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<document id="424879E23B05B12531CB6E96D7AE5730" ID-CLB-Dataset="35024" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZooBank="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="D682205D1366F67C4669FA7E42FBF70E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Ooceraea Roger 1862, gen. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="159" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="154" updateTime="1732481141242" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7F2AE96397C5C880DA6F3B1304A90A9E">Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D682205D1366F67C4669FA7E42FBF70E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875727" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D682205D1366F67C4669FA7E42FBF70E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D682205D1366F67C4669FA7E42FBF70E" lastPageId="158" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Aenictogitoninae">
<subSubSection id="A9BFCF4904473ED0263E1E5196088125" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="6E58135F27AE0D427E407D2F14A23C54" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="083A88F8CFE56B23F9D7EA33A1C4EBC8" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="55FAD2500F9C9C4479D7204D0400D702" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="1E76FBE1E7D20DD0A6984FE54DEB73B3" ID-CoL="CLJBH" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea Roger, 1862</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="56F2CFFA64C9B94A4363D6001B5556C8" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">gen. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1079ABCE0C4EC89CCD33A2C61BB1124" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7CB6484B9E4F027E412A3E02896A1C2E" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="9E2DDFFC62A340884943CAE3104364D0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cysias" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cysias" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Cysias</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1902, syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B0BA2190E8614B2DCE25ADF0817591FA" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="type-species">
<paragraph id="F6292C2826F0E589B517B6FC6245163E" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">Type-species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99D3BAE223CF3A6864FA172DEBCE5680" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="CD0E42E2B09F68E7C3B8A313CE87B457" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea fragosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosa">Ooceraea fragosa</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2893794FAFA286530122CB5D138A34C3" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="A77602EAE8F7F68464ED57BC6E698F76" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
is an Old World lineage that contains a species emerging as the only model organism among dorylines, the clonal
<taxonomicName id="9657B30064231EE5328A27A0D308C9D2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CBFD09A86752C4772F86AB3C4E540BB" lastPageId="154" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="67A121932DDFF915BEE44236AF0883DC" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FE016A221A8639C020E7F27CBFBDD4CC" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
Worker. The workers of
<taxonomicName id="14F72275E48459E4DB1A1CF4A10EB58C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by a combination of propodeal spiracle positioned low on the sclerite and pygidium armed with modified setae, antennae with 11 or fewer segments, pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture developed, two-segmented waist with abdominal segment III strongly tubulated, and no constrictions between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI. The abdominal segment IV is conspicuously the largest and its tergite does not fold over the sternite anteriorly. The habitus of
<taxonomicName id="422A07D07BDB2B0E4B5599E7361A0097" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
is distinctive, with conspicuously differentiated abdominal segment III forming a postpetiole, eyes small or absent, and coarse cuticular sculpturing. Among the non-army ant dorylines that exhibit reduction in antennomere count
<taxonomicName id="5311CE7ADD7E1E7ECA6BBA34891B0A59" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
can only be confused with
<taxonomicName id="8BB3CDA5131F746CE354A7FF0392CAE6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C96CF9CF2FCA3B6DEC8AA59E6D10FD59" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
. The former exhibits a conspicuous folding of the anterior portion of abdominal tergite IV and possesses a unique mid-tibial gland (see below). The few
<taxonomicName id="750988B5022401865C6C7DC8E3B9212D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
species that have 11 antennal segments can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="2DF276470FAF763BF6A2F4CF3DC98C87" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
by fused pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture and larger abdominal segment III.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE436A97590D7DA6527ABAC8540F0F90" lastPageId="154" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="153" pageNumber="154">
Male. The males of
<taxonomicName id="187B18659BFC91089CA197E3A1745AD5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
commonly have only 11 antennal segments, which is unique among male dorylines, but a few have 12-segmented antennae, a state shared with most
<taxonomicName id="506ED8576C110C6BFCA727D4D3BA2A5E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
and all
<taxonomicName id="22F3B819675AFD1561146D69B0852366" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DE2A6879C7DEF7C2683B5EAD936887AC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="D6E5C98D5549B9F1963243B55536FC3D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="7649D61D6AB31A7AB4B4DE5088053A49" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C071301C055FAB1BCBFF52BBDC2F90F7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
the costal vein of fore wing is always present, while missing from the majority of
<taxonomicName id="D410CE165C7E8B0E34BC51502E56B834" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, in
<taxonomicName id="E31349A581EFEA9842DE013BBE627486" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
the vein R·f3 is visible beyond pterostigma and in
<taxonomicName id="24414EDE8C08BF9F09822C2A0F878BDD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
the submarginal cell is closed by Rs·f2-3. Both of these veins are always absent in
<taxonomicName id="3DE2ACCAC84C2B37B7D42B01F1448B68" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
. Distinguishing between males of
<taxonomicName id="A95986D1773A10390EF313883168DE64" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="153" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8FCD273291065ACF70CBA7247712B5EE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="9FCBF271135E790C08018281C6B241D8" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" start="start">Syscia</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult. As mentioned above, the majority of species in
<taxonomicName id="797001E6471E53BEC6D71C7C2B535A99" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
have 11-segmented antennae, while in
<taxonomicName id="D3F2DE32188126BF7947C1A8B3173F5C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
these seem to be always 12-segmented. In
<taxonomicName id="FA384C7B6E9869CAB0911CB626F807A1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
the discal cell is closed by cross-vein 1m-cu in the majority of males examined, except for the smallest of specimens, while in the limited material of
<taxonomicName id="05F679CE13841D87C3D10EE084879290" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
I have examined this vein appears to be universally absent. Additionally, most
<taxonomicName id="48FA355C5C274975C3B397AFAC119019" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
males have a unique specialization of abdominal sternite VII, ranging from a deep cleft in the middle of the posterior margin and denser pilosity on lateral sides, to conspicuous cuticular projections with a brush of hairs. No
<taxonomicName id="6C550973D76B71FB9BCE5A2BF61FE73C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
have such modifications but in certain
<taxonomicName id="C874B569C67F7F7E8D0FA309B1FAAD68" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
this character is not obvious (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="764A8894DE1B966F81126FE10D2F2EBF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
) or absent (a male tentatively associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C2CB4B29E564D628DBF99FC3BE78287" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea coeca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">Ooceraea coeca</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EF48852C2BF1A83035FE68A21C8CEE8" lastPageId="156" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" type="description">
<paragraph id="A1BFC5D21E305EB093C3B57BAD126A81" pageId="154" pageNumber="155">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="16EFF87FF664B71B2EFAB0B3BDAB5826" lastPageId="155" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="154" pageNumber="155">
Worker.Head: Antennae with 9, 10 (rarely) or 11 segments. Apical antennal segment conspicuously enlarged, much broader than and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus with or without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth present.
<taxonomicName id="24DAAE73C6E898B14125D929EE832ADE" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, concealing prementum when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Labial palps 2-segmented. Mandibles triangular, with teeth. Eyes absent or present but small, composed of 1-5 ommatidia, very rarely composed of 6-20 ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge or not. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused or Pronotomesopleural suture present, weakly differentiated, immobile.
<taxonomicName id="2DE880531F8B0D3448417C09FF2A07EA" class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
visible, unfused up to notal surface.
<taxonomicName id="D55627C193BFFD9BE711370D189E431A" class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
not impressed to weakly impressed. Transverse
<taxonomicName id="0533775318B075C38B1CB54670FA46B2" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron absent. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
<taxonomicName id="CC53AF50082807332A44923108B92AB2" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
on mesosoma absent. Propodeal spiracle situated low on sclerite. Propodeal declivity with or without distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland bulla visible or not through cuticle. Propodeal lobes present, well developed. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora simple, not delimited by carina or a U-shaped margin with median ridge. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
<normalizedToken id="CAA17C967BC4AD40A8F54C7DB66A5E80" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
circular. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III about half size of succeeding segment IV, which is strongly constricted at presegmental portion (binodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and cross-ribbed. Abdominal segment IV conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Girdling constriction between pre-
<pageBreakToken id="9E3679CE8618EB867CA1E5AE35DE700B" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Pygidium medium-sized, with impressed medial field, and armed with modified setae. Hypopygium unarmed or armed with modified setae. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Polymorphism: Monomorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C403E3BE418FEAE6B68109E570095340" lastPageId="156" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
Male.Head: Antennae with 11 segments or more rarely with 12 segments. Clypeus with cuticular apron.
<taxonomicName id="5E4B07BDDFC0194BC8111527E6A12897" class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 5-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, edentate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally absent. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge, occasionally ridge marked on sides.
<taxonomicName id="6244C2202B43CFEBF460F3B92952F158" class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
present. Transverse
<taxonomicName id="E9E461AA92DD7FEAAE625DECAA16E360" class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
dividing mesopleuron present. Propodeal declivity reduced, with or without distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate, inconspicuously in small species. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin or a U-shaped margin with median ridge. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
<normalizedToken id="C2BF802DC8A069FE2208C8F7DE510449" originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
circular. Abdominal segment III about half size of succeeding segment IV or less; latter strongly constricted at presegmental portion (binodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like and cross-ribbed. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI absent. Abdominal segment IV conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII modified, rarely simple. Abdominal sternite IX cleft to modified into two spines, sometimes with additional medial projection or spine, with lateral apodemes about as long as medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula long relative to rest of genital capsule and shorter ventrally than dorsally. Basimere broadly fused to telomere, with no sulcus trace at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere gradually tapering toward apex.
<taxonomicName id="AA67E1E7460EB97A1D12F9488FC43348" class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
gradually tapering toward apex. Penisvalva laterally compressed, rounded at apex. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present or absent. Pterostigma broad. Abscissa R·f3 absent. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 absent. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, forming base of 'free stigmal
<normalizedToken id="E4DCA05E666BC8B1BF8AF96F4F347BCC" originalValue="vein’">vein'</normalizedToken>
(2r-rs&amp;Rs·f4-5) in absence of Rs·f3 and 2rs-m, although 2rs-m may be present as stub. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 present, fused in absence of 2rs-m or absent. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing contiguous with Rs+M. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing absent. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing absent or present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from M+Cu and proximal to
<pageBreakToken id="15868F8B4D470B63E0CFFE16B8E02FC1" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" start="start">M</pageBreakToken>
·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with only Cu1 branch prominent. Vein A in fore wing with abscissa A·f1 or with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing absent. Vein R in hind wing absent or present, extending past Sc+R but not reaching distal wing margin. Vein Sc+R in hind wing absent. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing absent. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing absent or present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing absent. Vein M+Cu in hind wing absent or present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing absent. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing absent. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing absent or present. Vein Cu in hind wing absent. Vein A in hind wing absent or with abscissa A·f1 present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="938ACC42E3DFEF1309C055FABAAD3E55" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
Gyne. Ergatoid or replaced by fertile workers (
<bibRefCitation id="9C32FCB1BB6A019484BD2D49526E07B3" author="Tsuji, K" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" pagination="333 - 336" title="Production of females by parthenogenesis in the ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1007/BF01240430" volume="42" year="1995">Tsuji and Yamauchi 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Mesosomal morphology with wing remnants in one undescribed species suggests that brachypterous or fully winged queens may also occur in this genus. In
<taxonomicName id="694E6449FFAB6E5C8DA7123265373D37" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea crypta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypta">Ooceraea crypta</taxonomicName>
the ergatoid queen possesses multifaceted eyes, three ocelli, no sign of additional sutures on the mesosoma, and an enlarged abdominal segment III (
<bibRefCitation id="F2C62A9FA38F5CC3F3E8354050A5E88C" author="Mann, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="401 - 499" title="The ants of the Fiji Islands." volume="64" year="1921">Mann 1921</bibRefCitation>
); this morphology could perhaps be called
<normalizedToken id="DFB25BAB031EEBF70E23F6C76C92BFAE" originalValue="‘subdichthadiigyne’">'subdichthadiigyne'</normalizedToken>
, although the presence of three well-developed ocelli is atypical. In
<taxonomicName id="08A30C2D6FE506538D23FC9ED647DC01" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea besucheti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="besucheti">Ooceraea besucheti</taxonomicName>
the only differences between ergatoid gynes and workers include presence of ocelli and enlarged gaster (
<bibRefCitation id="A8DDA09A8DB33C5A73BD8FBEEA414557" author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4F175391B510EA091F60B71FC096B08" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
Larva. Larva has been described for
<taxonomicName id="59F33D43BD464372D4A5EF8EA21EEACB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Ooceraea australis</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E7EDA5534300583C4ACDD0D43D584BAE" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="65 - 71" title="The ant larvae of the subfamily Cerapachyinae: supplement." volume="66" year="1964 a">Wheeler and Wheeler 1964a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2B421CE09BC77C1EE7F2D60E0670A47E" author="Wheeler, GC" journalOrPublisher="Psyche (Cambridge)" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="204 - 211" title="Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Cerapachyinae, Pseudomyrmecinae and Myrmicinae." url="10.1155/1973/67836" volume="80" year="1973">1973</bibRefCitation>
). Cocoons absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A574104FE5835FB189ED558B1FE814A3" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="35FEFDA4E9460B7096BBD94693343A23" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3E76D5354B8BD7F38C89800D30270DF6" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName id="0E8BE8A8268A2CAFAF7B1F957439A607" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
is a lineage confined to the Indomalayan and Australasian regions, including the Fijian archipelago.
<taxonomicName id="66C00E96165981BD3DA3FAEF371FB93E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is a tramp species that has been more widely introduced across tropical regions of the world.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ACDF615280E7172DD0E848A3F7CC0653" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
<paragraph id="72F4F7DA8D310E8E553320D7001816FC" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="22FFAAE394F26DACA6B454246EFCFE14" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="910210D66795A3864A71F6B084789B1F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
is complicated. The genus was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="131863ECEBBC54DDE182E48C44588873" author="Roger, J" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="233 - 254" title="Einige neue exotische Ameisen-Gattungen und Arten." url="10.1002/mmnd.47918620118" volume="6" year="1862">Roger (1862)</bibRefCitation>
to include
<taxonomicName id="10D200882B0D24C3261F0D5AB4968151" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea coeca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">Ooceraea coeca</taxonomicName>
from Sri Lanka. Roger did not place
<taxonomicName id="98C4CF8DB86541EE30C79E28FC1FF5C8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
in a particular group but subsequent authors classified the genus in
<taxonomicName id="B205C46F88916692AAF09408F567317E" class="Insecta" lsidName="" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="32E90800AA562F8D679B6A90D1F32471" author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="K. Gerold's Sohn, Wien" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" title="Novara Expedition 1865. Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte ' Novara' um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil" year="1865">Mayr 1865</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="CBFD6C678CFB83194EB3A36B94632D76" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="67 - 83" title="Saggio di un ordinamento naturale dei Mirmicidei, e considerazioni sulla filogenesi delle formiche." volume="9" year="1877">Emery 1877</bibRefCitation>
), most likely due to the relatively small abdominal segment III (postpetiole) present in these ants.
<bibRefCitation id="4B9641B5EC92AF2D385EADA2CC1B0D53" author="Dalla Torre, KW" journalOrPublisher="Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). W." year="1893">Dalla Torre (1893)</bibRefCitation>
considered it a member of the
<taxonomicName id="AE7A6C85536A40268D4C74E020B588F2" class="Insecta" lsidName="" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
. Later
<bibRefCitation id="6EE4E435D2236F3FFEC7B408A96F6845" author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="198" pageNumber="199" pagination="161 - 167" title="Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques." volume="37" year="1893 a">Forel (1893a)</bibRefCitation>
established the tribe
<normalizedToken id="E7A9CB9858ADF0660063DEE2B134A406" originalValue="‘Cerapachysii’">'Cerapachysii'</normalizedToken>
within
<taxonomicName id="75E2A858DB8B6AF45A87B18A0BF6D38E" class="Insecta" lsidName="" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
, where he included
<taxonomicName id="0CA95C883FEE1FD057C66CD71EBBEBA4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
along with
<taxonomicName id="57D33B40A6989CDF579207FFA844EFC5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
and others. Starting with
<bibRefCitation id="E32D95FA4FDFA8F5F87A6CBF785A5DEA" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (n. s.)" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" pagination="22 - 34" title="Note mirmecologiche." volume="6" year="1902">Emery (1902)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="F5BA7F763394DD5D470768E27ED9AC94" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
was treated as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="18D03A10CB99D635976C8855CA8254A1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
until
<normalizedToken id="03C135D6892495B3160F4A83F404D87A" originalValue="Brown’s">Brown's</normalizedToken>
provisional (1973) and formal (1975) synonymizations of all
<taxonomicName id="D17676B7E1C8908E028C30CA3FD55CFC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
subgenera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="330BFBAA9EBF36FEF5B7E5B0C7711B03" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
<taxonomicName id="7200DAA9017C2BA63290D94A50E93023" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cysias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cysias" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cysias</taxonomicName>
is a name introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="29A234000128CCCD91E90A9419ACA388" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (n. s.)" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" pagination="22 - 34" title="Note mirmecologiche." volume="6" year="1902">Emery (1902)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="62B6A3C3FFB9A3021E60C1071993AD2E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea papuana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papuana">Ooceraea papuana</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="23A90A9AF3CB8EE5C8F3F0C7BB8F5D14" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Ooceraea pusilla</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="33AFD5AF9CF8EB45B55E8C4430F92C4F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
. In Genera Insectorum (
<bibRefCitation id="0D9F1A59B7BAEFAD888EEDF24D524F54" author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="197" pageNumber="198" pagination="1 - 125" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae." volume="118" year="1911">Emery 1911</bibRefCitation>
) he considered it a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="62E731EAAECDA5CC172F036DBDD657FD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
, but explained in his diagnosis of the latter that it encompassed species with two distinct morphologies: 'Antennae with 9 segments. Without eyes. Basal segment of gaster not much larger than postpetiole (
<taxonomicName id="A3BB01C9886D3690091525A52CE980E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
), or much larger and longer than the latter and covering almost all of gaster (
<taxonomicName id="58C575D400FC4ED9FE2C3AC4AEB91EB7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cysias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cysias" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cysias</taxonomicName>
)'. This was because of his inclusion of species here placed in
<taxonomicName id="079348455EAF6460BFDA9887B4ED4AC0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2DF416A9EFF4FAB290D60CC16AFDF89A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia typhla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhla">Syscia typhla</taxonomicName>
, which also has 9-segmented antennae but a relatively large abdominal segment III (postpetiole). Based on morphology,
<taxonomicName id="8BF09E4A9F8BFFB86DF0B61A5A7726C5" class="Insecta" lsidName="papuana" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papuana">papuana</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="618121A7F52BDFCB24AEEE53AE47CDF9" class="Insecta" lsidName="pusilla" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">pusilla</taxonomicName>
are here considered species of
<taxonomicName id="9EAC38A8BBEB1C63DC8939CBABB2BC25" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
. See also the discussion of
<normalizedToken id="7B939994F8E9B604F0CECA433302E2B6" originalValue="Emery’s">Emery's</normalizedToken>
Genera Insectorum classifications in the section on doryline taxonomy above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="500DCBE95664F9C7F3A8B66F1EE18732" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<pageBreakToken id="5EA7BBA07D8F26712C2EEB2EF48309B9" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" start="start">Genomic</pageBreakToken>
data show that
<taxonomicName id="62DD82AF62722797BA3DCCFAF73B0A50" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to
<taxonomicName id="04121BD6A87876DCD3ECF6221CE20C42" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="388627C7D39D011BF22700CF2F3976B5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
(Borowiec, in prep.). No attempts to investigate the internal phylogeny have been made.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2E13A368731340666796594AAC639E8F" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="7FD195408ADCC91705F132E3435489CE" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C5B8F40FC455986F1474D16F01C71D43" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">The members of this lineage are found primarily in leaf litter and soil core samples. Worker morphology (eyes often very small or absent) is also suggestive of subterranean habits.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C8A87AF3530E40D5B4632AB6E5C75E1" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicName id="D6BCC470C66DD0992BF469E10593BB20" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is perhaps the best studied doryline species. The army ants
<taxonomicName id="2781C050113C123C4EF371DE0526C0FD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B1BA351C1C56C8B259F3CDDD6C83C760" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorylus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorylus</taxonomicName>
have been extensively researched in the field, but their huge colonies are exceptionally difficult to manipulate in laboratory conditions. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="F633A69C184AF933D75F356E5B215B71" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is a species much more amenable to experimental manipulation and has been the focal organism for multiple published laboratory-based studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAF3F2F454A55754B8BE01822EA11DFE" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
<taxonomicName id="2EAC05E5B1A57513DACB9D5F7E82D317" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is a clonal species where all workers in a colony have reproductive potential and multiple individuals are active egg layers (
<bibRefCitation id="206C35F1DE123A0AC884652CB08ADD4D" author="Tsuji, K" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="215" pageNumber="216" pagination="333 - 336" title="Production of females by parthenogenesis in the ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1007/BF01240430" volume="42" year="1995">Tsuji and Yamauchi 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Brood is synchronized and alternating cycles of reproductive and foraging phases occur, much like in
<taxonomicName id="950FD8C05214D945FE9C853EE48735D9" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eciton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eciton</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="52DC76818B1B6D495050D1461A85F8D7" author="Ravary, F" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="114 - 119" title="The reproductive cycle of thelytokous colonies of Cerapachysbiroi Forel (Formicidae, Cerapachyinae)." url="10.1007/s00040-002-8288-9" volume="49" year="2002">Ravary and Jaisson 2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="DB135A0032D4B29A7C6001DE7FC06AB5" author="Ravary, F" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="67 - 73" title="Absence of individual sterility in thelytokous colonies of the ant Cerapachysbiroi Forel (Formicidae, Cerapachyinae)." url="10.1007/s00040-003-0724-y" volume="51" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="9FDDC746C41F12B933988A6679B23BF1" author="Ravary, F" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="20 - 26" title="Brood stimulation controls the phasic reproductive cycle of the parthenogenetic ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1007/s00040-005-0828-7" volume="53" year="2006">Ravary et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Much like most other dorylines,
<taxonomicName id="507B9E5B689C5135D54372D260D97552" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is a specialist predator on other
<normalizedToken id="059185AE5C919C9EE3CDC25BCB8289E9" originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
brood, although it can attack other soft-bodied insects (
<bibRefCitation id="FC2DE556B04C0A29822A523FF20EB22A" author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="1 - 4" title="Worldwide spread of Cerapachysbiroi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Cerapachyinae)." volume="17" year="2012">Wetterer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The workers are blind and, like many dorylines, rely solely on chemical communication. A recent study found that
<taxonomicName id="E7F4581413C07A6C5FC0EF3FD46647A8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
has the largest number of odorant receptor genes of any insect sequenced (
<bibRefCitation id="51F4B0D1655C4657169C107B59692420" author="Oxley, PR" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="451 - 458" title="The genome of the clonal raider ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.018" volume="24" year="2014">Oxley et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The colonies number between a hundred and several hundred individuals.
<taxonomicName id="046A40251DC2965C4693F70A625C31FE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is also a 'tramp
<normalizedToken id="355379F9ED382938E394CA62B5463F1F" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
whose native range is likely limited to mainland southeast Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="48404FDEE091CE4B8D5B4D59E399C67D" author="Kronauer, DJC" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="5221 - 5235" title="Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations of the ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1111/mec.12041" volume="21" year="2012">Kronauer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), but it has been established in numerous tropical islands throughout the world, including Japan, Hawaii, Madagascar and Seychelles, and the West Indies (
<bibRefCitation id="48DC3800444DB6FED99B26126C9EBF5C" author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="217" pageNumber="218" pagination="1 - 4" title="Worldwide spread of Cerapachysbiroi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Cerapachyinae)." volume="17" year="2012">Wetterer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). It is the only member of the subfamily whose genome has been published (
<bibRefCitation id="F289C76CC04D0F15FFD7F8310D161599" author="Oxley, PR" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="451 - 458" title="The genome of the clonal raider ant Cerapachysbiroi." url="10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.018" volume="24" year="2014">Oxley et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2D514FEAC56CA42BD891393FF5C0C60" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
In addition to offering a rare opportunity for studying the habits of a non-army ant doryline,
<taxonomicName id="C9780F2715EC4B997F38EBE6FCBBA13E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
has also provided some important insights into social insect biology in general. A study by
<bibRefCitation id="682F0B0EE0547B3B23CAA571BE03DFE4" author="Ravary, F" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="209" pageNumber="210" pagination="1308 - 1312" title="Individual experience alone can generate lasting division of labor in ants." url="10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.047" volume="17" year="2007">Ravary et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
showed that division of labor is influenced by learning in this species. Individuals that experienced high success rates in foraging would specialize in this task, whereas ants failing at prey discovery would decrease their foraging activity and spend more time on brood care.
<bibRefCitation id="879E201C786B6C9A4DA470389970F9ED" author="Teseo, S" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="328 - 332" title="Enforcement of reproductive synchrony via policing in a clonal ant." url="10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.011" volume="23" year="2013">Teseo et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="F1FDBB7DA3F269E2DF4AFF548D79D0F7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
workers will execute their genetically identical sisters if they fail to conform to the reproductive activity cycles necessary for synchronized brood development. This behavior in the absence of genetic conflict highlights the importance of worker policing for the economics of a social insect colony (
<bibRefCitation id="C090972FC24986B12EF485B5C722FDE8" author="Oldroyd, BP" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" pagination="R 208 - R 210" title="Social evolution: policing without genetic conflict." url="10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.051" volume="23" year="2013">Oldroyd 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="35BD9368A76AD289E1EBBA145883FBA9" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
It is unknown whether the clonal reproduction and brood production synchronicity in
<taxonomicName id="54E4357DB7E167DEBBD6D1AB92C08A06" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
is representative of other
<taxonomicName id="4819702C4CA5912B2939299D893CCACB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
and if the species is a part of an older clade of parthenogenetic lineages or an exception. Subdichthadiigyne queens of
<taxonomicName id="3FA67DEC4B7D51774C2336746E65DFFF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea crypta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypta">Ooceraea crypta</taxonomicName>
suggest more traditional reproduction in at least one other species. Many males of
<taxonomicName id="821A76381834FAE974FEB622EB472A3B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
have a highly modified abdominal sternite VII, suggesting its involvement in copulation (see discussion of male characters above). An Australian species
<taxonomicName id="01CF561DEC601A0DDE072FCB85135FA4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Ooceraea australis</taxonomicName>
is relatively common throughout the continent and has been reported to form colonies with thousands of individuals (
<bibRefCitation id="A98025A3E791745CB5D93C685D831E35" author="Heterick, BE" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="1 - 206" title="A guide to the ants of south-western Australia." url="10.18195/issn.0313-122x.76.2009.007-206" volume="76" year="2009">Heterick 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5257B13E0BB4A9BA789EA88F25083967" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="species of ooceraea">
<paragraph id="C511E9DB996FC83C98FCBCD67C59DDDD" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<pageBreakToken id="545220D3C047344CD19A2EFA3A3274A4" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
of
<taxonomicName id="40F853F6B5D290D079633208420C6835" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="936FCDF3858030CE6345CC7A99940A6D" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="5F652CF6B6846B85F7B6AC5E9374E90B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea alii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alii">Ooceraea alii</taxonomicName>
(Bharti and Akbar, 2013): India, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B677061355F42F99FBAAA52EF2F2DC4" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="5F48FA4F5A794D222A67BBFE987E596B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea australis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Ooceraea australis</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1900a): Australia, nom. rev.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF5D14A1060678E453F19B14A9AC1EEF" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="5635C82967AEA2FBFF1C033262808C72" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ooceraea biroi</taxonomicName>
(Forel, 1907a): Singapore, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DAA01CC2A9BD584F39742853CE5E0359" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="2E5FC1F4DF08590FA0455BBDC58FEFBE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea besucheti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="besucheti">Ooceraea besucheti</taxonomicName>
(Brown, 1975): India, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5AA57A9C05964D599FEF6BF9BB44910" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="DE355D822F0A7FC83991BA1140E8A21E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea coeca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coeca">Ooceraea coeca</taxonomicName>
Mayr, 1897: Sri Lanka, comb. rev.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA5E8F4EAF8052246BBBDC632970E0FF" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="CC9DF94C9C188E38A437538B2F2BBDD0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea crypta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypta">Ooceraea crypta</taxonomicName>
(Mann, 1921): Fiji, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="784B5700BAE27648AD8C36E848EAB933" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="753BBAAEE8B1E457532B04B236A2E2C4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea fuscior" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscior">Ooceraea fuscior</taxonomicName>
(Mann, 1921): Fiji, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="08E7199E5C827BE0034281D1A551771A" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="4CACAC273DB28D477F66F77EF97C00D8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea fragosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosa">Ooceraea fragosa</taxonomicName>
Roger, 1862: Sri Lanka, comb. rev.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63D667DFDCEF546891E12CBF23EC71C1" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="E4C51B9D529A41929423898E060D621B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea papuana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papuana">Ooceraea papuana</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1897: Papua New Guinea, comb. rev.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A324868B2B856A721BE1B1AF8455EC15" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="50D93897D5C3A96ADB1F72710711F50E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea pawa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pawa">Ooceraea pawa</taxonomicName>
(Mann, 1919): Solomon Islands, comb. n.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07883CC1F6B113E75D68EB3A40BF8F25" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
<taxonomicName id="C9F2F28414A5DEEA68D829E033E8D6E0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea pusilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Ooceraea pusilla</taxonomicName>
Emery, 1897: Papua New Guinea, comb. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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