treatments-xml/data/CC/61/A3/CC61A39A90198CBAB0067CB716CAA036.xml

277 lines
36 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-CLB-Dataset="62488" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30f0f54f-e5af-493f-b792-c1c661ef03bf" ID-PMC="PMC9849010" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ID-PubMed="36760991" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="CC61A39A90198CBAB0067CB716CAA036" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum forskalii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 237. 1813." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732649590965" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="A29E43C2A9C7F75AC09AF3F65CA7F0EA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B930193B9204750D94966B7B7AFD8676">
<mods:title id="C54C595F79226FC80ABE2522152825D4">A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="2AEEE934AEEA3D6D31F948720BF9B009" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CEEB1366CA442C502AFDCB7411F4D0A8">
<mods:roleTerm id="788E39FE4B5D3C21428FE4AA6FBED044">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E1D2DD630BE2A20C23F8A4B2B6C3EC6E">Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2DBBB38F8253394B98C7EFC36DAAE898">Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="317536B7B4B327A9143D3F36CD87D585" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1A4E06CC3632ABB5F9F58BCEDA015F28">
<mods:roleTerm id="7FACB591B27C40B428AC817679C34B11">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DD87192E58D80283D33AA597B7EB33CE">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C91E0D7BF04B81FC1B1F69540266F7DB" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="EEDBA06D7D500890313639380C5AC50B">The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0DAF025F28EFA022FA6E7C33F70E2389" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B14E3726883F1268579C1BEC86F4E5D0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="620F71187A98794638C9A0C875C66D41" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="5E6C338E9404E7F1958E242765DF4536">
<mods:title id="B755D67F70B62ADD3D5E5BBA9633B0B1">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D5D1C9285D8F9AAB33D3C8F639946912">
<mods:date id="05B2FE05790584A8F65CA7FE3F377671">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9E413E75CEE6B99A99E191996D93BC73" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="C736C0CBF8D069D22842E3F8EC0D90D6">2022-06-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="A55B3FB77C6193DA06B9EE6FBB1C72FC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="EFABFE3F7767F12D778B8C6625CDC623">198</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="8ADA97AE299E7AC97A97541BEACF422D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="CE82373D92C9559869A3BE06B673A919">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="8471D758AB2334E6AE79B1EE8A493187">270</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="87D474B8B3850787DA3AB707DA4A00F6">
<mods:url id="2733B5C0B9B6124236749C9F7AAE0296">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="117B62DEB4C670AFA1E4D13CF4DD61CF">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A39430C38C6853A52BE7C6357D2DF1E3" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E136C9CAF5A23AD66B12AE118E48D64F" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="40FCB7E14E5BD54BFC739C4B2273D1C4" type="Pensoft-UUID">486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="CC61A39A90198CBAB0067CB716CAA036" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195723724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC61A39A90198CBAB0067CB716CAA036" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC61A39A90198CBAB0067CB716CAA036" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="02AF479FBD3128A1EAA40412E9548595" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="954B931C8111C99B696EE449023CD6A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
14.
<taxonomicName id="F4E28BFE0D9624BACF4D6D2126D1E40C" authority="Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 237. 1813." authorityName="Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 237. 1813." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">Solanum forskalii Dunal, Hist. Nat. Solanum 237. 1813.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="99FBDD6AC3C2068C310CE56B80593825" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="7E36016C4BC991CE0B41356232AEAC8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="81597B452828C7C249F4A1DF30FC2705" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Solanum forsskalii Dunal. Herbarium specimen collected in India in 1973 (Tiwari 941, CAL 0000031126). Photograph credit: © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689716" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EEBB3EFAF561B4DF51A088E4356B572" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="22414FE01F138FFDD579346A6D91630D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="39176ABFA746E7AF68F16926372243D5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">Solanum villosum</taxonomicName>
Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 47. 1775, nom. illeg. non
<taxonomicName id="BD1FBCE599C3DF7FDBF5FF78FFFF4987" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">Solanum villosum</taxonomicName>
Mill. Type. Yemen. Wadi Surdud, Feb 1763,
<emphasis id="D93F872F34BDBC1B26D9FD4735861114" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Herb. P.
<normalizedToken id="0B901DD908E69D72752BAB77C77BD14C" originalValue="Forsskål">Forsskal</normalizedToken>
414
</emphasis>
(holotype: C [C10003107]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE02EBE5117CE789926AC5563C3DC17B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B0B3D84F8C892DEA177FF595617597F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum macilentum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macilentum">Solanum macilentum</taxonomicName>
A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 105. 1850. Type. Ethiopia. Choho,
<emphasis id="44DCD773295D07DC5041235AF8D41FD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Quartin-Dillon &amp; A. Petit s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="49076C448AF28A579871A38FD7EFB4D1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" author="Lester, RN" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B139" refString="Lester, RN, 1997. Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125(4): 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" title="Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (4): 273 - 293." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" year="1997">Lester 1997</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 286: P [P000343696]; isolectotypes: P [P0003436967, P000343698]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7CFC6CD171CB7F8B7986B4A7DC2EF2D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E22B29D84D8F795E0AD8F4E106B9F4E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum albicaule" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albicaule">Solanum albicaule</taxonomicName>
Kotschy ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 204. 1852. Type. Sudan. Kordofan: Nubia, Cordofan Chursi, 29 Dec 1839,
<emphasis id="D019A92CC65FBC7B468693044B8EAEB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Kotschy 309</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="633CD3F7BB744AEED6A2BDFEE1F4766F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" author="Lester, RN" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B139" refString="Lester, RN, 1997. Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125(4): 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" title="Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (4): 273 - 293." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" year="1997">Lester 1997</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 287: G-DC [G00145871]; isolectotypes: B, BM [BM000778322], E [E00193284], ER, GOET, K [K000414013, K000414014, K000414015], LZ, M [M0105605, M0105606], MO [acc. # 3942648], MPU, NY, P [P00344693, P00344694, P00344695], STU [STU000027], TCD [TCD0000843], W [acc. # 1889-0293762, acc. # 0000634], WAG [WAG0003359]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="820F23C48112F6378523576F100269C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="81F8099380918989D6D06784CC8751FA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum heudelotii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heudelotii">Solanum heudelotii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 205. 1852. Type. Senegal. near Gabor, 1839,
<emphasis id="FF8CB6C1BC43DC5EB2B071AC98819EC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Heudelot 417</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DE6AAB75D01FF97CF78F60C31C5500DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">45</emphasis>
) (lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="399861458C17E6CE5C057DF96F5EA2FC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" author="Lester, RN" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B139" refString="Lester, RN, 1997. Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125(4): 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" title="Typification of nineteen names of African Solanum species described by A. Richard and others, including S. campylacanthum and S. panduriforme. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (4): 273 - 293." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1997.tb02258.x" year="1997">Lester 1997</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 287: P [P00344004]; isolectotypes: K [K000414051], MPU, P [P00344005, P00344006], UPS).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0E7AD8219DBC5A816C06B97197929437" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="833E67A41369AC91B1DB138B3F7C02BE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hadaq" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hadaq">Solanum hadaq</taxonomicName>
Deflers, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 122. 1896. Type. Yemen. Schoukra, Bilad Fodhli, J. Areys, 30 k
<normalizedToken id="D0FD6955DA073E4AA69D6641909E20C3" originalValue="a">a'</normalizedToken>
l E.N.E. de Schughra, 150 m, 22 Mar 1890,
<emphasis id="27A15BE97081A38DF594387322F2306C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Deflers 377</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="AA3364C26DFF03BAF95A1952234CAB6E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 159: P [P00051780]; isolectotypes: K [K000441183], P [P00051781, P00051782).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5DD6159D66A5BC6321CF47758F69882C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="BF3981C0D8D3B5A64E26DAC2C0F93A0C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scindicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scindicum">Solanum scindicum</taxonomicName>
Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65: 542. 1896. Type. Pakistan. Sind: Scinde,
<emphasis id="98B83BBB91D6F082B4FC3AEED29365BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. Cooke s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="5A57BCCC69D7E3F049A6058CC878DA58" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 159: CAL [CAL0000018701]; isolectotype: K [K000441223]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A0B84BA14D225EDE542AC9A354DAC767" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5BE18CDB095D00E5FE13FEBA56555E1D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum albicaule subsp. var. var. parvifrons" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="albicaule" subSpecies="var." variety="parvifrons">Solanum albicaule Kotschy ex Dunal var. parvifrons</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 16: 102. 1923. Type. South Sudan.
<normalizedToken id="4EBF8AF0F019F3C6712A74CC9FDD8330" originalValue="“Nördliches">&quot;Noerdliches</normalizedToken>
Darfur, El Fascher&quot;,
<emphasis id="99A1153076A10D2638F993B0718F7FAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.D.C. Pfund 407</emphasis>
(syntypes: B, destroyed, Z, not found; no additional duplicates found).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4004D7E2B4B0F3ECEB2E3CA32E080D9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="89AC8362BDACB6FC22A10250BA954568" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="2AC0AA5681C3F9A72DFAF8C9EB1F9EA7">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77669F2692ADA846CBF88DF3CE2E2926" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Based on (replacement name for)
<taxonomicName id="33C70CDE71882DCB0B6ECB38123E1B76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis id="65A1000F53E63F789A1E4BBDCCEA532C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forssk.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2061A11F1A9FD76D726316AD88C09A28" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="0D111E027107A44B0B04C1873E09DF67" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0ECA5EA6C0B720CB6B7A897580392C2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect or scandent shrub, 0.5-1 m, prickly. Young stems slender, ascendent to erect, densely stellate-pubescent and prickly, the pubescence of porrect, sessile or occasionally stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.15 mm long, the rays 6-10, 0.15-0.3(-0.5) mm long, the midpoints same length as the rays or up to 1.5 mm, occasionally rounded, the prickles 3-10 mm long, 1-3 mm wide at the base, straight, occasionally curved, flattened, strongly reflexed, pale yellow to brown, spaced 1-10 mm apart; bark of older stems densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, brown to grey or orange-grey. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, entire to weakly lobed, the blades 1-4(-6) cm long, 0.5-3(-4) cm wide, 1-2 times longer than wide, ovate, membranous to chartaceous, drying concolorous to discolorous, yellow-green to grey-green or brown-green, glabrescent to moderately stellate-pubescent on both surfaces, with porrect, sessile, sometimes stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2 mm long, the rays 6-10, 0.2-0.4(-1) mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays, sometimes to 1.5 mm long, with 0(-3) prickles on both surfaces; the primary veins 2-3 pairs, the tertiary venation not visible to the naked eye; base cordate to rounded, the lobes 2(-3) on each side, 0.2-0.4 cm long, extending to 1/4 of the distance to the midvein, broadly deltate, apically rounded to obtuse; apex rounded to obtuse; petiole 0.2-1.6(-2.5) cm long, 1/4-2/3 of the leaf blade length, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0(-5) prickles. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral, 2-6.5 cm long, unbranched or forked, with (1-)2-20 flowers, 1-10 flowers open at any one time, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0(-5) prickles; peduncle 0.1-0.4(-1.5) cm long; pedicels 0.2-1 cm long, erect, articulated at the base, densely stellate-pubescent, with 0(-6) prickles; pedicel scars spaced 0.5-1.5 mm apart. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx 2-4.5 mm long, the lobes 0.5-2 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, deltate, apically acuminate, moderately stellate-pubescent, with 0(-5) prickles. Corolla 1.3-2.4 cm in diameter, mauve to purple, stellate, lobed ca. 4/5 of its length, the lobes 6-11 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, deltate, reflexed or spreading, stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.15 mm, the rays 4-10, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoints shorter than the rays or to 0.5 mm long. Stamens equal; filament tube ca. 0.1 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.7-1 mm long; anthers 4.5-7 mm long, connivent to spreading, tapering, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally. Ovary glabrous; style 0.9-1.2 cm long, slender, curved at the apex, glabrous. Fruit a globose berry, 1-10 per infructescence, 0.6-0.9 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, orange to red at maturity; fruiting pedicels 0.7-1.6 cm long, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter at the base, 2-2.5 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading to somewhat deflexed from the weight of the fruit, with 0(-10) prickles; fruiting calyx not accrescent, covering 1/4(-1/2) of the mature fruit, with 0(-5) prickles. Seeds ca. 5-15 per berry, 2.5-4 mm long, 1.8-3 mm wide, flattened-reniform, almost black, the testal cells somewhat sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation id="74BB1442380DF7D86CF6BFF27349392C" author="Khatoon, S" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B113" refString="Khatoon, S, Ali, SI, 1993. Chromosome atlas of the angiosperms of Pakistan. University of Karachi, Karachi." title="Chromosome atlas of the angiosperms of Pakistan. University of Karachi, Karachi." year="1993">Khatoon and Ali 1993</bibRefCitation>
), 2n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation id="B6B80565E2A97CB4B3BD9E5E79546999" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.106.108" author="Al Wadi, HM" journalOrPublisher="Online Journal of Biological Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="106 - 108" refId="B1" refString="Al Wadi, HM, 2002. Cytomorphology of three Solanum species in the Aseer Region, South-West Saudi Arabia. Online Journal of Biological Sciences 2 (2): 106 - 108, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.106.108" title="Cytomorphology of three Solanum species in the Aseer Region, South-West Saudi Arabia." url="https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.106.108" volume="2" year="2002">Al Wadi 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4246BFA0B9E9E6385A7169567E11604A" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689716" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph id="F59EAAD9C8A0BD3683853DE271911960" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="776E6FE66809F4862CBE823CC90E66A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E360D244D019D2F11A1939D47AB642B0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forsskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsskalii">
<emphasis id="C8659F35E74EF2BD8483021A6D92D1F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forsskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal. Herbarium specimen collected in India in 1973 (
<emphasis id="E311FEA37BCB337CF010642DA232A414" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tiwari 941</emphasis>
, CAL0000031126). Photograph credit: © The Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78B7C7255D59257FE95877F5237C4D23" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="96ADE0A4B9175E521EDDCAF6DC8C2AAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7B590B4C6A5E2BD12E44F1D729C29A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="C245AAF50CDC132CEC57A87611EC4F06" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="89A9A618AD2F747FE021C2BE9D729B27" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution of S. forsskalii." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689717" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4DE462C08A58E247D1F90099799F6E49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="C5E83BD6123082A41CE07E5593E2FAD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found from northeastern Africa and Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan and western India (Rajasthan and Gujarat).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BC073B384A2BB5EB659A49FC24ED491" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="F0CD5DE76246644589DB9272076842E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44ABDB05BB66D92E787FFD682F5AE542" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6625946267F3E0EBC91073EF7580045A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="0917EE58BA29BF77115D7F6AC06C1E87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a desert plant growing on stony ground and rocky slopes, often on granite, elevation not recorded on herbarium sheets we have seen from India (from sea level to 2,000 m elevation fide
<bibRefCitation id="CCEE32AE989760DA0AA350FB6F092313" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4033362950EA1202666078D236123A6C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="BF7D2283CA50573A432A0F0D5DEA3479" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B8B1F6FC435F9D7EC7D9801BC4C80DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
India. Rajasthan: nar-kanta [Hindi] (
<bibRefCitation id="448B898C08C11C8619D3A32F3BDE88D5" author="Singh, V" editor="Shetty, BV" journalOrPublisher="2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="562 - 579" refId="B227" refString="Singh, V, 1991. Solanaceae. In: Shetty, BV, Singh, V, Eds., Flora of Rajasthan Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta: 562 - 579" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Rajasthan Vol." year="1991">Singh 1991</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="86A12179CB92AC4CE59A81133F8BC945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albicaule" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="albicaule">
<emphasis id="78AE1B65BD9CEFE6C754E1572A370918" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. albicaule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8D78AF768E7223AF55BFB926D5633C2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="9DAF09EDF6EF3A0DB293A9A3329727E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B767DFE37B06A716E3F4F4F9A155D288" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="CFDB0627D3C456BC2895BBD1C34D10A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="4C0CE6B3CC34AC864A57968AF4F48950" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T101526207A101526210.en" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B126" refString="Knapp, S, 2021b. Solanum forskalii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T101526207A101526210. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T101526207A101526210.en" title="Solanum forskalii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e. T 101526207 A 101526210." url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T101526207A101526210.en" year="2021 b">Knapp 2021b</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="082C7C20EFA347C7B4D59ADB090F9FEC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="15238481AB313224041E16ADBBB852B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been formally assessed as least concern (LC; https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/101526207/101526210).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F9B4762382550BC60950E307B5209274" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="DC90D9F3D74337FCF5E7F8F0AE683BBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="071408CB885A0BD17AFE3BC7C2CA9B48" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Although
<bibRefCitation id="5064A3913AC3BCEC1AF995FB9F576B11" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp (2016)</bibRefCitation>
suggested collections of
<taxonomicName id="84F42F71AA5B8E80219A55E442434303" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="C40BAE4368D7EA3337A3D5BF50738319" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from India might be accidental introductions, it is reported as fairly common in the Indian state of Rajasthan (
<bibRefCitation id="2D81960121FB6C427153926D55AF1956" author="Singh, V" editor="Shetty, BV" journalOrPublisher="2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="562 - 579" refId="B227" refString="Singh, V, 1991. Solanaceae. In: Shetty, BV, Singh, V, Eds., Flora of Rajasthan Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta: 562 - 579" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Rajasthan Vol." year="1991">Singh 1991</bibRefCitation>
). It is easily recognised by its white-coloured stems, resulting from the dense pubescence of overlapping stellate trichomes with long, delicate rays, and abundant, recurved prickles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12613F56D54410F517FCB2AED021FAEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="16B7C4F9CF90E8A74B88E6D97EF3B67E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="65B6F2820F405C63E7F24477FC30312A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="09EC3131439E26CD6BE4948684B42CF4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cordatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
<emphasis id="5FA96A39FECE234629F7E6903A087A12" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cordatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its porrect trichomes with 6-10 rays over 0.15 mm long on the young stems (versus trichomes with 12-18 rays under 0.15 mm long on the young stems of
<taxonomicName id="9024F1DAE161D0F52B06A746BA90920A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cordatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
<emphasis id="1DF6C706560BDC35AB1DB0776467B1F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cordatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 1-20 flowers per inflorescence (versus 1-2 flowers per inflorescence in
<taxonomicName id="15670C89B95BC40398B481F419EC7F2F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cordatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
<emphasis id="98C28114C66EDF8F4C711E9D48B17686" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cordatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and anthers 4.5-7 mm long (versus anthers 3-5 mm long in
<taxonomicName id="8D29B35708BCE90078645EA2CF687EBD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cordatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
<emphasis id="F00252FC1867C27170365DCE40A1C8E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cordatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The trichome rays of
<taxonomicName id="AFBF0DD7347014599C5C74A99C8B5D5E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="9BBBDE7F3723D7B2B3BC4902F0B65CE3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much thinner and more delicate than those of
<taxonomicName id="7CDE63071126AE22D5C68FC05669D46F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cordatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
<emphasis id="41399233E95859E99E3DB832839B20FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cordatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which appear stout and almost lepidote. There is considerable variability within
<taxonomicName id="83132442F85BA359F9CF980C01500D5C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="AD485039B712BE6BC4B4A026E2937FA7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Africa with respect to inflorescence length, prickle size and trichome midpoint length (
<bibRefCitation id="737155EB7C79B152E2BB834B6ADFD94A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the &quot;spiny solanums,&quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums, &quot; Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1C788A80029078A013346BE51F498B9C" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689717" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph id="6C3C59342A6320247BC08B2F09727E0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6CEC5753F97FA732C64AFBCF417DA0E8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 24.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4F02ECC9FD76931A1C146660188E9E34" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. forsskalii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forsskalii">
<emphasis id="B231E48F299B3A7B685FB381A02DB77E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. forsskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7C352B0B2F3B8B8AFD01E4F15BFF3920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="45565B1F59B6797C2C9881750898F5CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8039A3D8D8C3811999A774C16479CFFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>