313 lines
36 KiB
XML
313 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="C3CE2D802CB143185B6A9E75135FB346" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole navigans Forel, stat. rev., stat. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C3CE2D802CB143185B6A9E75135FB346" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3CE2D802CB143185B6A9E75135FB346" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName authority="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans Forel</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="38" pageNumber="39">stat. rev., stat. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 80, 88h
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="navigans" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="navigans">navigans</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" race="navigans" rank="race" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens r. navigans</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="43 - 82" title="Formiciden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Neue Calyptomyrmex-, Dacryon-, Podomyrma- und Echinopla-Arten." volume="18" year="1901 a">Forel 1901a</bibRefCitation>
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: 79 (s.w.) GERMANY (intercepted in quarantine from Veracruz, Mexico) [MHNG, examined photographs of CASENT0908269 (s.), CASENT0908270 (w). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 419. stat. rev., stat. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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(nec Forel): M.R.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MR" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="US Dep. Agric. Agric." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="343 - 374" title="Family Formicidae." volumeTitle="Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Synoptic catalog Second supplement" year="1967">Smith 1967</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wojcik, DP" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative Economic Insect Report" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="First report of Pheidolemoerens in Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="1975">Wojcik 1975</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Glancey, BM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="191 - 197" title="Ants of Mobile County, AL, as monitored by bait transects." volume="11" year="1976">Glancey 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="163 - 176" title="A review of the ants of the Florida Keys." url="10.2307/3495364" volume="71" year="1988">Deyrup 1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Dash, ST" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1056 - 1066" title="Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1056" volume="101" year="2008">Dash 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="MacGown, JA" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="571 - 576" title="A new apecies of Pyramica Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Mississippi, U. S. A." url="10.1653/024.093.0415" volume="93" year="2010">MacGown 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Guenard, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 36" title="Ants of North Carolina: an updated list (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="3552" year="2012">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guénard">Guenard</normalizedToken>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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. [We propose the preceding authors misapplied the name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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Forel to material considered here as referring to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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Forel.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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remains a valid name].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Color reddish brown. MajorHW 0.84-0.88, HL 0.88-0.91, SL 0.46-0.48, CI 95-99, SI 53-56 (n=4). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7). Longitudinal carinae of the frons extend to approximately an
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<normalizedToken originalValue="eye’s">eye's</normalizedToken>
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length distance from the posterior head margin (Fig. 25). Rugae of posterolateral lobes predominantly longitudinal. Posterior head margin always free of distinct rugae (Fig. 25) or rugoreticulum (Fig. 27). Microsculpture of posterolateral lobes glossy to weakly punctate. Antennal scrobe distinct and narrow, shallow but capable of receiving the entire antennal scape in repose (Fig. 71a); bordered by strong, unbroken frontal carina mesially (Fig. 71b); depression marked by a continuous smooth surface entirely (or nearly entirely) uninterrupted by rugulae. Hypostoma with stout median and submedian teeth. Promesonotal dorsum with distinct transverse striae (Fig. 21). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Promesonotum not strongly transverse with strongly projecting sides in dorsal view (Fig. 29). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). Postpetiole relatively narrow in dorsal view; distinctly less than 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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petiolar width (Fig. 30). Gaster with entire first tergite glossy (Fig. 32). MinorHW 0.40-0.45, HL 0.45-0.50, SL 0.40-0.44, CI 86-92, SI 96-102 (n=8). Head covered in punctate microsculpture, giving it a dull appearance (Fig. 37). Antennal scapes reach or weakly surpass posterior head margin; if they do it is usually by a distance less than eye length. Antennal scapes with standing hairs present (Fig. 56). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Hairs on mesosoma fine and flexuous, not arranged in pairs. Pronotal humeri not angular. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). Postpetiole relatively narrow (Fig. 30); distinctly less than 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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petiolar width in dorsal view. Gaster with entire first tergite glossy (Fig. 32).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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is a small, short-limbed, reddish brown species that belongs to the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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complex. See discussion under corresponding section of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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complex for how to distinguish this species from introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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outside the complex. Within the complex, minor workers are impossible to distinguish based on known characters. Major workers can be separated from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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by the combination of predominantly longitudinal rugae on the posterolateral lobes, the more distinct and narrow antennal scrobe bordered mesially by strong, unbroken frontal carina, and the more continuously glossy scrobe depression.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Although the type locality of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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is Germany, the species was originally described by Forel from specimens intercepted during quarantine inspection of orchids originating from Veracruz, Mexico. We revive this name from synonymy and elevate it to species rank so that it can be applied to a putative species that has recently established in the southeastern United States and Hawaii. This ant has most often been referred to as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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since it was first reported from Alabama nearly fifty years ago by M.R.
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MR" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="US Dep. Agric. Agric." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="343 - 374" title="Family Formicidae." volumeTitle="Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Synoptic catalog Second supplement" year="1967">Smith (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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. However, the examination of type specimen photographs (MCZ-ENT00009137) suggests that these introduced populations are heterospecific with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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Whether the introduced populations are actually conspecific with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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Forel will require a thorough revision of this taxonomically vexing species complex. Of all the type material we have examined, however, that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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bears the closest resemblance in gross morphology. Thus we propose
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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Forel be used in place of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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for referring to the aforementioned introduced populations. Future systematic study of this species should also examine
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="floridana" subspecies="aechmeae">Pheidole floridana subsp. aechmeae</taxonomicName>
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(currently synonymized under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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, but also recorded from Veracruz, Mexico) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. mediorubra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="mediorubra">Pheidole flavens var. mediorubra</taxonomicName>
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Santschi (described from Loreto, Argentina and currently treated as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole alacris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alacris">Pheidole alacris</taxonomicName>
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Santschi).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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The major workers of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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differ from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
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in the following respects. They exhibit a distinct and narrow antennal scrobe capable of receiving the entire antennal scape in repose. The scrobe is bordered by a strong, unbroken frontal carina mesially, and the depression is marked by a continuous smooth surface entirely (or nearly entirely) uninterrupted by rugulae. The rugulae of the frons extend to approximately an
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<normalizedToken originalValue="eye’s">eye's</normalizedToken>
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length distance from the posterior head margin. The anterior portion of the promesonotum is crossed by long and distinct transverse striae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
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The examined major workers of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
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from Alabama (CASENT0106664) and Venezuela (CASENT0248831), along with those from Florida and Hawaii, and a specimen imaged from Paraguay (CASENT0178020), share a notably consistent morphology for being spread across such as wide range. The characteristics shared among these majors include the following. Frontal carinae strongly produced, forming the mesad border of a shallow but well-demarcated antennal scrobe capable of accommodating the entire scape in repose. Antennal scrobe weakly foveolate. Cephalic carinulae mostly longitudinal with very little reticulation posterior to the eye. Cephalic carinulae extending up to, but not beyond the medial excision (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘V’">'V'</normalizedToken>
|
||
) of the posterior head margin. Promesonotal dome with a relatively low profile, mesonotal declivity short and relatively gradual. In dorsal view, promesonotum weakly punctate, anterior portion with distinct transverse carinulae. Although we tentatively treat the specimen from California (CASENT0005742) as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it differs morphologically from the aforementioned specimens and bears closer resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="exigua" variety="tuberculata">Pheidole exigua var. tuberculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mayr (currently synonymized under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The similarity of these northern hemisphere specimens to the one from Paraguay raises the possibility that these putatively conspecific populations originated in South America. Indeed, the Paraguay specimen was collected in the Reserva Natural del Bosque
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mbaracayú">Mbaracayu</normalizedToken>
|
||
near the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
|
||
- a region infamous for serving as a cradle of ant invasion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suarez, AV" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="351 - 360" title="The evolutionary consequences of biological invasions." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03456.x" volume="17" year="2008">Suarez and Tsutsui 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
In Florida,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
) nesting under boards, at base of oak trees and fence posts, along roots, under palm leaves, inside wall crevices, and rarely in the ground. The chambers are built with small soil or debris particles and have small openings. Most nuptial flights occur in July. The species was found to practice dependent nest founding, but became monogynous before the first brood was reared. Mature colonies can support over 100 majors and over 500 workers. They feed on seeds and scavenge and prey on small dead or live arthropods, and forage very close to the nesting sites.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also provided observations of this species (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Florida, adding that it occurs in both disturbed areas and mesic or moist woods, also nests in hollow twigs, nuts and in leaf litter, and is occasionally arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The precise native range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown, but it is certainly of Neotropical origin. The record of the species from the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
|
||
region of South America suggests it could be South America. We tentatively treat both known South American records (Paraguay and Venezuela) as native, and the Mexican record as introduced, but other scenarios are equally possible.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first reported as introduced in the United States by M.R.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MR" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="US Dep. Agric. Agric." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="343 - 374" title="Family Formicidae." volumeTitle="Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Synoptic catalog Second supplement" year="1967">Smith (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
has since been applied to North American records from Alabama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Glancey, BM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="191 - 197" title="Ants of Mobile County, AL, as monitored by bait transects." volume="11" year="1976">Glancey et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MR" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="US Dep. Agric. Agric." pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="343 - 374" title="Family Formicidae." volumeTitle="Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico Synoptic catalog Second supplement" year="1967">Smith 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), California (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garrison, RW" journalOrPublisher="Los Angles County, Agricultural Commissioner's Office, not-numbered" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" title="New agricultural pests for southern California. Two new ants, Pheidolefervens (figure 2) and Pheidolemoerens (figs 1, 3)." year="1996">Garrison 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" title="The first record of the ant Pheidolemoerens Wheeler from the western United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="73" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="163 - 176" title="A review of the ants of the Florida Keys." url="10.2307/3495364" volume="71" year="1988">Deyrup et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wojcik, DP" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative Economic Insect Report" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="First report of Pheidolemoerens in Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="1975">Wojcik et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Louisiana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dash, ST" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1056 - 1066" title="Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1056" volume="101" year="2008">
|
||
Dash and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooper-Bùi">Hooper-Bui</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Mississippi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MacGown, JA" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="571 - 576" title="A new apecies of Pyramica Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Mississippi, U. S. A." url="10.1653/024.093.0415" volume="93" year="2010">MacGown and Hill 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North Carolina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guenard, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 36" title="Ants of North Carolina: an updated list (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="3552" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guénard">Guenard</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Texas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We tentatively treat all of these records as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the California and Texas records could also belong to another species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. In the Pacific,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
is established in Hawaii (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruner, DS" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="35 - 40" title="Two ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to the Hawaiian Islands." volume="74" year="2003">Gruner et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We cannot confirm whether the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
records from Cocos Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solomon, SE" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="415 - 423" title="The ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) fauna of Cocos Island, Costa Rica." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[415:TAHFFO]2.0.CO;2" volume="88" year="2005">Solomon and Mikheyev 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or the indoor records from a butterfly house in the northwestern United States (collection code KRW26Feb99) refers to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
or another member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="flavens" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
The species most often referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole moerens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moerens">Pheidole moerens</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southeastern United States, and treated here as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been expanding its range since it was first reported in Alabama in 1967. However, this species is not considered a major pest and is only occasionally reported to enter houses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Louisiana
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered a pest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dash, ST" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1056 - 1066" title="Species diversity of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Louisiana." url="10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.1056" volume="101" year="2008">
|
||
Dash and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooper-Bùi">Hooper-Bui</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole navigans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="navigans">Pheidole navigans</taxonomicName>
|
||
could become more regionally and possibly globally widespread in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |