675 lines
73 KiB
XML
675 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="2AD2A4FE3C24CFAD8D17E1D5A23B43B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="28512" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.824.30921" ID-GBIF-Dataset="946616b6-02e4-4ff1-b665-75f3388f9329" ID-PMC="PMC6389870" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-824-109" ID-PubMed="30814902" ID-ZooBank="9D629EC838F9467288A41D3D632DC543" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-824-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 824" ModsDocTitle="Hippocampuswhitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H.procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" checkinTime="1551186939434" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Short, Graham, Harasti, David & Hamilton, Healy" docDate="2019" docId="D100ABE0DF87859B0D9E0A3015D02AF4" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 824: 109-133" docOrigin="ZooKeys 824" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.824.30921" docTitle="Hippocampus whitei Bleeker 1855" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="FFD6FF85E924FFE7FF80FFCA1076FF94" masterDocTitle="Hippocampuswhitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H. procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)" masterLastPageNumber="133" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="113" updateTime="1701378429849" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2EE3431E6FDDD24412DC70A61C8FC29E">Hippocampuswhitei Bleeker, 1855, a senior synonym of the southern Queensland seahorse H. procerus Kuiter, 2001: molecular and morphological evidence (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="65AA1DF156CAC7360F1A4400FF3F394B">Short, Graham</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FC31D7A9D2B3233B6A1573904EA7F0F7">Harasti, David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="55CF0562502234AB4F685A9AE3751350">Hamilton, Healy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="055755FF0B0F4672AFA21BE06694059B">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="518C09042F850553B30AC8B808F62EA8">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="16F13DA24BFDB993E2165412E0A01BB7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0937BBABF1E744483E7A27D287F410D8" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.824.30921</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D100ABE0DF87859B0D9E0A3015D02AF4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154127306" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D100ABE0DF87859B0D9E0A3015D02AF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D100ABE0DF87859B0D9E0A3015D02AF4" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<subSubSection id="9852265448FAC56C8E86E460B578D117" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D9F62EC53B58D7C7DAE73E3AFB1A95AB" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName id="AEACCB98311FF90B4DB11E6C20AA58A5" ID-CoL="3LZPW" authority="Bleeker, 1855" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855</taxonomicName>
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Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Common names:
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<normalizedToken id="F075F3CA08635D144E7E7F2D371BE0B8" originalValue="White’s">White's</normalizedToken>
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seahorse; New Holland seahorse; Sydney seahorse (Australia)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9B0C34CDC5422397AF1F95D0154CC3BA" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="ACAFBF4C9BF5F9DCBE138F0EAE76FB73" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName id="5A35111405A733BC2430ECA49EAB715E" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus novaehollandiae" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="novaehollandiae">Hippocampus novaehollandiae</taxonomicName>
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Steindachner, 1866: 474 (Sydney Harbour, Australia).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A65BFD5C3C8720F2B7B237AF56D24E0" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName id="BD2B1F3D6E13CC5E8E31902F5302E484" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
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Kuiter, 2001: 328-329, figs. 4, 40 (Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50EE3EFDE835BE3FF29769BC84DCAF57" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DAF62DD4376D0292CB19D8630B5E3373" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B0B4DE4366CA9070ED7D2EF12D74EF2" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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CAS 241511, adult female, Wave Island, Southport, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="7D1601FBF2A4AC8EB95E1E8B25919CEB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-27.932278">27°55'56.2"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="CECF981E146B5C0150F7AF774F4E264E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="153.419">153°25'08.4"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 5 m depth, in seagrass bed, November 27, 2014; CAS 241512, juvenile female, South West Wall, Southport, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="605082470328BAB7FC6D30B85F823F2A" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-27.942415">27°56'32.7"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EB15F543FA080F878F579099E29F0917" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="153.42076">153°25'14.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 5 m depth, rocks and sand, November 26, 2014; CAS 241513, adult male, South West Wall, Southport, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="94EE3673F7EF2425C5A81B8151A5147C" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-27.942415">27°56'32.7"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="B784DFDA42E638D443C5549C8CAE587C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="153.42076">153°25'14.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 5 m depth, rocks and sand, November 26, 2014; CAS 241514, subadult male, Broadwater, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="E03B86A2D5118DCB056B8B7B5D994318" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-27.952583">27°57'09.3"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="C5664910404257569870539F2FC25687" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="153.41028">153°24'37.0"E</geoCoordinate>
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, in seagrass bed, November 27, 2014; PSFC-DH (Port Stephens Fisheries Centre NSW field designation), 4 specimens in lot, PSFC-DH-1 adult male, PSFC-DH-2, subadult female, Nelson Bay, NSW, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="2DCC08F3D51E31A4C04F430769CD08BC" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-32.71664">32°42'59.9"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="078357811AD1694B5F8F9CA3168FDA2A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="152.14922">152°08'57.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 7 m depth, sandy rubble and seagrass, 2007-2016; SU 36407, 2 specimens in lot, adult males, Port Jackson, NSW, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="2B1F57ACE45CAD82C3FECBC3C9FAD8B3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-33.845165">33°50'42.6"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="88341BE69076010CB2BAD578EF3003CE" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="151.24736">151°14'50.5"E</geoCoordinate>
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; SU 36417, 6 specimens in lot, Port Hacking, Gunnamatta Bay, NSW, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="B82F446240FDFED8D11424ECEC9C46E4" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-34.06389">34°03'50.0"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="347EE2BD1700C755474457A6CB23FEDB" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="151.14417">151°08'39.0"E</geoCoordinate>
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, October 30,1939; QM I.30772, subadult female, Chain Banks, Moreton Bay, QLD Australia, J Johnson, dredge, depth 3-7 m, January 24, 1997; AMS I.12554, adult male, Moreton Bay, QLD Australia, Amateur Fishermans Association of Qld, 1912; CAS 13406, 2 in lot, 13406-1 adult male, 13406-2 juvenile female, Mackay, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="AD12E825C05A2B7FB9F3EECD4D6D3FDB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-21.16336">21°09'48.1"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="3C2FA2F2E3E2EA92F7970A55A43D5042" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="149.21616">149°12'58.2"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 11 m depth, July 12, 1939; SU 36420, 4 in lot, 36420-1 adult female, 36420-2, adult male, 36420-3 adult female, 36420-4 adult female, 4 miles east of Burnett R, Queensland, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="749410AA392D1786F6A293282CDF0DD0" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-25.339167">25°20'21.0"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="86F6098A58ECFB27018A793AE6AA3206" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="151.87825">151°52'41.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 18 m depth, September 14, 1938; QM I.39230, subadult male, 2 miles NE of Elliot Heads, QLD,
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<geoCoordinate id="FBCE8A7392CD07F82DA2EA9E8C96AAB4" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.916666">24°55'00.0"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="BE7BA2505608B4B979C1A8817FE57BC7" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="152.51666">152°31'00.0"E</geoCoordinate>
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, March 4, 1982, trawl; QM I. 39656, adult female, east of Waddy Point,
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<geoCoordinate id="76BFC7F9F96552AA31CCDF1FF0E2DF3A" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-24.976667">24°58'36.0"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="6D7E9D7AEFF1347C740125B2F2B1984C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="153.40233">153°24'08.4"E</geoCoordinate>
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, March 26, 2005, trawl; CAS-SU 35442, 2 specimens in lot, F43-A adult female, F43-C adult male, Corny Point, South Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="79EA65DBB730BAFFF5298B4A6738AEDF" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-34.91075">34°54'38.7"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="B3ECB2550BF11C79608ED5A2F015080F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="137.05992">137°03'35.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, October 31, 1912; AMS E2914, female holotype, 120 mm, 5-11 km east of Hervey Bay, Fairway Buoy, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="E8EF0C0032B1FBB8F0CE56E151AE90FA" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-25.1499">25°8'59.64"S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="0FFB9EEF609423D91E82FF59F552F0C2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="152.8408">152°50'26.94"E</geoCoordinate>
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, FIS Endeavour, July 7, 1910; AMS IA4205, juvenile female, height 57 mm, Port Curtis, QLD, Australia,
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<geoCoordinate id="3A222BC891F0FDBB81B3902D7772F6BD" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-23.916666">23°55'S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="BC46C4C45B6B9430432A13FB6EE539DD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="151.38333">151°23'E</geoCoordinate>
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, dredged, M Ward & W Boardman, December 14, 1929.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="578621EE030F44E3DEB199084FF11F0C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="525D4738755D4D3F61D3F2076C6F6643" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="455F6AD4CD2D2B6D5A350812FFBE3A49" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="4" pageNumber="113">
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<taxonomicName id="78500E1F4DBAC4FE6BE85BC9FCD27E36" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
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differs from its congeners by the following combination of characters: trunk rings 11; tail rings 34-35; dorsal fin rays 17-18; pectoral fin rays 16; subdorsal rings three; subdorsal spines four, superior trunk ridge ending with three enlarged spines, superior tail ridge commencing with one enlarged spine
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<pageBreakToken id="E9EB4CE459D2631E1E7378B9F8BFA967" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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3/0,1,0); cleithral ring spines three, one small spine at each end of pectoral-fin base but none at gill-opening, large single or double spine at ventral extent of head; small lateral head spines, two, one directly posterior of eye, one anterodorsally of operculum and ventral of coronet; distinct snout spine; parietal spine, diminutive or absent; single eye spine, large, protruding dorsally; small single or double spine, rugose, posteroventrally of eye; coronet, distinct and tall, protruding anteriorly in juveniles, angled dorsoposteriorly in adults, five small spines present on apex in a star-like arrangement; superior trunk with enlarged spines on 1st and 8th tail ridges.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F1A712CD54DE5CA03022FC273778D238" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="5" pageNumber="114" type="redescription">
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<paragraph id="0340D898CB22550BC956388AEA3AA6F2" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">Redescription.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FD950AE146BBF114983441FE839756A7" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="5" pageNumber="114">
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General body shape as in Figs 2-11. Morphometric and meristic characters are listed in Table 2. Coronet distinct and tall, coronet height 44.8-47.89% in HL, protruding anteriad in juveniles, angled dorsoposteriorly in adults; bilateral gill-openings ventral of coronet; dorsal fin rays 17-18; pectoral fin rays 16; subdorsal rings three; dorsal fin base starting immediately posterior to ninth trunk ring and ending immediately posterior to first tail ring; trunk rings 11; tail rings 34-35. Body spines: coronet with five small spines present on apex in a star-like arrangement; neck spines absent; prominent spine dorsally of eye, small single or double spine, rugose, ventroposteriorly of eye; small lateral head spines, two, one directly posterior of eye,
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<pageBreakToken id="08C5126D65234D468DBFD4CFB3407517" pageId="6" pageNumber="115" start="start">one</pageBreakToken>
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anterodorsally of operculum and ventral of coronet; cleithral ring spines three, one small spine at each end of pectoral-fin base but none at gill-opening, large single or double spine at ventral extent of head; distinct snout spine on midline between eyes; parietal spine, diminutive or absent in adults, present in juveniles and subadults;
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<pageBreakToken id="35A65FFD4542EA45475DA376F4C9F0AF" pageId="7" pageNumber="116" start="start">subdorsal</pageBreakToken>
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spines four, superior trunk ridge ending with three enlarged spines, superior tail ridge commencing with one enlarged spine (3/0,1,0); superior trunk with enlarged spines on 1st and 8th tail ridges observed in adults, on 1st, 7th, 8th, and 9th tail ridges observed in subadults; lateral trunk ridge with small spines on 2
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<normalizedToken id="B001B3D6EED44177E5C2E3C16F02D93E" originalValue="nd–">nd-</normalizedToken>
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11th trunk
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<pageBreakToken id="288D65A4E21569BE1A284C7D8977BBB6" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" start="start">rings</pageBreakToken>
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; inferior trunk ridge with small spines beginning on 5th trunk ring and ending on 11th trunk ring; superior tail ridge spines well developed anteriorly, becoming smaller posteriorly, with enlarged spines on 1
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<normalizedToken id="07FDF343076FED075EE2CDFA98CFB9C6" originalValue="st–">st-</normalizedToken>
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12th tail rings; inferior tail ridge spines well developed anteriorly, becoming smaller posteriorly, with enlarged spines on 1
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<normalizedToken id="4872D3E79E6914B51ED76D5C3031A6CD" originalValue="st–">st-</normalizedToken>
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8th tail rings; caudal fin absent in juveniles and adults.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="4C70C288A6EFB112DD19DD5DCA265DAB" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
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<paragraph id="4B582617CA4246B5CF060753FE47E1E3" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
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Figure 2. Comparison of non-type specimens of A
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<taxonomicName id="C926AFB63C0AFF38356F6B1F24E7D84B" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
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CAS 241511, preserved adult female, 142.7 mm SL, Southport, QLDB
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<taxonomicName id="AE0164016D15F9A1D10C6FDE8D038F66" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
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CAS 241512, preserved juvenile, 112.7 mm SL, Southport, QLD1
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<taxonomicName id="FE83FF861C3F0D740352C9B0DE9116B6" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
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PSFC-DH-1, preserved adult male, 122.1 mm SL, Nelson Bay, NSWD
|
||
<taxonomicName id="637D386E94CC106E7E1156416F0D830F" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
CAS PSFC-DH-2, preserved subadult female, 47.7 mm SL, Nelson Bay NSW. Note the differences in coronet profile between juvenile/subadult and adult: projecting anteriad in juvenile/subadult versus lower or projecting posteriorly in adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8F0449687A5D34168C66FE8298AA78FE" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="68F7E59AB265E4521B3CC3EB24490A3C" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0227F03106DDCBD0FC0048035DD31EB2" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
in situ, adult female, Nelson Bay, NSW, Australia at 5 m depth (photograph David Harasti).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0E645823FA922B0E6395E54B18F7A760" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="3204BF831ADAEC6FB5EAAD4D065DFA42" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDC1DD2BF8476BA550C47D98F50EFDC3" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
in situ, adult female, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia at 5 m depth (photograph David Harasti).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DC14F8F5A450252B18B114BB425C46CF" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="64C7464A9886B3DDDA51DF09B3E3937C" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA10E2E9DDB29C8D7CC9465183B52F1E" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS E2914, adult female, holotype, 120 mm SL, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia (photograph Mark Allen).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="99DCF6CA9C0912549811AADB774965CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="1EDBE2EF6398B688F706BE6EC39C92DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87F1D0E207E5D8ECE0AD5B52C635A5EF" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, QM I.30772, subadult female, paratype, 95.0 mm SL, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia (photograph Jeff Johnson).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5A259A3B1EFC78F3EF8B40371FF37FAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="DBD22E7627EE2A0A9055D7977878A4F1" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24A1D21A5488D070B69F348E80693AAE" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS I.12554, adult male, paratype, 105 mm SL, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia (photograph Kerryn Parkinson).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4F7133325AEA0C45F1740C61DCB739F7" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C0F6B89766F0036F3326E759E2353F3" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38FFDFC5EA2A6FE096282F54D54D82FE" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, QM I.39230, adult male, non-type, Elliot Heads, Queensland, Australia (photograph Jeff Johnson).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6AC02CA7B000D9F7311C430CB539CF73" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="FF9337389598FE0286949570F744C0B2" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="01B75809886CBA491B73C76E0561D152" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS-SU 36420, 4 specimens in lot, paratypes, Burnett River, Queensland, Australia (photograph Jon Fong).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A1EF8B63A5F3001C31C1AAB9AD353A2E" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="7DBE91C63A3F17BCD44A0A95E671774B" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="096B19D4356CE4770B0163DC7CC1ED6C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, CAS-ICH 13406, adult male, non-type, 113.4 mm SL, Mackay, Queensland, Australia (photograph Jon Fong).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D70AF8E61D541C78E0EFADF967FF6D43" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<paragraph id="A303A08DF187839AA2405C5F3AD7F0B9" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDC9C6C2515D63CA8AD5781859F256B1" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMS I.A4205, juvenile female, non-type, Point Curtis, Queensland, Australia (photograph Jeff Johnson).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9991BB5A8618E617B5566841C3C02F74" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" type="morphological remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D94C9F6450D3397B53C170D49999237" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">Morphological remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A89D0C165956E1554A15FAF7D6612150" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="8" pageNumber="117">
|
||
In his original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1564976E05913F443723E8F4EAFB26A5" author="Kuiter, RH" journalOrPublisher="Records-Australian Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="293 - 340" title="Revision of the Australian seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.53.2001.1350" volume="53" year="2001">Kuiter (2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:328-329) erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F55E55A04E971F667107ADF04F3020A" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on several observations on its distinguishing characters: "Previously confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5CC13CCE253425DB01B74183997BF3A" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus tristis" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tristis">Hippocampus tristis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED6AFA43AC0D65C7968B5A4CEE23EC10" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1D65D60A91AEC5CA0D7DE1FFB13E6D7" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="8" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more similar to the latter, differing from it in having a taller and spinier coronet, higher fin-ray
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="0597BF7FED6BC15D70E021FF7CD18D55" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" start="start">counts</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, and generally a spinier physiogamy." We show that morphometric, meristic, and diagnostic morphological characters reported herein (Tables 2, 3) correspond closely among the non-type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="581288DD363C00F4FD7DF2511F300239" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from NSW, type and non-type specimens referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9BEBCA20AC649672E54DF9395B41728" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Gold Coast Seaway, Moreton Bay, Elliot Heads, Bundaberg, and Mackay, QLD, and the holotype specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9AB0B173682A5D45C04BA416AF988D2" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="9" pageNumber="118" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hervey Bay, QLD.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E594E54CCD1AB884895D57EFC3D79768" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="10" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="022FB987CA02DEDCC43E6CF17D47C0E4" pageId="10" pageNumber="119" start="start">Based</pageBreakToken>
|
||
on the material examined, we found minor variation in coronet height in proportion to the head (45.5-46.6% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D68E98183B05A796AB0B639013CE7345" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="10" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nelson Bay, NSW vs. 45.1-47.8% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7CAD4DF8A4390F8BE29B9E20743DE234" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="10" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Gold Coast Harbour, QLD, 48.9-52.9% in the paratypes from Moreton Bay, QLD, 44.8% in the holotype from Hervey Bay, QLD, 50.8% in the paratype from Bundaberg, QLD and 46.7% from Mackay, QLD). The non-type specimens are comprised of juveniles, subadults, and adults, all of which exhibit distinct and tall coronets. However, we noted that in juveniles the coronet protrudes anteriad whereas in subadults and adults it is strongly angled dorsoposteriad. Similarly, dorsal fin ray counts exhibited marginal differences (17 in non-type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBC747718131CF1513DA4C14A2FE9B3C" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="10" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. 18 in all the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBDA3DEF2389238CE9C84060634FA272" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="10" pageNumber="119" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Queensland), which may
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="384F00D003929991AD4B17673B0E7605" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" start="start">reflect</pageBreakToken>
|
||
north-south clinal variation. We did not observe an overall spinier physiognomy in the majority of adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43F22EBE3DAF19B3FBA67FFA8B686FE6" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C474A22BC00DD00B51FE9102A51E186" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="11" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, a spinier physiognomy was present in one juvenile specimen from Mackay, and Port
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="1ECFB27CA5B5277AB9D02F340FE8E529" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" start="start">Curtis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, QLD (Figs 10, 11), respectively, and one adult specimen from Burnett River (Fig. 9) and Waddy Point, QLD (Fig. 12), respectively, on all principal trunk and tail ridges and head. It has been observed that in juvenile and subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="021E9A54E8F42A896019AC3E157D295D" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from NSW (<8 cm Total Length) that spines are more pronounced, but as they increase in size the spines disappear, with specimens> 12 cm TL being much smoother and spines not obvious. The adult specimens from Burnett River and Waddy Point, QLD, are an exception to these observations and appear to reflect variation in spine morphology similarly observed in juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7202D7586CE391A1A720C3DFCBACBB59" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC9D052D46E9AC18AA5EF77AA744A538" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<paragraph id="A88D14DA8A939F7A1677AAD1E0FA8299" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Figure 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61EE873830B9C72E5CA8E6B2E97A8416" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, QM I.39656, adult female, non-type, Waddy Point Queensland, Australia (photograph Jeff Johnson).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D1ACD2A9804F2393E654E897312308E6" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="12" pageNumber="121">
|
||
We also observed across the majority of examined adult specimens the following key diagnostic morphological characters (Table 3): the absence of true neck spines between the coronet and the 1st superior trunk ring spines (small neck spines were detected in juvenile specimens; variation in neck ridge topology is often mistaken for true neck spines in adult specimens), indiscernible or small parietal spine, three cleithral ring spines with the uppermost spine at the dorsal level of the pectoral fin base, presence of a distinct snout spine, four subdorsal ridge spines (3/0,1,0), and superior trunk ridge with enlarged spines on 1st and 8th tail ridges. Based on these findings, we find that spine physiognomy, neck spines present or absent in juveniles and adults, respectively, and subtle differences in meristics, are unreliable diagnostic characters, and
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="553785AAD74A669ED91D3173456328D2" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
|
||
key and informative morphological characters are congruent across all specimens, which conform to the diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F47011DDC3F91D5D3043A0122A114A98" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, it can be concluded that the species-level classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="637FD8FDD864635084FD6F2CA1E5501A" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unsupported, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BE7D41F13876BD03F77C2F38BBC53EC" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be treated as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F42A0664234329DB9C085EF1A5FA116" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6C0C16006D3680F15CB59FAB0C88B702" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Several seahorse species endemic to Australia, including Indo-Pacific seahorses with overlapping latitudinal distributions in Queensland, Australia, are superficially similar to and often misidentified as juvenile and adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85B5D26881E5DE303B9C9436704DC279" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="608C9293BFFD277D852C156FDE68EF7B" author="Kuiter, RH" journalOrPublisher="Records-Australian Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="293 - 340" title="Revision of the Australian seahorses of the genus Hippocampus (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) with descriptions of nine new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.53.2001.1350" volume="53" year="2001">Kuiter 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Table 5). These species include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E28253B536620DB680794D80DA7F926" lsidName="H. abdominalis" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="abdominalis">H. abdominalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lesson, 1827,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C322D68565BF6FCB29C439C5D8BA4E7" lsidName="H. angustus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="angustus">H. angustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8836BEE7C6A01FED99C4FF4A38D719E9" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1870,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC7E8CE06A5E4025CAB82D4DFF663EBD" lsidName="H. breviceps" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="breviceps">H. breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
Peters, 1869,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E414650D9B8BD9804D029569E0C605C" lsidName="H. dahli" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="dahli">H. dahli</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ogilby 1908,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BC58195A91A233AA9A4F7A700997A01" lsidName="H. histrix" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="histrix">H. histrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kaup, 1856,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="449E3D301B9501A6E969EE53C9478D93" lsidName="H. jugumus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="jugumus">H. jugumus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kuiter, 2001,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="580CAD18960B5ED931B32B138E3B56DD" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jordan & Snyder, 1901,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E9FFDD4F1112474E50ADF903B49E7E0" lsidName="H. planifrons" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="planifrons">H. planifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
Peters, 1877,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41FE72F78844CA90B33D8F89EBA40030" lsidName="H. spinosissimus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="spinosissimus">H. spinosissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Weber, 1913, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31F017E59613E624116057C7AA88A66D" lsidName="H. zebra" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="zebra">H. zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Whitley, 1964. Despite the morphological similarities, meristic and diagnostic morphological characters support the distinctions among these species (Table 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B8B9B7F48A4153CDD5B91AB91F79B830" ID-Table-UUID="B8B9B7F48A4153CDD5B91AB91F79B830" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8B9B7F48A4153CDD5B91AB91F79B830" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="559179EFAB008202908094E9C9D6CACC" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Table 4. Comparison of morphological characters in H
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B8B85CDD4A6A0C2F1F54C940ED34B37A" lsidName="H whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from NSW and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3989E039EFC77FD0239F9F9EA77BAFA" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. occurring in Australia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1DB5CA461E37CB1D19079F18ABCF6575" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<table id="434AF273F5A9510505728E3F210D9E10" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<tr id="F6E7767DE967DC38B6AA0B4E1E50CE04" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="8B66D837BDB3BBD1A4FB910B040B2EF2" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5502012CB42A615DD21B071E87D00DDE" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="CB28B97C94DE45A4C98D583888F352F4" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6318C6074C39D288C1895DA330981E0" lsidName="H. abdominalis" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="abdominalis">H. abdominalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="7CFC3092293C290C5EBE9ADF1E5D1BB9" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F2C7D3C4D98ECB20C3C16F43E954F81" lsidName="H. angustus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="angustus">H. angustus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="CAF170508FC04224C7B40D87D67763F9" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="804A55CB89182B1F5E7670DD15D60D98" lsidName="H. breviceps" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="breviceps">H. breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C4D66D83A7CF613058B12D2E3F380773" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3FDEED1F343897380359BB03AC9AFC36" lsidName="H. dahli" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="dahli">H. dahli</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="775BA618A963EB332B3F46D62CB02810" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="071AD58236D8FB87AB17BD65D4B63A49" lsidName="H. histrix" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="histrix">H. histrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C12A5967DC6068DFFADA7EAD1F1457CD" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6F04DCB3F667ECE42EEC9C1195BDA14" lsidName="H. jugumus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="jugumus">H. jugumus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="5EECD283821EB4D4A30C97C56D75787B" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5DE4DEB20AAD4DD36E0D2F58C9142575" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="E748A5AB3A25BA3517FB7D659E38625E" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7CD054ED0DB8F75C2ECCA411781A309" lsidName="H. planifrons" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="planifrons">H. planifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="AFD401C76B24F48FF26CCEE69630A28E" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80928B98E0BD542566146F567FC3AD1A" lsidName="H. spinosissimus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="spinosissimus">H. spinosissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="D3F976FC7913221AE839EF2C877EE23D" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02D37003B22B71A3DB6135AFD09DAB6A" lsidName="H. zebra" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="zebra">H. zebra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C291CAAA7640E716EF48E698D53D192C" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="D6CED353D190D941CA3F58ADC91AC7C4" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Table 5. Distribution of haplotypes based on partial mtDNA COI sequence data (655 bp) tabulated across sampled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B8F7D33F8AC7C1C26B3DEB18B4640C8" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
and localities in central NSW and southern QLD.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="98E2F6771769F292E0B937130012628F" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<table id="F0829F71D8F1BBC89BDD4B23CE37D34B" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<tr id="DC50538CDC644A236EE648E1047DC0E6" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="783CC1965F82299B160C43020B3D4831" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">Species designation</th>
|
||
<th id="9B01BD81F663F7ECBF188766438372D2" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">Collection locality</th>
|
||
<th id="169B5EC5BEF36758A9CEEAB38977F59A" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">Nucleotide position</th>
|
||
<th id="F0AFDFFBD69ECCA8C75EC055C30C67B1" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">Haplotype</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="290826A7D42CDA1AA071B5E2A808B0BF" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="66730B73B9352DFE180E896FE0238D40" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6E667DF682A0A12E8463FDA24381E1B" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="BCDF11FE1E0DE3A0D733F80B8E2C6A36" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="A63F825A7873A56D2D4FF15F154DEA19" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41FE012F1FD1D39EA90D78ED12DDE526" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="41CA66E1B00FD0A732F49BF1CB112B22" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="A90EB58A7139D8DBAF9846C36FB67BBD" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BB5FCF6F20AED1624BAACA650F595A05" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B58744CBAEA32FCE68F00B635109D3DE" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="FC0AE7DCFDFC9F64E50D75D176CD70AE" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47D50E29C2AB7988F1DF4EB6F8300E74" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="38C18CA817002D1BC63E74CAC696EFD4" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="EE1F60ED0DC595DC547C8CAECC0284CC" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0BFB4FD4219E4447AE593903FB137DC" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8258A61A265F6B3ECB0DF86D95A576BF" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="5338025BDB71C80DB09DB8A78A009297" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="874ADCDCC6ED450EBEB1671F9B391096" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="929A84B301421CCB05E415AB3AD2CDE7" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="87841D0AE4F699F703508375E3EF646C" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77B6654CAC02A3E9092EE547F271792C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="A689ED3B9AAD5D802EE55841D4A60964" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="B2B2865F229AF11318DF507E04B5C5CB" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC97D9A50659D69CD584C4EB8E91D995" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="6B16FAECDB6BCB80830A4586F2D76D5D" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="4B32ED827E3D9D922B3D1A122E36D490" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="920D96546C56B9F7C951E528899D4278" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7065E4B3094D60985F6889ACA5862F4A" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="D97670A18A910399CD456EAA18929239" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="090C2E17FD04AB12EFEE1A957DA8CE6C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="DD0A02716E678B781C6C6500CC867731" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="FB30722A7A5F048815FEAE2E9166B51F" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A9B0F40A753408935AD3C86740F4335" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="614B123A405488FC291B592CA693A0E6" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="A695AE1157C528350BD687305B0EB9C0" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B0F68F6B15943C42318724914C0F309" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="6A5FBD95C773FD6366571673A099BD4D" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="AD9A8F0C7B76062B4FE4B42C4BE133F4" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD5050707F8EEA2ED835C0681573DDCD" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="95AE5EBDC62ACD97C216A8F664EE539C" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="8135C3D343FAEEEF092BF8CBAD756036" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D616263C9C144E7B47C0D5E8E8F01252" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="641205DF2023386712ADE5EE2A9A6293" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="349E14630CEED53D0FD55F20DBDDF4DE" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF2D3B78FDEE29E6B2701988AE4A4F9C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="2D15BE5DC18C2FC9320618F1448EA1C7" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="C08F773C664677475876B4E924E93364" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1AAFB7169048CD726235F7066023E61C" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="52331409C65CF21C58E5F131F0EB02D8" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="868166A28B8AC7F69F4948D1E76539A0" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5648BB1EF9AF5B28A5796C5643E9D8F4" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B21AD86DE18CE365BA2AAEBA683C72B6" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="13F075D91B15982D5376E7ACF25D9307" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E77C9E7A35A3F5A0A5FD6EC99183F34" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5BE92802045AA6915E0A8FB32CBEDAE2" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="259A266D0D5C8002C24D19BC245809F0" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51CC6B5F0061E9DFDA0100F48879E51B" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="826EAF77458C76B33D567D9F999762AB" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="EABBFD68EC26080782859FEB4A9AB8CF" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C42512441503C757D3B56E9753622D59" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="AF6B30EC08ABC0459CB8FA9DB21CF06F" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="8854D89C49D012811F81311140665B79" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1F5416A3DE67A692849EB39C2F6324A" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="36D249376547FA6CA7F44EA6310FEADD" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="DC6483DC788C84AF048C77304E3CE062" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="237FF0F637525502B54556B9D767273E" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="EA07751ECE32C02F4D24F4CDD7E03A30" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<td id="812E8E3F81A23005A81A4CB5C91839DB" colspan="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F01733A2647611978029B2B0B732F9AF" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0B1E569DF8C829C157FE4885FDEB8975" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" type="genetic remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="10755F5D5CAEFB72F70A39B9F1B36F58" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Genetic remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D1621BFB56A7CC6571B06FB4DE63328A" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Meristic, morphometric, and key diagnostic morphological characters in our study did not support the separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FAF0DF1D8457B0FE5C1BB920EFA68A0" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F697E1A0949E3CB0510DFA978DD2176A" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
into two distinct species. Here we further confirm the synonymization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A68C6E451A47B112DE128E79E5451D3E" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25246CB7F610D6BC07DC42FC5E2FE9D1" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on partial mitochondrial COI (655 bp) data. This analysis is based on sequences generated from 31
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFE63D64F5FCEA407E6F0A4BB72E4429" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals sampled from Empire Bay, Forster (Wallis Lake), Port Hacking, Nelson Bay, Sydney Harbour, and Tuggerah Lake, NSW, and from 4 specimens referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD95C8F71191BECDEF820C53FE4D4EBC" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Southport, Gold Coast Seaway, QLD. Alignment of sequence data detected 23 variable sites without any indels, resulting in 14 haplotypes: one in Sydney, four in Nelson Bay, five in Forster, and four in Gold Coast Seaway (Suppl. material 1, 2). Three haplotypes are shared between Forster and Gold Coast Seaway whereas no other haplotypes are shared between collection localities. One unique haplotype was obtained in Sydney, four in Nelson Bay, two in Forster, and one in Gold Coast Seaway (Suppl. material 1, 2). Fig. 12 shows a neighbour-joining tree based on the same mtDNA COI data, which recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="16AA6D61A89A1448990178EF9BA82795" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as paraphyletic with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B402EE29675C5207E433F3EEBBFD6B9D" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2C39F175F434D1288A1B1EA8A3423EF" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus procerus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="procerus">Hippocampus procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
clustered among individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C73402E23000106F5AA9CF0E6E1E440" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Forster, NSW in one subclade and with individuals from several localities in NSW in another subclade. Additionally, genetic distance analysis (uncorrected p distances) of the same data failed to discriminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02444203F517627E01CB18018CAB2160" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA93695957EEB21D1E9D3867D0BC06CA" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. material 3), which revealed an average intraspecific divergence of 0.002%, further confirming lack of support of species status for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF9B09258E3EF72290888BD66E0F524A" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7E5D49CFDB0988946927C26F0AC3FCB7" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="B66783D5F770FB73210E12E7F847C255" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Figure 13. Neighbor-joining tree based on mtDNA COI sequences showing the relationships among specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B37A99B31BAE44C3BDF259CEA7502B96" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from various sites in NSW and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F08870F9DBE13A24BE5C7138B48BCF4" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Southport, Gold Coast Harbour, QLD. Numbers in branches indicate bootstrap probabilities obtained from 1000 bootstrap replications. Scale bar = genetic distance of 0.02.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D5DF7FF11EE858AFF650C82F33B9DC8D" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BB4A31CE75A7AF660344F7474340E518" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="36C69B63F606D90334938E3BED7DBE19" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="13" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04FCB11D1B99D8EC2612B55823BEB882" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur in coastal estuaries and embayments of central NSW and southern QLD, Australia. In central NSW it has been recorded, from south to north, in St. Georges Basin, Port Hacking, Botany Bay, Sydney Harbour, Hawkesbury River, Tuggerah Lake, Lake Macquarie, Port Stephens, Wallis Lake - Forster, and Tweed River. The record from St Georges Basin was based on a recent sighting and photograph of a small juvenile in January 2018 that was logged through REDMAP (http://www.redmap.org.au/sightings/3379/) and therefore extends the range reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F7D0A388410A8B2726257439BAFF8F6" author="Harasti, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1297 - 1314" title="Population dynamics and life history of a geographically restricted seahorse, Hippocampuswhitei." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03406.x" volume="81" year="2012">Harasti et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
southwards by 70 km. A previous 1903 Australian Museum record from Lake Illawarra cannot be confirmed as the local
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="99D30CB002E8906C187E13068E179746" pageId="14" pageNumber="123" start="start">ity</pageBreakToken>
|
||
information is likely erroneous (Mark McGrouther, pers. comm.) and whilst it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C1E6E05F7AA2B8814ED193B6772B80F" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="14" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
could occur in Lake Illawarra, at this stage there is no definitive evidence. Museum records indicate the species has been recorded in QLD within the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="822B3087B85291C5FA9F9BEBF3CB7A60" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" start="start">Gold</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Coast Seaway, at various locations around Moreton Bay estuary, Hervey Bay, Waddy Point, Elliot Heads, Bundaberg, Port Curtis, and Mackay. The synonymization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A40877ED0F1123E2A3F787BEB0B7029" lsidName="H. procerus" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="procerus">H. procerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends the northward range significantly by approximately 1,000 kilometres for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09DA567072C9055719E63CD3EB67E538" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Mackay QLD; as of now, this is the most northern location with confirmed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B54D1D1D8DCD717209663D6A967FE77" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. However, its current occurrence in the Mackay region, Port Curtis, Burnett River, and Bundaberg, is unknown as it has not been recorded in those locales since 1939, 1929, and 1938, respectively. The most recent northern records are from Elliot Heads in 1982 and Waddy Point in 2005.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70486FA347206FD5C006C35057216941" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Additionally, museum records claim species occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAC2D014DCC251BEC548FAED48270A0D" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
outside its geographic range, in South Australia, Victoria Australia, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu (Kuiter 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C8B37F3ABE2F15B294D6732322B54793" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 66" title="A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1" volume="4146" year="2016">Lourie et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, these specimens have subsequently been re-identified by the authors as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95ABAC18A15B8D72B859631A22971BCE" lsidName="H. breviceps" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="breviceps">H. breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35EDE409F221B4B17BC33CB73BC175EA" lsidName="H. camelopardalis" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="camelopardalis">H. camelopardalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8F805E1508F03788FBEBD2DEE5DB5028" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13A93B927A95A1D6C463C3DF72BE227B" lsidName="H. spinosissimus" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="spinosissimus">H. spinosissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Table 6). The specimens originally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DF828E04C70A46B9E210EB153A1CAA04" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are no longer accessible and therefore cannot be re-identified; however, we consider them highly unlikely to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEE4A8C271249DDBF50C84B7B2064D6A" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
since it is markedly outside the range for this species. We now consider that the species is constrained to estuaries and embayments along the east coast of Australia from Hervey Bay, QLD, in the north to St Georges Basin, NSW, in the south.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="03B12D5DBE89F176FAAD2FC6AA554D33" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<paragraph id="637B63F559B2D348C93899834569F245" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
Table 6. List of seahorse specimens originally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D69B26735B202EA57C829F0BAC5F194C" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including voucher number, collection date, collection location, and status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BAC1BAF69D2F21534359E1EAF140970D" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<table id="301DD7ABF21548703A0CCB162330E169" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<tr id="09E7DD4BCEE845B52761CFC2805B2931" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<th id="AF4E721209C90515B0813AA365736D5F" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">Original identification</th>
|
||
<th id="C7A3A23CF17DF2CE59CC5A2A6FEEE1DE" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">Voucher number</th>
|
||
<th id="C3DAB154FEAAECD5722E16525A8927A2" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">Collection date</th>
|
||
<th id="EDA27FFA2E120BA0EBD9890A01913084" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">Collection location</th>
|
||
<th id="5A3536D89F7E06FB2C20B63C657728D0" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">Species</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="6E74D508073EC193C320A1D5BE7B2A13" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="F16566F1BF3C103AA84528B60E696C0C" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9FBEA9584A711D8D89B419EDD6CE8E3" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="DCBFDB43DD1E13B367E945E23D82AF80" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0F8BE44EF8F71E3A8241111DAEA16E6" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1CC84D20984375A826423F39A46E4DA5" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="170DD882F153247105A33617F6BF6DBA" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85345442CC15A351EE69FE2E30D85ED3" lsidName="H. breviceps" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="breviceps">H. breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="527ABEE93CB89A9A1DE85CBD9E467D16" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="AD19231CBF2BF4F6541CCC3B350DA5DF" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C98B0B0D708D995893A04CFD8FA2C764" lsidName="H. spinosissimus" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="spinosissimus">H. spinosissimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="662563F4FCA7463111E4083C4BB0B36F" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="39A24152F0AAFDA8CB896E9F9B81304F" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B0B3B89D24B343FF3673CA47930FF2F" lsidName="H. camelopardalis" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="camelopardalis">H. camelopardalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E9771094D27189EF370D9F8E3D8DAB6D" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="5AAD130A62C1EDF3660DF81A4B8FD63C" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F45AB3CED04235CBE55BD74AE2FE2B1E" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="DFEA46955B77E1299CA4471042E1498B" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="6FAD2125AB50322ACC4078FFDBC4CEC6" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D45029FB1999B301E2EBA3E5E6DC828" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="87BA0ABE650F74F01C5A79823BF19E6F" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="C0DA11FE06BE42B38C1DC2827C0C7125" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="817653F4E4E5507E2E7785DF1F2F8640" lsidName="H. kelloggi" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="kelloggi">H. kelloggi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="44C42F6246AB924B36C71B7DAD1D9222" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<td id="2D7B0002C7C36286415582B02EAF6CAD" colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E323DC8F3696D06BB7EE2B19AB64C622" lsidName="H. breviceps" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="breviceps">H. breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2662B508122F03CA7553D37E3A6D0929" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="15" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A2093609268BE028824F1FF7F0197A4" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in a variety of habitats including seagrasses, soft corals, sponge gardens and artificial structures to depths of 12 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4615BC55624ECF1F885C379B64D3C0D4" author="Hellyer, CB" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="582 - 589" title="Manipulating artificial habitats to benefit seahorses in Sydney Harbour, Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1217" volume="21" year="2011">Hellyer et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C138222AE3823F6C2A96A78574D2946A" author="Harasti, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1413 - 1428" title="Ontogenetic and sex-based differences in habitat preferences and site fidelity of the White's seahorse Hippocampuswhitei." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12237" volume="85" year="2014 a">Harasti et al. 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Manning et al. 2018), and is known to display strong site fidelity and monogamous behaviour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="97D6FFC3EB341B18D392536D5EC6A5F1" author="Vincent, AC" journalOrPublisher="Animal behaviour" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1557 - 1569" title="Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampuswhitei." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5" volume="50" year="1995">Vincent and Sadler 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="743A49DF4D39E101D79080D72797F080" author="Vincent, AC" journalOrPublisher="Environmental Biology of Fishes" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 12" title="Home range behaviour of the monogamous Australian seahorse, Hippocampuswhitei." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-004-4192-7" volume="72" year="2005">Vincent et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E62971B22FD6A301323076306654F48" author="Harasti, D" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12237" year="2013">Harasti and Gladstone 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="DF31CBEBFD12DBFB53ECA65D2A47D8E2" pageId="16" pageNumber="125" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
The locations with the largest recorded populations are found within Sydney Harbour and Port Stephens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="55F6F2FED85199D2AA2D2141A215FCE4" author="Harasti, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1297 - 1314" title="Population dynamics and life history of a geographically restricted seahorse, Hippocampuswhitei." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03406.x" volume="81" year="2012">Harasti et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD494729E3988BC6802AC837134D5893" author="Harasti, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fish Biology" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105462" year="2014 b">Harasti et al. 2014b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), beyond which there is very little information about the occurrence, habitat use, and population numbers in QLD as the species is not known to be regularly found in any QLD locations and is seldom seen or collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC36B3B0630D4EBF9464517F2D0577E1" pageId="16" pageNumber="125">
|
||
We introduced this paper with a quote from John White (1736-1832) who was under the assumption that the Mediterranean and North Atlantic seahorse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20C350123E06236A33A728D403FBF78A" lsidName="H. hippocampus" pageId="16" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="hippocampus">H. hippocampus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AE062CBEC85D3E5BC2438235B34F6FA" lsidName="H. whitei" pageId="16" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="whitei">H. whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Australia were conspecific due to highly similar morphology. Seahorse taxonomy has been in a state of confusion since its inception. While comprehensive revisions of the genus have greatly advanced our understanding of how many species of seahorses exist (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83CAB7D43AA64D3F8EAB85057362D6D" author="Lourie, SA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 66" title="A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1" volume="4146" year="2016">Lourie et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), much further work remains to answer this most fundamental question about one of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C6A9D3D3A82B3B14A315C3DD60D9F13" originalValue="world’s">world's</normalizedToken>
|
||
most extraordinary fish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="D7510CC99BE17754F6F48E4D874FB32E" pageId="16" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<paragraph id="F2C93315183D73531E084F5D35F3232B" pageId="16" pageNumber="125">
|
||
Video 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="968D82BBA160DFF1A6700DDE3541539E" family="Syngnathidae" genus="Hippocampus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hippocampus whitei" order="Syngnathiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">Hippocampus whitei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in situ, Seahorse Gardens, Nelson Bay, NSW, Australia (video by David Harasti 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |