refId="ref9883" refString="Chapple, D. G., Hitchmough, R. A. (2016) Biogeography of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D. G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 109 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 41674 - 8 _ 5" type="book chapter" year="2016">
Chapple 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FC0AFB06D5398E88" box="[985,1040,1186,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FB8EFB07D4B18E88" author="Chapple, D. G. &amp; Hitchmough, R. A." box="[1117,1432,1186,1210]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" pagination="109 - 131" refId="ref9883" refString="Chapple, D. G., Hitchmough, R. A. (2016) Biogeography of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D. G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 109 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 41674 - 8 _ 5" type="book chapter" year="2016">Chapple &amp; Hitchmough 2016</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FF14FB65D0EF8EEA" author="Hitchmough, R. A. &amp; Patterson, G. B. &amp; Chapple, D. G." box="[199,454,1216,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" pagination="87 - 108" refId="ref10890" refString="Hitchmough, R. A., Patterson, G. B. &amp; Chapple, D. G. (2016 a) Putting a name to diversity: taxonomy of the New Zealand lizard fauna. In: Chapple, D. G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 87 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 41674 - 8 _ 4" type="book chapter" year="2016">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FE9FFB64D0568EEA" box="[332,383,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2016a
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. 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FE03FB65D3F98EEA" author="Hitchmough, R. &amp; Barr, B. &amp; Lettink, M. &amp; Monks, J. &amp; Reardon, J. &amp; Tocher, M. &amp; van Winkel, D. &amp; Rolfe, J." box="[464,720,1216,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref10977" refString="Hitchmough, R., Barr, B., Lettink, M., Monks, J., Reardon, J., Tocher, M., van Winkel, D. &amp; Rolfe, J. (2016 b) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2015. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 17. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 14 pp." type="book" year="2016">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FD86FB64D3A18EEA" box="[597,648,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2016b
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.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FF44FB7AD02F8EC5" authority="Okuru" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,262,1247,1271]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF44FB7AD02F8EC5" box="[151,262,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Oligosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“Okuru”
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<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAAFFE6FF14FB5BD2618F24" blockId="3.[151,1436,1155,1302]" box="[199,840,1278,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FF14FB5BD09B8F24" author="van Winkel, D. &amp; Baling, M. &amp; Hitchmough, R." box="[199,434,1278,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref13488" refString="van Winkel, D., Baling, M. &amp; Hitchmough, R. (2018) Reptiles and Amphibians of New Zealand: a field guide. Auckland University Press, Auckland, 376 pp." type="book" year="2018">
Van Winkel 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FE97FB5AD0518F24" box="[324,376,1278,1302]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FE6EFB5BD3938F24" author="Hitchmough, R. &amp; Barr, B. &amp; Knox, C. &amp; Lettink, M. &amp; Monks, J. M. &amp; Patterson, G. B. &amp; Reardon, J. T. &amp; van Winkel, D. &amp; Rolfe, J. &amp; Michel, P." box="[445,698,1278,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref11115" refString="Hitchmough, R., Barr, B., Knox, C., Lettink, M., Monks, J. M., Patterson, G. B., Reardon, J. T., van Winkel, D., Rolfe, J. &amp; Michel, P. (2021 a) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2021. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 35. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, 28 pp." type="book" year="2021">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FD91FB5AD35C8F24" box="[578,629,1278,1302]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
2021a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAAFFE6FD16FB5BD26D8F24" author="Purdie, S." box="[709,836,1278,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" refId="ref12878" refString="Purdie, S. (2022) A naturalist's guide to the reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd, Oxford, 176 pp." type="book" year="2022">Purdie 2022</bibRefCitation>
.
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<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAAFFE6FF44FAE1D3E78FB0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1348,1915]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<materialsCitation id="D7FC3CBBFFAAFFE6FF44FAE1D3E78FB0" collectingDate="2000-06-17" collectionCode="NMNZ" collectorName="Peter Philpott" country="New Zealand" county="Peter Philpott" latitude="-43.917778" location="Mussel Point" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="168.87862" municipality="South Westland" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" specimenCode="RE005417" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF44FAE1D0248F6C" bold="true" box="[151,269,1348,1374]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAAFFE6FF44FAE1D0218F6C" box="[151,264,1348,1374]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="0185AE23FFAAFFE6FEC0FAE0D04C8F6D" box="[275,357,1349,1375]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fg7h-t7tk" name="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" type="Museum">NMNZ</collectionCode>
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, 
<location id="624B603DFFAAFFE6FE23FAE1D3AC8F6C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF3D87F0FFAAFFEFFF44FC53D3728B57:624B603DFFAAFFE6FE23FAE1D3AC8F6C" box="[496,645,1348,1374]" country="New Zealand" county="Peter Philpott" latitude="-43.917778" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="168.87862" municipality="South Westland" name="Mussel Point" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Mussel Point</location>
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<location id="624B603DFFAAFFE6FD5CFAE1D3F08F6C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF3D87F0FFAAFFEFFF44FC53D3728B57:624B603DFFAAFFE6FD5CFAE1D3F08F6C" box="[655,729,1348,1374]" country="New Zealand" county="Peter Philpott" latitude="-43.917778" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="168.87862" municipality="South Westland" name="Okuru" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Okuru</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="874FAC9CFFAAFFE6FD30FAE1D2BC8F6C" box="[739,917,1348,1374]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">South Westland</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFAAFFE6FC4DFAE0D51A8F6C" box="[926,1075,1348,1375]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
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<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAAFFE6FAB7FAE1D18E8FB0" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1023,1047]" captionTargetBox="[473,1114,181,998]" captionTargetId="figure-33@4.[473,1114,181,998]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of type locality of the Okuru skink, Oligosoma carinacauda sp. nov. Okuru, Haast, South Westland, New Zealand." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024175/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAAFFE6FF60FACDD1EA8FB0" box="[179,195,1384,1410]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[369,1218,777,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-312@5.[369,1219,765,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3. a–c. Oligosoma carinacauda sp. nov. type specimen NMNZ RE005417. Photographs by Jean-Claude Stahl (Te Papa Tongarewa / Museum of New Zealand). (a) dorsal; (b) lateral; and (c) ventral views of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024177/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">3</figureCitation>
). Collected by 
<collectorName id="CA615330FFAAFFE6FEBDFACCD32E8FB0" box="[366,519,1384,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Peter Philpott</collectorName>
on 
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<collectingDate id="036EE9CEFFAAFFE6FDE2FACDD3E38FB0" box="[561,714,1384,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" value="2000-06-17">17 June 2000</collectingDate>
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.
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFAAFFE6FF14FA29D01E8FDC" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAAFFE6FF14FA29D01E8FDC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1348,1915]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF14FA29D0618F94" bold="true" box="[199,328,1420,1446]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Etymology</emphasis>
. From the Latin nouns 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FD8AFA28D38B8F94" box="[601,674,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">carina</emphasis>
(‘keel’) and 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FCE9FA29D2578F94" box="[826,894,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">cauda</emphasis>
(‘tail’) in reference to the important diagnostic trait of a keeled tail. The established vernacular name “Okuru skink” refers to the location from which the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAAFFE6FAE9FA15D4B58FF8" box="[1338,1436,1456,1482]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFAAFFE1FF14FA5DD25A8D2E" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAAFFE6FF14FA5DD0428C90" blockId="3.[151,1437,1348,1915]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF14FA5DD0138C20" bold="true" box="[199,314,1528,1554]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. A medium-sized 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FDC1FA5DD3A48C20" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1857" box="[530,653,1528,1554]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FDC1FA5DD3A48C20" box="[530,653,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Oligosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SVL 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFAAFFE6FD33FA5DD21D8C20" box="[736,820,1528,1555]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
) with the unique combination of a 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FB0BFA5DD4798C20" box="[1240,1360,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">keeled tail</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FA5DFA5DD0468C04" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">3 supraocular scales</emphasis>
on each side. A keeled tail is shared only with 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FC7FF9B9D4788C04" authority="(Patterson &amp; Daugherty)" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[940,1361,1564,1590]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenotis">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FC7FF9B9D5008C04" box="[940,1065,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. stenotis</emphasis>
(Patterson &amp; Daugherty)
</taxonomicName>
(from Stewart Island) and with some 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FE2EF9E5D3948C68" box="[509,701,1600,1626]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FE2EF9E5D3948C68" box="[509,701,1600,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e. populations from North Fiordland and South Westland, but not those from 
<collectingRegion id="A550F804FFAAFFE6FE93F9C1D09B8C4C" box="[320,434,1636,1662]" country="New Zealand" name="Southland" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Southland</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="A550F804FFAAFFE6FE34F9C1D3028C4C" box="[487,555,1636,1662]" country="New Zealand" name="Otago" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Otago</collectingRegion>
in which the tail is smooth), but both of these species consistently express four supraocular scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAAFFE6FF14F909D4318D48" blockId="3.[151,1437,1348,1915]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FF14F909D3348CF4" bold="true" box="[199,541,1708,1734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Comparison to other species</emphasis>
. 
<tableCitation id="2A16035DFFAAFFE6FDFEF909D3A88CF4" box="[557,641,1708,1734]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,244,1167,1191]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of morphometric and meristic features between O. carinacauda sp. nov. and similar species." pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Table 1</tableCitation>
provides tabular comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FC26F909D58E8CF4" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1013,1191,1708,1734]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FC26F909D58E8CF4" box="[1013,1191,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FB7CF909D42C8CF4" bold="true" box="[1199,1285,1708,1734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAAFFE6FB7CF909D42C8CF4" box="[1199,1285,1708,1734]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, with similar skink species from the South Island of 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFAAFFE6FD85F974D3DB8CD8" box="[598,754,1744,1771]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
. Excepting the keeled tail, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FBFBF975D4108CD8" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1064,1337,1744,1770]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FBFBF975D4108CD8" box="[1064,1337,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FA92F975D4B58CD8" bold="true" box="[1345,1436,1744,1770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAAFFE6FA92F975D4B58CD8" box="[1345,1436,1744,1770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is most similar in general scale and colour features to other South Island skinks, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FBE0F951D5888D3C" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1075,1185,1780,1806]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FBE0F951D5888D3C" box="[1075,1185,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FB63F951D42D8D3C" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1200,1284,1780,1806]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FB63F951D42D8D3C" box="[1200,1284,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FAC0F951D3D38D01" authority="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tekakahu">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FAC0F951D4B58D3C" box="[1299,1436,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. tekakahu</emphasis>
Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FCDBF8BDD2B08D00" box="[776,921,1816,1842]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FCDBF8BDD2B08D00" box="[776,921,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. aureocola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FC74F8BDD51B8D00" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[935,1074,1816,1842]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FC74F8BDD51B8D00" box="[935,1074,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. burganae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FBB4F8BDD4248D00" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1127,1293,1816,1842]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FBB4F8BDD4248D00" box="[1127,1293,1816,1842]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species is not known to co-exist with any other species, but occurs close to the range of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FB93F899D4288D64" box="[1088,1281,1852,1878]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FB93F899D4288D64" box="[1088,1281,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e. Cascade Plateau and Barn Bay) and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAAFFE6FE19F8C5D2608D49" authority="Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityName="Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2007" box="[458,841,1888,1915]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAAFFE6FE19F8C5D3738D48" box="[458,602,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="126">O. taumakae</emphasis>
Chapple &amp; Patterson
</taxonomicName>
(i.e. Open Bay Islands and Barn Stacks).
</paragraph>
<caption id="33EB666EFFADFFE1FF44FC5AD1D98E09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14024175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024175/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" startId="4.[151,250,1023,1047]" targetBox="[473,1114,181,998]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFADFFE1FF44FC5AD1D98E09" blockId="4.[151,1436,1023,1083]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF44FC5AD03C8E25" bold="true" box="[151,277,1023,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Map of type locality of the Okuru skink, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FD18FC5AD2EA8E25" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[715,963,1023,1047]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FD18FC5AD2EA8E25" box="[715,963,1023,1047]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FC18FC5AD5348E25" bold="true" box="[971,1053,1023,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FC18FC5AD5348E25" box="[971,1053,1023,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Okuru, Haast, South Westland, New Zealand.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="33EB666EFFADFFE1FF4BFB2AD4538E95" box="[152,1402,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" startId="4.[152,244,1167,1191]" targetBox="[163,1423,1207,1707]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFADFFE1FF4BFB2AD4538E95" blockId="4.[152,1402,1167,1191]" box="[152,1402,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF4BFB2AD0268E95" bold="true" box="[152,271,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparison of morphometric and meristic features between 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FC4DFB2AD56C8E95" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[926,1093,1167,1191]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FC4DFB2AD56C8E95" box="[926,1093,1167,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FB9FFB2AD5888E95" bold="true" box="[1100,1185,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FB9FFB2AD5888E95" box="[1100,1185,1167,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and similar species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFADFFE1FF70FB12D40E8C99" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<table id="1594C446FFAD001AFF70FB12D4A68C99" box="[163,1423,1207,1707]" gridcols="9" gridrows="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FB12D4A68EF9" box="[163,1423,1207,1227]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FB12D00E8EF9" box="[163,295,1207,1227]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FB12D0288EF8" bold="true" box="[163,257,1207,1226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Character</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FB12D0E08EF9" box="[320,457,1207,1227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FE93FB1DD0E08EF8" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[320,457,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FE93FB1DD0E08EF8" bold="true" box="[320,457,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FB12D35F8EF9" box="[480,630,1207,1227]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FE33FB1DD35F8EF9" box="[480,630,1208,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FE33FB1DD35F8EF9" bold="true" box="[480,630,1208,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFB12D3C68EF9" box="[655,751,1207,1227]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FD5CFB1DD3CA8EF9" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[655,739,1208,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FD5CFB1DD3CA8EF9" bold="true" box="[655,739,1208,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FB12D25D8EF9" box="[774,884,1207,1227]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FCD5FB1DD25D8EF8" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[774,884,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FCD5FB1DD25D8EF8" bold="true" box="[774,884,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. burganae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FB12D2DE8EF9" box="[907,1015,1207,1227]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FC58FB1DD2DE8EF8" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[907,1015,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tekakahu">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FC58FB1DD2DE8EF8" bold="true" box="[907,1015,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. tekakahu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFB12D5458EF9" box="[1037,1132,1207,1227]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FBDEFB1DD5648EF8" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[1037,1101,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FBDEFB1DD5648EF8" bold="true" box="[1037,1101,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FB12D5DC8EF9" box="[1155,1269,1207,1227]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FB50FB1DD5DC8EF8" box="[1155,1269,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FB50FB1DD5DC8EF8" bold="true" box="[1155,1269,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. aureocola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFB12D4A68EF9" box="[1292,1423,1207,1227]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FADFFB1DD4A68EF8" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1292,1423,1207,1227]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FADFFB1DD4A68EF8" bold="true" box="[1292,1423,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FB79D4A68EDD" box="[163,1423,1244,1263]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FB79D4A68EDD" box="[163,1423,1244,1263]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FE93FB79D0AC8EDD" bold="true" box="[320,389,1244,1263]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FE93FB79D0AC8EDD" box="[320,389,1244,1263]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FAA4D4A68F26" box="[163,1423,1281,1300]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FAA4D00E8F26" box="[163,295,1281,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FAA4D00E8F26" bold="true" box="[163,295,1281,1300]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Mean TL/SVL</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FAA4D0E08F26" box="[320,457,1281,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.25</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FAA4D35F8F26" box="[480,630,1281,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.16 n=14</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFAA4D3C68F26" box="[655,751,1281,1300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.28 n=2</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FAA4D25D8F26" box="[774,884,1281,1300]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.00 n=1</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FAA4D2DE8F26" box="[907,1015,1281,1300]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">N/A</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFAA4D5458F26" box="[1037,1132,1281,1300]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.16 n=3</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FAA4D5DC8F26" box="[1155,1269,1281,1300]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">N/A</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFAA4D4A68F26" box="[1292,1423,1281,1300]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.16 n=19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FA80D4A68F0A" box="[163,1423,1317,1336]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FA80D4A68F0A" box="[163,1423,1317,1336]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FA80D0218F0A" bold="true" box="[163,264,1317,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">(intact tail)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FAEFD4A68F6F" box="[163,1423,1354,1373]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FAEFD00E8F6F" box="[163,295,1354,1373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FAEFD1EA8F6F" bold="true" box="[163,195,1354,1373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">MS</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FAEFD0E08F6F" box="[320,457,1354,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">29</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FAEFD35F8F6F" box="[480,630,1354,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">26–32</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFAEFD3C68F6F" box="[655,751,1354,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">30–34</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FAEFD25D8F6F" box="[774,884,1354,1373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">30–34</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FAEFD2DE8F6F" box="[907,1015,1354,1373]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">30</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFAEFD5458F6F" box="[1037,1132,1354,1373]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">30–34</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FAEFD5DC8F6F" box="[1155,1269,1354,1373]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">30–31</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFAEFD4A68F6F" box="[1292,1423,1354,1373]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">26–31</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FACAD4A68FB1" box="[163,1423,1391,1411]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FACAD00E8FB1" box="[163,295,1391,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FACAD1978FB0" bold="true" box="[163,190,1391,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">VS</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FACAD0E08FB1" box="[320,457,1391,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">82</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FACAD35F8FB1" box="[480,630,1391,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">67–86</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFACAD3C68FB1" box="[655,751,1391,1411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">68–81</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FACAD25D8FB1" box="[774,884,1391,1411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">70–82</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FACAD2DE8FB1" box="[907,1015,1391,1411]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">68</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFACAD5458FB1" box="[1037,1132,1391,1411]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">77–88</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FACAD5DC8FB1" box="[1155,1269,1391,1411]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">80–84</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFACAD4A68FB1" box="[1292,1423,1391,1411]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">63–81</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FA30D4A68F9A" box="[163,1423,1429,1448]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FA30D00E8F9A" box="[163,295,1429,1448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FA30D1DE8F9A" bold="true" box="[163,247,1429,1448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Lamellae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FA30D0E08F9A" box="[320,457,1429,1448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">18/19</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FA30D35F8F9A" box="[480,630,1429,1448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">17–23</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFA30D3C68F9A" box="[655,751,1429,1448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">19–23</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FA30D25D8F9A" box="[774,884,1429,1448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">18–23</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FA30D2DE8F9A" box="[907,1015,1429,1448]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">16</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFA30D5458F9A" box="[1037,1132,1429,1448]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">17–23</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FA30D5DC8F9A" box="[1155,1269,1429,1448]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">24–26</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFA30D4A68F9A" box="[1292,1423,1429,1448]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">17–26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FA1FD4A68FFC" box="[163,1423,1466,1486]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FA1FD00E8FFC" box="[163,295,1466,1486]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FA1FD1C48FFF" bold="true" box="[163,237,1466,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">HL/HW</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FA1FD0E08FFC" box="[320,457,1466,1486]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.63</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FA1FD35F8FFC" box="[480,630,1466,1486]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.25–1.63</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFA1FD3C68FFC" box="[655,751,1466,1486]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.34–1.60</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FA1FD25D8FFC" box="[774,884,1466,1486]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.28–1.48</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FA1FD2DE8FFC" box="[907,1015,1466,1486]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.44</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFA1FD5458FFC" box="[1037,1132,1466,1486]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.37–1.53</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FA1FD5DC8FFC" box="[1155,1269,1466,1486]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.45–1.51</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFA1FD4A68FFC" box="[1292,1423,1466,1486]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">1.44– 1.93</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70FA45D4A68FC1" box="[163,1423,1504,1523]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70FA45D00E8FC1" box="[163,295,1504,1523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70FA45D1D18FC1" bold="true" box="[163,248,1504,1523]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">SVL/HW</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93FA45D0E08FC1" box="[320,457,1504,1523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">12.04</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33FA45D35F8FC1" box="[480,630,1504,1523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">7.50–11.63</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CFA45D3C68FC1" box="[655,751,1504,1523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">9.09–10.84</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5FA45D25D8FC1" box="[774,884,1504,1523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">9.45–11.61</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58FA45D2DE8FC1" box="[907,1015,1504,1523]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">9.88</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEFA45D5458FC1" box="[1037,1132,1504,1523]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">9.20–11.98</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50FA45D5DC8FC1" box="[1155,1269,1504,1523]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">9.42–9.83</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFFA45D4A68FC1" box="[1292,1423,1504,1523]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">8.31–12.93</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70F9A0D4A68C2B" box="[163,1423,1541,1561]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70F9A0D00E8C2B" box="[163,295,1541,1561]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70F9A0D0288C2A" bold="true" box="[163,257,1541,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Projecting</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93F9A0D0E08C2B" box="[320,457,1541,1561]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33F9A0D35F8C2B" box="[480,630,1541,1561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Sometimes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CF9A0D3C68C2B" box="[655,751,1541,1561]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Sometimes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5F9A0D25D8C2B" box="[774,884,1541,1561]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58F9A0D2DE8C2B" box="[907,1015,1541,1561]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Yes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEF9A0D5458C2B" box="[1037,1132,1541,1561]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Yes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50F9A0D5DC8C2B" box="[1155,1269,1541,1561]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Yes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFF9A0D4A68C2B" box="[1292,1423,1541,1561]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Usually</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70F98CD4A68C0E" box="[163,1423,1577,1596]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70F98CD00E8C0E" box="[163,295,1577,1596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70F98CD0378C0E" bold="true" box="[163,286,1577,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">scale(s) in ear</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70F9E8D4A68C52" box="[163,1423,1613,1632]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70F9E8D4A68C52" box="[163,1423,1613,1632]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70F9E8D1C28C52" bold="true" box="[163,235,1613,1632]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">opening</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70F9D7D4A68CB4" box="[163,1423,1650,1670]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70F9D7D00E8CB4" box="[163,295,1650,1670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70F9D7D02C8CB4" bold="true" box="[163,261,1650,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Tail keeled</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93F9D7D0E08CB4" box="[320,457,1650,1670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Yes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33F9D7D35F8CB4" box="[480,630,1650,1670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Sometimes</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CF9D7D3C68CB4" box="[655,751,1650,1670]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5F9D7D25D8CB4" box="[774,884,1650,1670]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58F9D7D2DE8CB4" box="[907,1015,1650,1670]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEF9D7D5458CB4" box="[1037,1132,1650,1670]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50F9D7D5DC8CB4" box="[1155,1269,1650,1670]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFF9D7D4A68CB4" box="[1292,1423,1650,1670]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">No</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9A434A4FFAD001AFF70F93DD4A68C99" box="[163,1423,1688,1707]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<th id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFF70F93DD00E8C99" box="[163,295,1688,1707]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FF70F93DD0348C99" bold="true" box="[163,285,1688,1707]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">Supraoculars</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE93F93DD0E08C99" box="[320,457,1688,1707]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFE33F93DD35F8C99" box="[480,630,1688,1707]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">4</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFD5CF93DD3C68C99" box="[655,751,1688,1707]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFCD5F93DD25D8C99" box="[774,884,1688,1707]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3,4</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFC58F93DD2DE8C99" box="[907,1015,1688,1707]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3,4</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFBDEF93DD5458C99" box="[1037,1132,1688,1707]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFB50F93DD5DC8C99" box="[1155,1269,1688,1707]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3</td>
<td id="9A755DD8FFAD001AFADFF93DD4A68C99" box="[1292,1423,1688,1707]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">3,4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFADFFE1FF14F8A7D25A8D2E" blockId="4.[199,1437,1794,2037]" box="[199,883,1794,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">The new species can be separated from these similar species:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFADFFE2FF14F883D3A88B9F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" type="description">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFADFFE1FF14F883D21E8DC7" blockId="4.[199,1437,1794,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FED9F882D0E28D72" box="[266,459,1831,1857]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FED9F882D0E28D72" box="[266,459,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FD69F882D2448D72" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[698,877,1830,1857]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FD69F882D2448D72" box="[698,877,1830,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FCA5F882D2FB8D73" bold="true" box="[886,978,1831,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FCA5F882D2FB8D73" box="[886,978,1831,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by the absence of a keeled tail in most individuals, SVL/HW less than 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FD50F8EED2108D56" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[643,825,1866,1893]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FD50F8EED2108D56" box="[643,825,1866,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FC96F8EED28A8D57" bold="true" box="[837,931,1867,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FC96F8EED28A8D57" box="[837,931,1867,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in all individuals, four supraoculars in all individuals 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FE43F8CAD0F18DBA" box="[400,472,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">versus</emphasis>
three supraoculars; occasional projecting scales in ear opening 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FB66F8CAD5D48DBA" box="[1205,1277,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">versus</emphasis>
no projecting scales; a darker, more notched and flecked patterning that almost always involves some degree of flecking on the belly 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FE44F812D0F68DE2" box="[407,479,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">versus</emphasis>
light brown ground colour with no flecks on ventral surface; HL/HW usually &lt;1.63 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FED9F87ED07B8DC6" box="[266,338,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">versus</emphasis>
HL/HW = 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFADFFE1FE02F87FD3368DC6" box="[465,543,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1402" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" unit="in" value="1.63">1.63 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFADFFE1FDF5F87ED3FF8DC6" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[550,726,2010,2037]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FDF5F87ED3FF8DC6" box="[550,726,2010,2037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFADFFE1FD0EF87ED21E8DC7" bold="true" box="[733,823,2011,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFADFFE1FD0EF87ED21E8DC7" box="[733,823,2011,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="127" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FF33D5818AE6" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FF32D05C8A82" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[266,373,151,177]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FF32D05C8A82" box="[266,373,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; MS&gt; 29; VS &lt;82; HL/HW &lt;1.63; occasional projecting scales in ear opening 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FF1ED07B8AE6" box="[266,338,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; MS = 29; VS = 82; HL/HW &lt;= 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFACFFE0FC90FF1FD2B88AE6" box="[835,913,186,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1402" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" unit="in" value="1.63">1.63 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FC4BFF1FD5618AE6" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[920,1096,186,212]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FC4BFF1FD5618AE6" box="[920,1096,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FB9CFF1FD5818AE6" bold="true" box="[1103,1192,186,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FB9CFF1FD5818AE6" box="[1103,1192,186,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FF79D57B8B0C" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FF78D0758AC5" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[266,348,221,247]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FF78D0758AC5" box="[266,348,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; MS&gt; 29; HL/HW &lt;1.63; SVL/HW &lt;12.04; ground colour usually dark brown, ventral surface often flecked 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FD8AFEA4D3888B28" box="[601,673,257,282]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; MS = 29; HL/HW = 1.63; SVL/HW = 12.04; ground colour light brown, no flecks on ventral surface in 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FC92FE81D2DB8B0F" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[833,1010,291,318]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FC92FE81D2DB8B0F" box="[833,1010,291,318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FC2BFE81D57B8B0C" bold="true" box="[1016,1106,292,318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FC2BFE81D57B8B0C" box="[1016,1106,292,318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FEE3D5B38B95" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FEC7FEE2D0B78B53" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[276,414,327,353]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tekakahu">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FEC7FEE2D0B78B53" box="[276,414,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. tekakahu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; MS&gt; 29; VS &lt;82; lamellae &lt;18; HL/HW &lt;1.63; SVL/HW &lt;12.04; projecting scales in ear opening; 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FDAFFECED3ED8BB6" box="[636,708,363,388]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; MS = 29; VS = 82; lamellae 18/19; HL/HW = 1.63; SVL/HW = 12.04; no projecting scales in ear opening in 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FC59FE28D5138B95" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[906,1082,397,423]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FC59FE28D5138B95" box="[906,1082,397,423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FB93FE28D5B38B95" bold="true" box="[1088,1178,397,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FB93FE28D5B38B95" box="[1088,1178,397,423]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FE0AD4628BDC" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FE14D0B18BF8" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[266,408,432,459]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FE14D0B18BF8" box="[266,408,432,459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. burganae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; MS&gt; 29; HL/HW &lt;1.63; SVL/HW &lt;12.04; TL/SVL = 1.00 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FAFBFE14D4598BF8" box="[1320,1392,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; MS = 29; HL/HW = 1.63; SVL/HW = 12.04; TL/SVL = 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFACFFE0FC35FE76D51D8BDF" box="[998,1076,467,494]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" unit="in" value="1.25">1.25 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FBE8FE71D5C28BDF" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1083,1259,467,494]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FBE8FE71D5C28BDF" box="[1083,1259,467,494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FB21FE71D4628BDC" bold="true" box="[1266,1355,468,494]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FB21FE71D4628BDC" box="[1266,1355,468,494]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FE53D0D18865" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FE52D0B48823" box="[266,413,503,529]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FE52D0B48823" box="[266,413,503,529]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. aureocola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; MS&gt; 29; lamellae&gt; 19; HL/HW &lt;1.63; projecting scales in ear opening 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FDBED07B8806" box="[266,338,539,564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; MS = 29; lamellae 18/19; HL/HW = 1.63; no projecting scales in ear opening in 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FA52FDBFD0B18865" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FA52FDBFD0B18865" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FE4DFD98D0D18865" bold="true" box="[414,504,573,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FE4DFD98D0D18865" box="[414,504,573,599]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FDFAD45088AC" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FDC4D0998848" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[266,432,608,635]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FDC4D0998848" box="[266,432,608,635]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: no tail keeling; usually projecting scales in ear opening; supraoculars three or four (usual) 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FD21D07B88AF" box="[266,338,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">versus</emphasis>
tail keeling; no projecting scales in ear opening; three supraoculars in 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FBBAFD21D43088AF" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1129,1305,643,670]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FBBAFD21D43088AF" box="[1129,1305,643,670]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FAF3FD21D45088AC" bold="true" box="[1312,1401,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FAF3FD21D45088AC" box="[1312,1401,644,670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF14FD03D28988D7" blockId="5.[199,1437,150,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
● 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FED9FD02D0B288F3" authorityName="Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2007" box="[266,411,679,705]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FED9FD02D0B288F3" box="[266,411,679,705]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">O. taumakae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a black iris and is a darker shade of brown with a more flecked, less bold pattern of stripes. In addition, this species does not have a keeled tail.
</paragraph>
<caption id="33EB666EFFACFFE0FF44F811D5B68DC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14024177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024177/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" startId="5.[151,264,1972,1996]" targetBox="[369,1218,777,1935]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFACFFE0FF44F811D5B68DC3" blockId="5.[151,1437,1972,2033]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FF44F811D00B8DFE" bold="true" box="[151,290,1972,1996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">FIGURES 3.</emphasis>
a–c. 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFACFFE0FE89F810D3798DFF" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[346,592,1973,1997]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FE89F810D3798DFF" box="[346,592,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFACFFE0FD84F810D3818DFF" bold="true" box="[599,680,1973,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFACFFE0FD84F810D3818DFF" box="[599,680,1973,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="128" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
type specimen NMNZ RE005417. Photographs by Jean-Claude Stahl (Te Papa Tongarewa / Museum of New Zealand). (a) dorsal; (b) lateral; and (c) ventral views of holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAFFFE3FF14FF33D4478E6B" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF14FF33D0C58A83" bold="true" box="[199,492,150,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
Description of 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAFFFE3FE56FF32D0C58A83" box="[389,492,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. Adult female (
<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAFFFE3FD7CFF32D2078A83" box="[687,814,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1972,1996]" captionTargetBox="[369,1218,777,1935]" captionTargetId="figure-312@5.[369,1219,765,1949]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3. a–c. Oligosoma carinacauda sp. nov. type specimen NMNZ RE005417. Photographs by Jean-Claude Stahl (Te Papa Tongarewa / Museum of New Zealand). (a) dorsal; (b) lateral; and (c) ventral views of holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024177/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Figs. 3a–c</figureCitation>
). Body oval in cross-section; limbs well-developed, pentadactyl; snout blunt. Lower eyelid with a transparent palpebral disc, bordered on sides and below by small, oblong granules. Nostril centred just below middle of nasal, pointing up and back, not touching bottom edge of nasal. Nasals widely separated. Supranasals absent. Rostral broader than deep. Frontonasal wider than deep, touching rostral, anterior loreals, prefrontals and frontal. Prefrontals separated, contact with frontonasal, frontal, 1 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FA42FE82D4B58B07" attach="none" box="[1425,1436,295,309]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">st</superScript>
supraocular, 1 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FEE7FEEED0168B6B" attach="left" box="[308,319,331,345]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">st</superScript>
supraciliary and anterior and posterior loreals. Frontal longer than broad, shorter than frontoparietal and interparietal together, in contact with 2 anteriormost supraoculars. Supraoculars 3, the second is the largest. Frontoparietals distinct, slightly larger than interparietal. One pair of parietals, meeting behind interparietal and each bordered posteriorly by nuchals and 1 temporal, also in contact with interparietal, frontoparietal, third supraocular and 1 postocular. Three pairs of nuchals, twice the width of adjacent dorsals. Loreals 2, anterior one the smaller, in contact with first supralabial, posterior loreal, prefrontal, frontonasal, nasal, and 2 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FBE2FE5BD568883E" attach="left" box="[1073,1089,510,524]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">nd</superScript>
supralabial; posterior loreal in contact with second supralabial, first subocular, lower preocular, prefrontal and anterior loreal. Supralabials 7, the 6 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FF76FDE3D19B8866" attach="left" box="[165,178,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
largest and 5 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FE9AFDE3D07F8866" attach="left" box="[329,342,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
below pupil of eye. Infralabials 6(l)/7(r), 5 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FCE8FDE3D2618866" attach="left" box="[827,840,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
and 6 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FC5EFDE3D2B38866" attach="left" box="[909,922,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
(l)/4 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FC1DFDE3D2F28866" attach="left" box="[974,987,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
and 5 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FBF3FDE3D5048866" attach="none" box="[1056,1069,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
/(r) largest. Suboculars 6, 3 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FA8CFDE3D4448866" attach="left" box="[1375,1389,582,596]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">rd</superScript>
and 4 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FF76FDCFD19B884A" attach="left" box="[165,178,618,632]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
separated by fifth supralabial. Upper ciliaries 6, lower ciliaries 8, supraciliaries 5; nuchals 3 pairs; 1 primary temporal, 2 secondary temporals, 2 tertiary temporals; 1 scale row between tertiary temporals and ear opening. Mental broader but shallower than rostral. Postmental similar size to mental. Chinshields 3 pairs. Dorsal scales with 3–5 weak striations, lateral and ventral scales smooth; ventral scales largest. Subdigital lamellae smooth; palmer scales domed. Top of front feet with series of three enlarged scales in line with toes. Ear opening 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFAFFFE3FB27FD5ED4078927" box="[1268,1326,763,789]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
at widest point, lacking projecting lobules. Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs. Digits moderately long, cylindrical; third front digit longer than the fourth; 4 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAFFFE3FE39FCE7D0DE8962" attach="left" box="[490,503,834,848]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">th</superScript>
(longest) toe of hind foot with 19(l)/18(r) subdigital lamellae. Tail keeling occurs on intact tail, on which the normal longitudinal scale striations (i.e. small ridge/groove structures present on most dorsal body scales, typically numbering 3–6 across the entire surface of the scale) are restricted to approximately 2–3 striae in the middle region of each scale, elevated slightly, aligned with the preceding and proceeding scales to produce a longitudinal ridge. These ridges (i.e. the ‘keels’) are most pronounced dorsally, tapering in prominence laterally and are absent ventrally. Measurements (in mm): SVL 65; TL 81 (final 12 regenerated); HLL 21.2, FL 16.0; midbody scale rows 29; ventral scale rows 82. HL 8.8; HW 5.4; AG 35.3; SF 23; SE 11; EF 12; HTL 6.0; diameter of eye 1.6; diameter of ear 1.0. Body ratios: HLL 0.3 x SVL; AG/SF 1.5; SE/EF 0.9; HL/HW 1.6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAFFFE3FF14FBC7D41A8C63" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF14FBC7D0718E4E" bold="true" box="[199,344,1122,1148]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Colouration</emphasis>
. Iris pale grey, becoming blackish behind pupil; top of head, back and tail almost uniform pale chestnut-brown except row of widely spaced fragments of a mid-dorsal stripe, each fragment consisting of 1–2 black streaks with an accompanying minute cream paravertebral streak, the row initiating after the forelimb and terminating just after the hind limb. Dorsum otherwise unblemished. A relatively broad and smooth cream-white dorso-lateral stripe extends from above eye along the body and part way onto the tail, lined below by a continuous thin black line and above by a greatly fragmented thin black line from behind the forelimb. An unblemished broad upper-lateral band (3.5 scales wide), distinctly darker than the dorsal surface, extends from the loreal scales along the body and onto the tail.A pale subocular stripe, followed after a small gap by a thin white and largely smooth midlateral stripe that begins on the cheeks, passes through and below (not above) the ear, above the forelimb insertion without interruption to the hind limb insertion. The lower-lateral surfaces are pale brown with some indistinct whitish streaks, merging into ventral colours. Throat pale grey with a mid-grey speck in centre of most scales; belly and underside of limbs and tail and palmer scales pale yellow with a bronze tint and unblemished. Underside of toes black. Upper surfaces of limbs and toes the same shade of brown as the back, largely unblemished except for the fragmented rudiments of a black-edged pale forelimb stripe (little more than a few widely spaced flecks).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAFFFE3FF14F9FFD5448D43" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF14F9FFD0B38C46" bold="true" box="[199,410,1626,1652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Phyletic affinities</emphasis>
. The morphology of the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAFFFE3FD13F9FED20B8C47" box="[704,802,1627,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
strongly indicates placement in the 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FB1BF9FED1CB8CAB" authority="(Gray)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grande">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FB1BF9FED4B58C47" box="[1224,1436,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Oligosoma grande</emphasis>
(Gray)
</taxonomicName>
species-group (comprised of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FDE5F9DAD3ED8CAB" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[566,708,1663,1689]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FDE5F9DAD3ED8CAB" box="[566,708,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. burganae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FD07F9DAD26E8CAB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[724,839,1663,1689]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grande">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FD07F9DAD26E8CAB" box="[724,839,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. grande</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FC84F9DAD5318CAA" box="[855,1048,1663,1689]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FC84F9DAD5318CAA" box="[855,1048,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FBF4F9DAD5918CAA" baseAuthorityName="Hardy" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[1063,1208,1663,1689]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FBF4F9DAD5918CAA" box="[1063,1208,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. maccanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FB1BF9DAD4418CAA" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1224,1384,1663,1689]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notosaurus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FB1BF9DAD4418CAA" box="[1224,1384,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. notosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FA52F9DAD1C88C8E" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FA52F9DAD1C88C8E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF22F906D32C8C8F" box="[241,517,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FF22F906D0478C8E" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[241,366,1699,1725]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenotis">O. stenotis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FEAFF906D32C8C8F" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[380,517,1699,1725]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tekakahu">O. tekakahu</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FD93F906D3BC8C8F" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[576,661,1699,1725]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FD93F906D3BC8C8F" box="[576,661,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAFFFE3FD01F906D2498C8F" author="Jewell, T. R." box="[722,864,1699,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" refId="ref11479" refString="Jewell, T. R. (2019) Skinks of southern New Zealand - a field guide. 4 th Edition 4. Jewell Publications, Invercargill, 100 pp." type="book" year="2019">Jewell 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In 2023, an additional species in this group was described, 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FEC1F962D0878CD3" box="[274,430,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FEC1F962D0808CD3" box="[274,425,1735,1761]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">O. aureocola</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which is closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FD38F962D5108CD3" authority="(Knox et al. 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Knox" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[747,1081,1735,1761]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FD38F962D2708CD2" box="[747,857,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. repens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAFFFE3FCBAF962D51B8CD3" author="Knox, C. &amp; Patterson, G. B. &amp; Chapple, D." box="[873,1074,1735,1761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" pagination="271 - 292" refId="ref11587" refString="Knox, C., Patterson, G. B. &amp; Chapple, D. (2023) Oligosoma aureocola sp. nov. (Reptilia: Scincidae) from the northern Southland high country of Aotearoa / New Zealand. Zootaxa, 5285 (2), 271 - 292. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 26626233" type="journal article" year="2023">
Knox 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FC61F962D2C58CD3" box="[946,1004,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">et al.</emphasis>
2023
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Tail keeling, in particular, is a trait unique to this group, being found on 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FDA9F94ED3DD8D36" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[634,756,1771,1797]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenotis">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FDA9F94ED3DD8D36" box="[634,756,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. stenotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in some populations of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FBEEF94ED5D48D36" box="[1085,1277,1771,1797]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FBEEF94ED5D48D36" box="[1085,1277,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and no other known 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFAFFFE3FF39F8AAD0A98D1B" box="[234,384,1807,1833]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
skink species. The ventral colour pattern and supraocular scales, too, bear a particularly close resemblance to 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FE9AF896D0FF8D7F" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[329,470,1843,1869]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FE9AF896D0FF8D7F" box="[329,470,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. burganae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FE36F896D3D58D7F" box="[485,764,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FE36F896D37D8D7E" box="[485,596,1843,1869]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">O. repens</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FDB2F896D3DE8D7F" box="[609,759,1843,1869]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">O. aureocola</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FCE7F896D2AE8D7F" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[820,903,1843,1869]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FCE7F896D2AE8D7F" box="[820,903,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the absence of phylogenetic data, however, the precise relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FE18F8F2D3528D43" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[459,635,1879,1905]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FE18F8F2D3528D43" box="[459,635,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FD51F8F2D3F28D43" bold="true" box="[642,731,1879,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAFFFE3FD51F8F2D3F28D43" box="[642,731,1879,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
within this group remain uncertain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAFFFE2FF14F8DFD3A88B9F" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF14F8DFD0858DA6" bold="true" box="[199,428,1914,1940]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Species recognition</emphasis>
. Since there is only one known individual, it could be argued that 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FB5EF8DED4B48DA7" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1165,1437,1915,1941]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FB5EF8DED4B48DA7" box="[1165,1437,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE3FF44F83AD1DD8D8B" bold="true" box="[151,244,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAFFFE3FF44F83AD1DD8D8B" box="[151,244,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is not a cryptic species but an atypical member of a known species. However, the combination of two characters unusual for the 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFAFFFE3FE6DF866D37A8DEF" box="[446,595,1987,2013]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE3FD89F866D3EE8DEF" box="[602,711,1987,2013]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Scincidae</taxonomicName>
(three supraocular scales and keeled tail) makes this unlikely. 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAFFFE2FA52F866D00C8A83" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAFFFE2FA52F866D00C8A83" italics="true" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FEF8FF32D0AD8A83" bold="true" box="[299,388,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAEFFE2FEF8FF32D0AD8A83" box="[299,388,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be separated from most congeners by its keeled tail, and from the two species which share this feature by a lower count of supraocular scales (few 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FCD8FF1ED2F78AE7" box="[779,990,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FCD8FF1ED2AF8AE7" box="[779,902,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Oligosoma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have both three and four supraoculars). It further differs from all known congeners in colour pattern—for example the pale palmer scales contrast with the black palmer scales of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FE4FFEA6D33C8B2E" baseAuthorityName="Patterson &amp; Daugherty" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[412,533,259,285]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenotis">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FE4FFEA6D33C8B2E" box="[412,533,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. stenotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the dull bronzy-yellow belly contrasts with the brighter yellow belly of 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FA52FEA6D1C88B72" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FA52FEA6D1C88B72" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FF3DFE82D0698B73" authorityName="Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2011" box="[238,320,295,321]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FF3DFE82D0698B73" box="[238,320,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. toka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FEA5FE82D3218B73" box="[374,520,295,321]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureocola">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FEA5FE82D3218B73" box="[374,520,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. aureocola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—and in other taxonomic characters (see 
<tableCitation id="2A16035DFFAEFFE2FC04FE82D5018B73" box="[983,1064,295,321]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,244,1167,1191]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of morphometric and meristic features between O. carinacauda sp. nov. and similar species." pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Table 1</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FB93FE82D5D98B73" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1088,1264,295,321]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FB93FE82D5D98B73" box="[1088,1264,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FB25FE82D4668B73" bold="true" box="[1270,1359,295,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAEFFE2FB25FE82D4668B73" box="[1270,1359,295,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is also geographically isolated from most other species, and occurs on the opposite side of the Southern Alps from most other members of the 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FE43FECAD32B8BBB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[400,514,367,393]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grande">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FE43FECAD32B8BBB" box="[400,514,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. grande</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group (excepting only some 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FC7BFECAD54E8BBA" box="[936,1127,367,393]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FC7BFECAD54E8BBA" box="[936,1127,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). As such, we feel that it is most likely that it is a separate new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFAEFFE2FF14FE13D5928BE3" box="[199,1211,438,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAEFFE2FF14FE13D5928BE3" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" box="[199,1211,438,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FF14FE13D0708BE2" bold="true" box="[199,345,438,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Distribution</emphasis>
. Known only from the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FDB3FE12D3B98BE3" box="[608,656,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">type</typeStatus>
locality at Mussel Point, Okuru, South Westland.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFAEFFEDFF14FE7FD32B8EEA" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAEFFE2FF14FE7FD30F890B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FF14FE7FD0448BC6" bold="true" box="[199,365,474,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Environment.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FE67FE7ED0CD8BC7" box="[436,484,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">type</typeStatus>
location is within the 51.04 Haast Ecological District (ED). The Haast ED is characterised by arcuate dunes, granite outcrops, swampy alluvial plains, river flats, pakihi wetlands, podocarp and beech forests. Today, the environment in the Haast ED has been modified by land clearing and drainage for agriculture, the arrival of predatory mammals (particularly 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FC93FDE2D2B38853" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[832,922,583,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FC93FDE2D2B38853" box="[832,922,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Mustela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FC78FDE2D2DA8852" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1803" box="[939,1011,583,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FC78FDE2D2DA8852" box="[939,1011,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FBE6FDE2D5B78853" box="[1077,1182,583,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FBE6FDE2D54C8852" box="[1077,1125,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Mus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) and establishment of exotic plants, such as marram (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FE3DFDCED3FF88B6" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1787" box="[494,726,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Sphecidae" genus="Ammophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenaria">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FE3DFDCED3FF88B6" box="[494,726,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Ammophila arenaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and gorse (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FC8CFDCED52788B6" box="[863,1038,619,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Ulex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaeus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FC8CFDCED52788B6" box="[863,1038,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Ulex europaeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which have destabilised the dunes and led to increasingly severe erosion. The climate of the Haast ED is mild with high rainfall (
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFAEFFE2FB61FD2AD44D889B" box="[1202,1380,655,681]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" unit="mm" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">3000–4000 mm</quantity>
with little seasonal variation) (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FE64FD16D34A88FF" author="McEwen, W. M." box="[439,611,691,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11912" refString="McEwen, W. M. (1987) Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. 4 Vols. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre, Department of Conservation, Wellington. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="1987">McEwen 1987</bibRefCitation>
). LENZ Level IV data indicate the land environment at the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FADCFD16D41688FF" box="[1295,1343,691,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">type</typeStatus>
locality is mild, with an annual average temperature of 10.9 °C, a mean minimum temperature of 1.2 °C during the coldest month of the austral winter (July), average annual solar radiation of 13 MJ/m 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAEFFE2FC25FD5FD2D7893A" attach="left" box="[1014,1022,762,776]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">2</superScript>
/day and winter solar radiation of 3.9 MJ/m 
<superScript id="90E19BAEFFAEFFE2FF0AFCBBD1C8891E" attach="left" box="[217,225,798,812]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">2</superScript>
/day (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FECCFCBAD333890B" author="Leathwick, J. &amp; Morgan, F. &amp; Wilson, G. &amp; Rutledge, D. &amp; McLeod, M. &amp; Johnston, K." box="[287,538,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11724" refString="Leathwick, J., Morgan, F., Wilson, G., Rutledge, D., McLeod, M. &amp; Johnston, K. (2002) Land Environments of New Zealand: a technical guide. Ministry for the Environment, Hamilton, 244 pp." type="book" year="2002">
Leathwick 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FE4DFCBAD0FE890B" box="[414,471,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAEFFE2FF14FCE7D4448E07" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FF14FCE7D003896E" bold="true" box="[199,298,834,860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Habitat.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FE8CFCE6D0E8896F" box="[351,449,835,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected from what was described by A.H. Whitaker as “ 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FBB0FCE6D5F0896F" box="[1123,1241,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Sphagnum</emphasis>
, coastal wetland” located on the alluvial Haast plain. The original lowland wetland habitat in which the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FB52FCC2D5CA89B3" box="[1153,1251,871,897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was discovered has since been cleared and drained for agriculture. Today, the type locality is now short-cropped pastoral land bordered by flax (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FEB7FC0AD30989FA" box="[356,544,943,969]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asphodelaceae" genus="Phormium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenax">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FEB7FC0AD30989FA" box="[356,544,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Phormium tenax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)-gorse/marram grass-dominated sand dunes (
<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAEFFE2FBF6FC0AD55C89FB" box="[1061,1141,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,927,951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,904]" captionTargetId="figure-33@8.[151,1435,181,904]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Habitat loss at type locality. The type specimen was found in sphagnum in the centre of this photograph. The land has since been drained and converted into pastureland. Photograph by Trent Bell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024179/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAEFFE2FB50FC0BD58989FB" box="[1155,1184,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[365,1221,309,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-72@9.[365,1221,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. (a) Duneland and (b) pakihi wetland habitats adjacent to the type locality—possible habitat types for O. carinacauda sp. nov. Photographs by Tony Jewell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024181/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">5a</figureCitation>
). Within 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFAEFFE2FAD9FC0BD47B89FB" box="[1290,1362,942,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
of the type locality, a range of potential habitat types exist: coastal granite outcrops, pakihi/shrub wetland hollows (
<figureCitation id="FFAF2A63FFAEFFE2FABCFC76D19C8E23" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[365,1221,309,1343]" captionTargetId="figure-72@9.[365,1221,309,1356]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. (a) Duneland and (b) pakihi wetland habitats adjacent to the type locality—possible habitat types for O. carinacauda sp. nov. Photographs by Tony Jewell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024181/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
), forest-covered arcuate dunelands, lowland podocarp forests, tidal wetlands along river and stream margins and even a coastal island (0.15 hectares). The type location is currently about 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFAEFFE2FC1CFBBFD5218E07" box="[975,1032,1050,1077]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
inland from the high tide mark.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAEFFE2FF14FB9AD0CC8C47" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FF14FB9AD0F58E6B" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,476,1087,1113]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FF14FB9AD0F58E6B" box="[199,476,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Oligosoma carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FE3BFB9AD36E8E6B" bold="true" box="[488,583,1087,1113]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAEFFE2FE3BFB9AD36E8E6B" box="[488,583,1087,1113]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
probably inhabited the alluvial plains characteristic of the 40-km Haast coastline, extending inland towards the mountain foothills. These plains consist of a series of coastal forest, pakihi, and wetland dunelands formed from alluvial deposits over the Holocene, between the Arawhata River northwards to the Tauperikaka Point. These pakihi and wetland duneland habitats provide an open, sunny mosaic suitable for lizards, particularly low-stature wirerush (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FD70FB6AD25D8EDA" box="[675,884,1231,1257]" class="Archiacanthocephala" family="Giganthorhynchidae" genus="Empodisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gigantorhynchida" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="minus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FD70FB6AD25D8EDA" box="[675,884,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Empodisma minus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)- or scrub-dominated wetlands. Sponge Swamp (north of Arawhata River), Mussel Point, and Hapuku Estuary on the alluvial plains have been surveyed for 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FA52FB56D00C8F03" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FA52FB56D00C8F03" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FEFCFAB2D0A28F03" bold="true" box="[303,395,1303,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAEFFE2FEFCFAB2D0A28F03" box="[303,395,1303,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(T. Bell and T. Jewell, unpub. data, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FCEAFAB2D2F88F03" author="Lettink, M." box="[825,977,1303,1329]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11826" refString="Lettink, M. (2013) Determination of conservation status of Okuru skink (Oligosoma aff. inconspicuum ' Okuru') and Chesterfield skink (Oligosoma aff. infrapunctatum ' Chesterfield'). Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Conservation National Office. Department of Conservation National Office, Wellington, 11 pp., appendices." type="book" year="2013">Lettink 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Human-modified environments on the alluvial plains often provide artificial refugia, such as roofing iron, timber and rocks; long exotic grasslands on road verges, and garden or farmland debris, which lizards often colonise after clearance or modification of their original natural habitat. So far, no lizards or their sign have been found in either natural or anthropogenic-derived habitats on the alluvial plains during species-specific surveys for 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FCB4FA02D53F8FF3" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[871,1046,1447,1473]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FCB4FA02D53F8FF3" box="[871,1046,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FBC8FA02D55D8FF3" bold="true" box="[1051,1140,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFAEFFE2FBC8FA02D55D8FF3" box="[1051,1140,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
across multiple sites using multiple survey methodologies (visual-encounter surveys, funnel trapping, artificial refuges, hand-searching and even a lizard detector dog between 2009 to present day; T. Bell, unpub. data, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FC2DFA4AD5BB8C3B" author="Lettink, M." box="[1022,1170,1519,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11826" refString="Lettink, M. (2013) Determination of conservation status of Okuru skink (Oligosoma aff. inconspicuum ' Okuru') and Chesterfield skink (Oligosoma aff. infrapunctatum ' Chesterfield'). Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Conservation National Office. Department of Conservation National Office, Wellington, 11 pp., appendices." type="book" year="2013">Lettink 2013</bibRefCitation>
, T. Jewell, S. Purdie, S. Mockett, pers. comm). A public campaign including a newspaper article in a regional newspaper calling for lizard sightings did not result in lizard reports, and in interviews with locals, none could recall seeing any skinks in the Okuru district (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FE91F9FED0F08C47" author="Lettink, M." box="[322,473,1627,1653]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11826" refString="Lettink, M. (2013) Determination of conservation status of Okuru skink (Oligosoma aff. inconspicuum ' Okuru') and Chesterfield skink (Oligosoma aff. infrapunctatum ' Chesterfield'). Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Conservation National Office. Department of Conservation National Office, Wellington, 11 pp., appendices." type="book" year="2013">Lettink 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFAEFFE2FF24F9DAD2BD8DA7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
Inland to these arcuate series of wetland/dunelands on the alluvial plains are the lowland podocarp and mixed silver beech-podocarp forests widespread throughout Westland. The inner forest interior, however, is likely too cold, shaded and damp to support terrestrial lizards (note: no other South Island 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFAEFFE2FBECF962D5938CD3" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1857" box="[1087,1210,1735,1761]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFAEFFE2FBECF962D5938CD3" box="[1087,1210,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Oligosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skinks are currently known to inhabit closed-canopy forest). Other potential habitat 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFAEFFE2FC8DF94ED2B08D37" box="[862,921,1771,1797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">types</typeStatus>
are open river-flat grasslands and shrublands; although severe flooding at periodic intervals would make it difficult for lizard populations to establish along rivers. Such sites adjacent to the lower Arawhata River, Okuru River and Tuning Fork Stream have been surveyed, using funnel traps, artificial refuges, and visual encounter and hand searches, during ideal conditions for lizard activity but these were also unsuccessful (T. Jewell, pers. comm., 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFAEFFE2FD20F8DED2A18DA7" author="Lettink, M." box="[755,904,1915,1941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" refId="ref11826" refString="Lettink, M. (2013) Determination of conservation status of Okuru skink (Oligosoma aff. inconspicuum ' Okuru') and Chesterfield skink (Oligosoma aff. infrapunctatum ' Chesterfield'). Unpublished Report prepared for the Department of Conservation National Office. Department of Conservation National Office, Wellington, 11 pp., appendices." type="book" year="2013">Lettink 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="33EB666EFFA1FFEDFF44FC3AD2E789EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14024179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024179/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" startId="8.[151,250,927,951]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,904]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA1FFEDFF44FC3AD2E789EE" blockId="8.[151,1437,927,988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFF44FC3AD03A8985" bold="true" box="[151,275,927,951]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Habitat loss at type locality. The type specimen was found in sphagnum in the centre of this photograph. The land has since been drained and converted into pastureland. Photograph by Trent Bell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA1FFEDFF14FB8BD32B8EEA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1070,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
The alluvial plain habitats along South Westland still contain much terrain that remains under-surveyed, and 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA1FFEDFF44FBF7D0608E5E" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,329,1106,1132]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFF44FBF7D0608E5E" box="[151,329,1106,1132]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFE81FBF7D0848E5E" bold="true" box="[338,429,1106,1132]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA1FFEDFE81FBF7D0848E5E" box="[338,429,1106,1132]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
could potentially persist there in very low numbers, or perhaps the species could be rediscovered inland in alpine herbfields of the adjacent Haast range, or the montane fernlands and shrublands of the Cascade Plateau. There have been some lizard surveys in these locations, but no skinks resembling 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA1FFEDFB3EFB3FD4B48E86" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1261,1437,1178,1204]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFB3EFB3FD4B48E86" box="[1261,1437,1178,1204]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFF44FB1BD1D88EEA" bold="true" box="[151,241,1214,1240]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA1FFEDFF44FB1BD1D88EEA" box="[151,241,1214,1240]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have yet been recorded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFA1FFEDFF14FB47D4528F76" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA1FFEDFF14FB47D4528F76" blockId="8.[151,1437,1070,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFF14FB47D0AD8EC9" bold="true" box="[199,388,1249,1276]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Natural history</emphasis>
. Likely to be diurnal and terrestrial. Nothing is known about the species’ natural history. Several scars on its chest and tail indicate relatively recent mating and/or aggressive interaction with other skinks prior to its discovery, which does suggest that a population existed within dispersal distance of the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFA1FFEDFB39FA8FD4338F76" box="[1258,1306,1322,1348]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2F8E656DFFA1FFEFFF14FAE8D3728B57" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA1FFECFF14FAE8D0398B2F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1070,2032]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,150,285]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFF14FAE8D04E8F55" bold="true" box="[199,359,1357,1383]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Conservation</emphasis>
. The species has been consistently classed as ‘Data Deficient’ through four consecutive iterations of the NZTCS list (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA1FFEDFEACFAD7D3B28FBE" author="Hitchmough, R. A. &amp; Hoare, J. M. &amp; Jamieson, H. &amp; Newman, D. &amp; Tocher, M. D. &amp; Anderson, P. A. &amp; Lettink, M. &amp; Whitaker, A. H." box="[383,667,1394,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" pagination="203 - 224" refId="ref10737" refString="Hitchmough, R. A., Hoare, J. M., Jamieson, H., Newman, D., Tocher, M. D., Anderson, P. A., Lettink, M. &amp; Whitaker, A. H. (2010) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37 (3), 203 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.496487" type="journal article" year="2010">
Hitchmough 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFDCBFAD6D37C8FBE" box="[536,597,1394,1420]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
, 2013, 2016b, 2021a). The latest threat classification includes the qualifier ‘PE’, i.e. ‘Possible Extinction’). The Data Deficient threat category reflects the lack of knowledge about the species. Since the sole individual was found in 2000, there have been several independent specific survey efforts for this skink species undertaken by expert herpetologists (T. Bell, T. Jewell, M. Lettink, S. Purdie, S. Mockett, unpub. data)—all of which have failed to discover populations. In addition, there have been generic lizard surveys along the South Westland coastline, undertaken by the Department of Conservation. All surveys have been undertaken during the day at appropriate times of the year (at the peak of the Austral summer: January–March) both at the 
<typeStatus id="B82F8844FFA1FFEDFF44F9CBD1EE8CBA" box="[151,199,1646,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">type</typeStatus>
locality and within a 40-km radius of this locality. The surveyed habitats have included supralittoral duneland, wetlands, river flats, grasslands, forest edges as well as human-modified environments—all plausible habitats for the species—to no avail. We must ask the pressing question: is this species simply elusive or is it now extinct? It will be difficult to prove the extinction of a species, particularly if it has a cryptic lifestyle, lives in an unexpected habitat, or has potential to persist in small, isolated populations. The IUCN Red List defines extinction as “…when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.” (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA1FFEDFF3DF82BD05E8D9A" author="IUCN" box="[238,375,1934,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" refId="ref11343" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd Edition. Gland, Cham and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, the NZTCS defines extinction as when “There is no reasonable doubt, after repeated surveys in known or expected habitats at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal and annual) and throughout the taxon’s historic range, that the last individual has died.” (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA1FFEDFD13F873D2918DC2" author="Townsend, A. J. &amp; de Lange, P. J. &amp; Duffy, C. A. J. &amp; Miskelly, C. M. &amp; Molloy, J. &amp; Norton, D. A." box="[704,952,2006,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" refId="ref13385" refString="Townsend, A. J., de Lange, P. J., Duffy, C. A. J., Miskelly, C. M., Molloy, J. &amp; Norton, D. A. (2007) New Zealand Threat Classification System manual. Department of Conservation, Wellington, 35 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Townsend 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA1FFEDFCEFF872D25D8DC2" box="[828,884,2006,2032]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFA1FFEDFC18F873D5488DC2" box="[971,1121,2006,2032]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
lizards are considered to be relatively long-lived, however a 20+ year lifespan would be remarkable for such a small-sized skink of ~ 
<quantity id="A06C9B03FFA0FFECFA98FF33D4B48A83" box="[1355,1437,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
SVL (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA0FFECFEDEFF1ED0868AE7" author="Barwick, R. E." box="[269,431,186,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="331 - 380" refId="ref9427" refString="Barwick, R. E. (1959) The life history of the common New Zealand skink Leiolopisma zelandica (Gray, 1843). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 83 (3 - 4), 331 - 380." type="journal article" year="1959">Barwick 1959</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA0FFECFE68FF1ED3BB8AE7" author="Cree, A. &amp; Hare, K." box="[443,658,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref10359" refString="Cree, A. &amp; Hare, K. (2016) Reproduction and life history of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D. G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 169 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 41674 - 8 _ 7" type="book chapter" year="2016">Cree &amp; Hare 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Twenty-four years, likely representing 2–3 generations for a small-sized 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFA0FFECFF09FF7AD05B8ACB" box="[218,370,223,249]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
skink species (
<bibRefCitation id="03054B17FFA0FFECFDF1FF7AD3D58ACB" author="Cree, A. &amp; Hare, K." box="[546,764,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref10359" refString="Cree, A. &amp; Hare, K. (2016) Reproduction and life history of New Zealand lizards. In: Chapple, D. G. (Ed.), New Zealand Lizards. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 169 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 41674 - 8 _ 7" type="book chapter" year="2016">Cree &amp; Hare 2016</bibRefCitation>
), have now elapsed since the discovery of the only known individual.
</paragraph>
<caption id="33EB666EFFA0FFECFF44FAC6D33C8FAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14024181" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14024181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14024181/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" startId="9.[151,250,1379,1403]" targetBox="[365,1221,309,1343]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA0FFECFF44FAC6D33C8FAD" blockId="9.[151,1436,1379,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFF44FAC6D0388F4E" bold="true" box="[151,273,1379,1404]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
(a) Duneland and (b) pakihi wetland habitats adjacent to the type locality—possible habitat types for 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFB2CFAC1D4B58F49" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[1279,1436,1379,1403]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFB2CFAC1D4B58F49" box="[1279,1436,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFF44FA2DD1C18F92" bold="true" box="[151,232,1416,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA0FFECFF44FA2DD1C18F92" box="[151,232,1416,1440]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Photographs by Tony Jewell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA0FFECFF14FA57D35C8D8E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1522,2016]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
Small, cryptic lizards are however notoriously difficult to detect in 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFA0FFECFC27FA57D5BA8C3E" box="[1012,1171,1522,1548]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, particularly in highly complex habitat and/or when at unnaturally low abundances as a result of introduced predatory mammals. That said, recent lizard surveys elsewhere throughout lowland 
<collectingRegion id="A550F804FFA0FFECFCCDF99FD2B48C66" box="[798,925,1594,1620]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">West Coast</collectingRegion>
have been consistently successful for at least eight ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ skink species: Taumaka skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFCADF9FBD5398C4A" authorityName="Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2007" box="[894,1040,1630,1656]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taumakae">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFCADF9FBD5398C4A" box="[894,1040,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. taumakae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Kapitia skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFB05F9FBD3588CAE" authority="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityName="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2019" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salmo">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFB05F9FBD4148C4A" box="[1238,1341,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. salmo</emphasis>
Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson
</taxonomicName>
), Newman’s speckled skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFC1EF927D0A78CF2" authority="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityName="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFC1EF927D5738CA9" box="[973,1114,1666,1692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. newmani</emphasis>
Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson
</taxonomicName>
), cobble skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFD9FF903D2798CF2" box="[588,848,1702,1728]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFD9FF903D34E8CF2" box="[588,615,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O.</emphasis>
aff. 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFD70F903D2798CF2" box="[675,848,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">infrapunctatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“cobble”), Hokitika skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFB4BF903D0258CD6" authority="&quot; Hokitika" authorityName="Hokitika" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrapunctatum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFB4BF903D5858CF2" box="[1176,1196,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O</emphasis>
. aff. 
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFB23F903D4B48CF2" box="[1264,1437,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">infrapunctatum</emphasis>
“Hokitika
</taxonomicName>
”), Ōkārito skink (
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFE0EF96FD0D18CD6" box="[477,504,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O.</emphasis>
“Ōkārito”), Alborn skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFCE6F96FD02D8D3A" authority="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityName="Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2019" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albornense">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFCE6F96FD2FE8CD6" box="[821,983,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. albornense</emphasis>
Melzer, Hitchmough, Bell, Chapple &amp; Patterson
</taxonomicName>
), and glossy brown skink (
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFDE7F94BD21A8D3A" authority="(Gray))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[564,819,1774,1800]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zelandicum">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFDE7F94BD3FE8D3A" box="[564,727,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. zelandicum</emphasis>
(Gray))
</taxonomicName>
(Department of Conservation, unpub. data). There has not been difficulty in finding animals and populations of these species over a similar timeframe; and it would have been expected to be relatively the same for 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA0FFECFD40F893D26F8D62" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[659,838,1846,1872]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFD40F893D26F8D62" box="[659,838,1846,1872]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA0FFECFC9CF893D2828D62" bold="true" box="[847,939,1846,1872]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA0FFECFC9CF893D2828D62" box="[847,939,1846,1872]" pageId="9" pageNumber="132" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Due to the species’ unique combination of non-cryptic morphological characteristics (three supraocular scales and a keeled tail) and cognizance of the species in the 
<collectingCountry id="1F837676FFA0FFECFF0DF8DBD05D8DAA" box="[222,372,1918,1944]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
herpetological community, it is unlikely that Okuru skinks found elsewhere on the 
<collectingRegion id="A550F804FFA0FFECFACDF8DBD4B58DAA" box="[1310,1436,1918,1944]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">West Coast</collectingRegion>
have been mistaken for a different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="672B36E6FFA0FFEFFF14F863D3728B57" blockId="9.[151,1437,1522,2016]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="9" pageNumber="132">
We recommend that the species be ranked as ‘Threatened—Nationally Critical’ in the NZTCS with the qualifiers ‘Possibly Extinct’ (PE) and ‘One Location’ (OL). Similarly, we assess 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA3FFEFFC0FFF32D5B88A83" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[988,1169,151,177]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA3FFEFFC0FFF32D5B88A83" box="[988,1169,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA3FFEFFB4FFF32D5D28A83" bold="true" box="[1180,1275,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA3FFEFFB4FFF32D5D28A83" box="[1180,1275,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
as ‘Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)’ in the IUCN Red List, under the following criterions: B1ab(i,ii,iii,v), B2ab(i,ii,iii,v). 
<taxonomicName id="A0944D65FFA3FFEFFF44FF7AD0608ACB" authorityName="Bell &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,329,223,249]" class="Squamata" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carinacauda" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA3FFEFFF44FF7AD0608ACB" box="[151,329,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">O. carinacauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="55E0EAF4FFA3FFEFFE81FF7AD0848ACB" bold="true" box="[338,429,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4ED3578FFFA3FFEFFE81FF7AD0848ACB" box="[338,429,223,249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="133" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is known only by the one location, and if still extant, likely has a continuing decline in both the ‘Extent of Occurrence’ (EOO) and ‘Area of Occupancy’ (AOO) (due to land clearing, invasive species, and potentially flooding). No known mature individuals known to be alive; accordingly, the following Red List criterions are also met: C2a(i,ii) and D1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>