treatments-xml/data/D1/FD/2A/D1FD2A0EDD5159BB968CF23A600AD4E3.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94677" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-89" ID-Pensoft-UUID="23B633D1EA5B5C9F99DF22E70D945142" ID-ZooBank="18EA5CA5AA6D4D478046D5CF392B5840" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-89" checkinTime="1671601464194" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lahey, Zachary, Simmons, Alvin M. &amp; Andreason, Sharon A." docDate="2022" docId="D1FD2A0EDD5159BB968CF23A600AD4E3" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 89-104" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94677" docTitle="Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="3C75DFAF-5FFF-44A1-947F-E34DF7F9DF3C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="23B633D1EA5B5C9F99DF22E70D945142" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="23B633D1EA5B5C9F99DF22E70D945142" masterDocTitle="Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae): a charismatic new parasitoid of Aleurocybotus Quaintance &amp; Baker (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) from Florida" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1671601464194" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae): a charismatic new parasitoid of Aleurocybotus Quaintance &amp; Baker (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) from Florida</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lahey, Zachary</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9402-9570</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zachary.lahey@usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Simmons, Alvin M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-0975</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Andreason, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-7623</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29414, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sharon.andreason@usda.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>89</mods:start>
<mods:end>104</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94677</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94677</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-89</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">18EA5CA5AA6D4D478046D5CF392B5840</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">23B633D1EA5B5C9F99DF22E70D945142</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3C75DFAF-5FFF-44A1-947F-E34DF7F9DF3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D1FD2A0EDD5159BB968CF23A600AD4E3" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/3C75DFAF-5FFF-44A1-947F-E34DF7F9DF3C" authority="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera" status="sp. nov.">Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="89">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–3" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 3. Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason, female holotype (OSUC 863846) 1 Antenna, lateral view 2 Mesotarsus, dorsal view 3 Fore wing, lateral view. Scale bars in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figures1-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779906" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figs 1-3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 4. Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason, female paratype (OSUC 863886), habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779907" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 5. Encarsia hera Lahey &amp; Andreason, male paratype (OSUC 863887), habitus, dorsolateral view. Scale bar in millimeters." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779908" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">, 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="species-group placement">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Species-group placement.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia luteola" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov., can be differentiated from other members of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group by outstanding coloration of the mesoscutellum and metasoma. Most 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species have a concolorous mesoscutellum and a predominately yellow metasoma. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov., differs from these species by the paired brown patches in the posterior half of the mesoscutellum and the predominantly brown metasoma of the female. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viggiani" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia guadeloupae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guadeloupae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia guadeloupae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Viggiani also has a dark metasoma; however, in that species T1 is completely dark and the clava is 2-merous, whereas the lateral portions of T1 are yellow and the clava is 3-merous in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. hera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figures1-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779906" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figures 1–3" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figures 1-3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lahey &amp; Andreason, female holotype (OSUC 863846) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">1</emphasis>
Antenna, lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">2</emphasis>
Mesotarsus, dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">3</emphasis>
Fore wing, lateral view. Scale bars in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779907" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 4" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lahey &amp; Andreason, female paratype (OSUC 863886), habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">(female)</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Coloration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Body: predominately dark brown. Head: dark brown, except for pale areas on frons adjacent to compound eyes and a transverse strip on vertex anterior to ocellar bars. Antenna: yellow, except for fuscous apical clavomere (F6). Mesosoma: dark brown, except for yellow lateral and posteromedial margin of mesoscutum, mesoscutal side lobe, anterodorsal portion of acropleuron, and most of mesoscutellum. Mesoscutellum: predominately yellow with two conspicuous brown spots in posterolateral half. Fore and hind wings: hyaline, venation fuscous. Legs: pale yellow, except for fuscous apical tarsomere (tarsomeres 4 + 5 fused) on midleg and apical three tarsomeres on hindleg. Metasoma: dark brown, except for lateral portions of T1 which appear transparent/opalescent. Ovipositor: third valvulae yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Antennal formula: 1-1-3-3. Length of pedicel relative to F1: 0.8. Length of F1 relative to F2: 0.9. Length of F2 relative to F3: approximately equal. Number of multiporous plate sensilla on F1-F6: 1-2-2-3-3-3. Sculpture of stemmaticum: aciculate. Sculpture of frons ventral to transfacial line: indiscernible. Sculpture of frons dorsal to transfacial line: transversely imbricate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Mesosoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Number of setae on midlobe of mesoscutum: 16. Number of setae on side lobe of mesoscutum: 2. Number of setae on axilla: 1. Proximity of campaniform sensilla on mesoscutellum: ≥ 5 sensillar widths apart. Distance between anterior pair of mesoscutellar setae: equal to distance between posterior pair of mesoscutellar setae. Length of mesoscutellar setae: anterior pair distinctly shorter than posterior pair. Tarsal formula: 5-4-5. Length of midtibial spur: 0.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of midbasitarsus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Metasoma</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Number of paired setae on T1-T6: 0-1-2-1-3-3. Length of ovipositor: 0.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of midtibia. Apical portion of 3rd valvulae: chisel-tipped, inner margin longer than outer margin. Length of 3rd valvulae relative to 2nd valvifer: 0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Wings</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Length of fore wing: 2.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width. Asetose area below stigma vein: absent. Length of marginal fringe: 0.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
maximum width of disc. Number of setae in basal cell region: 5. Arrangement of setae in basal cell: linear, originating and forming a 45° angle with submarginal vein. Number of setae on submarginal vein: 2. Number of setae along anterior of marginal vein: 8; 9.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
(male). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Coloration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Same as female, except for the darker mesoscutellum and T1 is dark throughout.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Morphology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Sculptural patterns very similar to female. Mesoscutellar sculpture: weak medially, large reticulations laterally. Number of antennomeres: 8. Condition of F6: articulate with F5, not fused or partially fused.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Florida (USA).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="host">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Host.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="2005" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Aleurocybotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleurocybotus cereus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cereus">Aleurocybotus sp. nr. cereus</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quaintance &amp; Baker" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aleyrodidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Named for the Hera of Greek mythology, one of the Twelve Olympians, Queen of the Gods, and protector of women from harm during childbirth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Material Examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-06-19" collectorName="Muhly, Z. Lahey" country="USA" latitude="29.600834" location="Gainesville" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.42027" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
, female: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Florida">Florida</collectingRegion>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D1FD2A0EDD5159BB968CF23A600AD4E3:3968A504D881D5DBCA31FB4845E4881C" country="USA" latitude="29.600834" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.42027" name="Gainesville" stateProvince="Florida">Gainesville</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="3" value="29.600834">29°36'3&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="13" value="-82.42027">82°25'13&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectingDate value="2022-06-19">19.vi.2022</collectingDate>
, ex. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quaintance &amp; Baker" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Aleurocybotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleurocybotus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Aleurocybotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n. sp. on ornamental 
<collectorName>Muhly</collectorName>
grass (
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia capillaris" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capillaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Muhlenbergia capillaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<collectorName>Z. Lahey</collectorName>
, OSUC 863846 (deposited in USNM)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" country="USA" location="USA" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="Paratypes">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
: collection data identical to 
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<specimenCount type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
, OSUC 863847 (USNM); OSUC 863886, 863887 (FSCA)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="phylogenetic analyses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Phylogenetic analyses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
The alignment of the 28S-D2-3 region in the 36 taxa was 1,037 characters long (base pairs plus gaps) and the model of nucleotide evolution was SYM+I+G4. In all analyses, the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group was recovered as monophyletic with maximum ultrafast bootstrap support (UFBS = 100; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 9. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the 28 S-D 2 - 3 region in 34 Encarsia and two outgroup species. The number under the scale bar indicates the number of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Ultrafast bootstrap supports values are indicated by colored circles at nodes. GenBank accession numbers beginning with OP correspond to specimens newly sequenced for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779910" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">9</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov., was nested within the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, as the sister taxon to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gahan (UFBS = 99; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 9. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the 28 S-D 2 - 3 region in 34 Encarsia and two outgroup species. The number under the scale bar indicates the number of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Ultrafast bootstrap supports values are indicated by colored circles at nodes. GenBank accession numbers beginning with OP correspond to specimens newly sequenced for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779910" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">9</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Howard was recovered as the sister taxon to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. hera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. + 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UFBS = 95; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 9. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the 28 S-D 2 - 3 region in 34 Encarsia and two outgroup species. The number under the scale bar indicates the number of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Ultrafast bootstrap supports values are indicated by colored circles at nodes. GenBank accession numbers beginning with OP correspond to specimens newly sequenced for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779910" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">9</figureCitation>
). An expanded analysis of the same gene region with additional 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Foerster" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species recovered the same sister group relationships between 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. hera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as those in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 9. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the 28 S-D 2 - 3 region in 34 Encarsia and two outgroup species. The number under the scale bar indicates the number of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Ultrafast bootstrap supports values are indicated by colored circles at nodes. GenBank accession numbers beginning with OP correspond to specimens newly sequenced for this study." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779910" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">9</figureCitation>
(Suppl. material 1), as did a trimmed version (495 characters) of the original dataset (Suppl. material 2). While this article was in press, we were alerted that two taxa (three sequences) used in the phylogenetic analyses are misidentified in GenBank. The sequences corresponding to accessions AF223366.1 and AF223367.1 belong to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. californica" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. californica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Polaszek and AY360217.1 corresponds to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. dispersa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="dispersa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. dispersa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Polaszek. Both 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. meritoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="meritoria">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. meritoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gahan and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. haitiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="haitiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. haitiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dozier have never been sequenced (A. Polaszek, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779908" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 5" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figure 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lahey &amp; Andreason, male paratype (OSUC 863887), habitus, dorsolateral view. Scale bar in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="89" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
Members of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group are recognized by having 4 mesotarsal segments and a fully setose wing disc (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2517" author="Gahan, AB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B8" refString="Gahan, AB, 1924. Some new parasitic Hymenoptera with notes on several described forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 65: 1 - 23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2517" title="Some new parasitic Hymenoptera with notes on several described forms." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2517" volume="65" year="1924">Gahan 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" author="Polaszek, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="375 - 392" refId="B30" refString="Polaszek, A, Evans, GA, Bennett, FD, 1992. Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82: 375 - 392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" title="Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" volume="82" year="1992">Polaszek et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
). This species group has been recovered as monophyletic in several phylogenetic analyses of 28S rDNA (Babcock et al. 2000; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.07.002" author="Schmidt, S" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="127 - 139" refId="B41" refString="Schmidt, S, Driver, F, De Barro, P, 2006. The phylogenetic characteristics of three different 28S rRNA gene regions in Encarsia (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution 6: 127 - 139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.07.002" title="The phylogenetic characteristics of three different 28 S rRNA gene regions in Encarsia (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.07.002" volume="6" year="2006">Schmidt et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
), although no analysis has yet to include all described species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
The sister group relationship between 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. hera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov., recovered in our study breaks the longstanding paradigm that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are likely each 
<normalizedToken originalValue="other’s">other's</normalizedToken>
most closely related living relative (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" author="Babcock, CS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refId="B2" refString="Babcock, CS, Heraty, JM, 2000. Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" title="Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 738 - 744." url="https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" year="2000">Babcock and Heraty 2000</bibRefCitation>
). This is an interesting finding given the morphological similarity between the two taxa, with certain specimens impossible to distinguish as either species (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" author="Polaszek, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="375 - 392" refId="B30" refString="Polaszek, A, Evans, GA, Bennett, FD, 1992. Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82: 375 - 392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" title="Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300041171" volume="82" year="1992">Polaszek et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Schauff et al. (1996) even mentioned the possibility that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspecific based on the lack of morphological characters that can readily define them. Our analysis brings to light at least one character mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" author="Babcock, CS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refId="B2" refString="Babcock, CS, Heraty, JM, 2000. Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 738-744. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" title="Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 738 - 744." url="https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0738:MMDEFA]2.0.CO;2" year="2000">Babcock and Heraty (2000)</bibRefCitation>
that allows for the unambiguous identification of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. formosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the presence of multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) on funicle (F) 1 and 2. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lahey &amp; Andreason" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia hera" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia hera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sp. nov., also possesses this character, whereas 
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. luteola" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">E. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks MPS on F1 and F2, lending morphological credence to the relationships between these three taxa recovered in the molecular analysis.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94677.figures6-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/779909" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" start="Figures 6–8" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Figures 6-8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Encarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Encarsia longitarsis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longitarsis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Encarsia longitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Myartseva, female paratype 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">6</emphasis>
Mesoscutellum, dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">7</emphasis>
Antennal clava, lateral view, with arrow at the constriction between the last funicular and first claval segment 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">8</emphasis>
Metasoma, dorsal view, coloration of lateral metasoma boxed in white. Scale bars in millimeters.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>