433 lines
54 KiB
XML
433 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="55433" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732615197594" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6DA54881B168328A64DF1C7045CD4E53">A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="31F9501E7FC614C44F0D44175EFEC9AA">Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="65272145D2BB1319DECCC9C2E44AEB92">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="33F1B178A879CF52E62B223C0E0C0395" type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D244F7D0A33F43945443E3E272B827BD">Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="15DBD1930D95164A09577EE5EB918D48">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B84A259792E309B4DF9F90E2D13E02B1">Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FCF5B57941FF62B837B39BE0ADF59AB6">Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A587243FA8E42C9E574E80EE4FF0D418">Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E5D31E7551D29C5101E966FBCD9F388F">Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="66980F74053D59849293F3B298FB7753">Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FC3925E99CA735F9B045066381532640">Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:identifier id="881417A4D46D5DE78D4BC16B775C090D" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520405" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Xenidae" scope_order="Strepsiptera">
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<subSubSection id="A16A92C3F8753017A65D54561FB7F5CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="617B45192DE1A7C2478E4871214B6E0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="CC13B1A83FC083EB063AF49DFC24B000" ID-CoL="BG8LT" LSID="BA7C77AF-5024-5248-96C3-B7DE6E89776A" authority="Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res." authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="12D663434781ADD77609AE0977339FE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="52D14C697CBD649C53D9297F6441390F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="C9CA20340D55E799C55E21191DE56C56" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveira, 1966: 358. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="533E22E025FFE4EFD7C118EC083CF856" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos fluminensis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluminensis">Brasixenos fluminensis</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveria, 1966, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4FCD89114A6D4A3D097A6DB627C2F7AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9057372DA73FAF89B4D6E4E07CE9D20C" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi, 1793 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="156938A94B28FE2588648D1CD65E5511" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
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: 160).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="41033D61292A579BBC5CFFEE906B6810" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8795DF722DF80387741822266092F44F" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (restored from synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation id="21918031DB386E079AADE50699A1224B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" author="Trois, CAC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="267 - 291" refId="B116" refString="Trois, CAC, 1988. Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 5: 267 - 291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" title="Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" volume="5" year="1988">Trois 1988</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 268).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="80E9A3DC97F2CC2BAD26E6F2E81F34BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D205B4A68843C253E0E762B89F1703E7" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi, 1793 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="546A67BFDF1F0B3DFE17FC9E7A6FC45A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" author="Cook, JL" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 267" refId="B14" refString="Cook, JL, 2019. Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 145: 121 - 267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" title="Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" volume="145" year="2019">Cook 2019</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 232).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="668E2E3884E281BD0DBB2A645E678499" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="790A4C00872D6E0D0A14AC81C38F20E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="671EF4A0B08BE79D76EED37C54FE8390" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Maxilla distinctly reduced, flattened, anteriorly rounded, not distinctly prominent; fused to labial area but well defined by its strong sclerotization, conspicuous compared to usually pale cephalothorax as in
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<taxonomicName id="FBD1C125E3E0F8BCD400BCCC2CB546B5" authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AD1EF938648BA83FA98F112C22508126" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some species of
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<taxonomicName id="C330F60B035A4E599CAC9CA3B9EE92EA" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="05F91FB13EDB09E452F5413E34624A46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Maxillary bases appear connected and fused to each other. Vestigial palps differ from those of all other genera, preserved only as inconspicuous concavity on wrinkled maxillary surface, without any vestigial plate. Located anteriorly on ventral side of maxilla, at level of mandibles (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="EFA4A5FB2A47824A865B6774C6035933" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
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). Clypeal area not delimited from labral area, apparently more or less fused (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="755A77D3F7F6F6DB76A496502FC54B4A" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
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). Mandible nested in capsule. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName id="56CD6B9C3D7D523AEE13BDF06455F6C5" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21C0FE4DDFAC4B566D099455BA49267F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5A16BFD1A834FE05BB9F46EB13FC59CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6BCC4CD11CF35C242CAB8CB43EEC46A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="57EDEAB37DBD22D572708FFF9F0BA15B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="492CDA56E977A68560F3A0CCFE87BDE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact and usually ovoid, ca. as long as wide, or slightly wider, rarely longer than wide. Abdominal segment I of some species extruded laterally, forming corner below abdominal spiracles. Species relatively variable in size, length 0.76-1.62 mm, maximum width 0.72-1.74 mm. Anterior head margin evenly rounded or protruding. Thorax slightly to strongly widening posteriorly, sometimes subparallel. Coloration mostly pale, with light shadows of brown dominating. Some parts of cephalothorax, especially maxillae, dark and sclerotized.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A4F76D1178B33A11642670791FAE0BE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="C9758845420874882964420659163443" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Including lateral extensions ~ ⅓-
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<normalizedToken id="75903A48C9516287EDA621F736A8F88C" originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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as long as entire cephalothorax. Color pattern formed by shades of pale and dark brown, with maxillae always dark. Clypeal area not delimited from labral area, apparently more or less fused, slightly or distinctly protruding anteriorly, always forming clypeal lobe (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="3D7CC12BD2F2F9EBD7E2BE9B4272D987" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
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). Surface wrinkled apically on clypeal lobe (sometimes with lamellar structures), smooth ventrolaterally and dorsally. Clypeal surface with ~ 50-70 sensilla or more. Border between clypeal and frontal region indistinguishable. Frontal area smooth. Segmental border between head and prothorax difficult to recognize on dorsal side in some specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C301C42E569FDAD98EB0BD43AE9723DF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="8AC30C6EBC2E72485132720D8B4D0892" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with dispersed sensilla. Not delimited or indistinctly by furrow on medial side.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E3E29480E3AA3BD05300621E3F6ABCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="730EF0FBD5C27FA7A7DF8F6B302B531A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
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Preserved only as elongated depression or inconspicuous furrow (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="016608C6D2B59ECD6985BBEC4BC21E3D" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rounded plate, small cavity or sensilla missing. Periantennal area slightly wrinkled or smooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A53D1C108CCCF8F4F19E49DEF20122DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="884DF5863F649626A79C932659D99766" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field slightly wider than long, nearly circular. Dorsal field anterior to mouth opening slightly arcuate, at least 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="533DF777351C4A6FD9BE0B61B09DA8BC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long at midline, with setae inserted in cavities on surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="51146E366B893D4E7EAC07D49D647046" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="595ED00CEB6F2E086D1B70A5EB2531F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteriorly to anteromedially directed at angle of 40-70°, enclosed in capsule. Mandibular bulge sometimes indistinct, with up to ten spine-shaped or blunt sensilla, or lacking these structures. Cuticle completely sculptured or partially smooth. Tooth narrow, armed with several rows of spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD25DA4BBAF406CC6A4437C11BA0C1C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A8B20FD5C8F933F48827C33C2A58AE52" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Reduced and not protruding, fused to labium but clearly indentifiable by distinct sclerotization; appearing connected and fused medially, with sclerotization continuous along birth opening. Cuticle distinctly wrinkled. Apical maxillary region almost reaching upper edge of mandible in some species. Vestige of palp present as inconspicuous cavity on wrinkled maxillary surface, lacking vestigial plate. Located anteriorly on ventral side, at level of mandibles. Maxillary base slightly raised and less sclerotized than anterior region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6B5E58620DACA727800121FA3D55C022" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Apoica pallens (Fabricius) stylopized by female of B. araujoi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Submaxillary groove slightly produced posterolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD3B89728D1D1361772124A3A79C1555" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
|
||
<paragraph id="7A554701D2052231D39CE90A5AA7A194" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="34A41D49FC1EDCD2D1A0AD4611928122" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 20.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3DE3F54ABC8ED2155992BB5A8A9200A" authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="489EE8D921EA6361C4AA06B28CA88A3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="02EA9619E3AD4E064126CC82BDF1E71C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C09A1FFBB903EA486ECBC6BC32F6150" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Apoica" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apoica pallens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="047AA3FC93AFB00682E61C736CB7B069" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Apoica pallens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius) stylopized by female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3556CC51F81785AFDB4EFEA183FBA79" lsidName="B. araujoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D15942D4CCEEEF9134820582513E32B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="27176B31A685A521977345C85E3C1DB5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of host abdomen with adult female inside
|
||
<emphasis id="6900A5EB6D6282B2C1A96593D7818EEA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side of cephalothorax
|
||
<emphasis id="3C4B88C9659A4F02DEFB1D7820B79A38" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6833761111E26D99856975414A11E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A385E17E8FD22CE850AEA41084F0E5A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area recognizable between maxillae but fused with them, anteriorly delimited by mouth opening; convex, wider than long in midline, pale laterally, strongly sclerotized medially and around mouth opening. Cuticular surface smooth or wrinkled, with wrinkles indistinct on well sclerotized areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9EC9C970A4FD49FFE7352ED9DA61E90" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7E24C350B31B63FB687DF804AB54A89" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Arcuate to distinctly U-shaped, sclerotized around margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4F4329792ABB34B1ACAD5AAEB5EA35DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2868A7D8DE22911C39F5C741EC8E9027" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually indicated by pigmented stripes or changed coloration on dorsal side. Mesal furrows absent. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually indicated by change in coloration or cuticular sculpture, separating ridge indistinct. Cuticle of thoracic segments with smooth surface on the ventral side, in some cases with small scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax usually completely smooth. Prosternal extension not very distinctly prolonged, usually evenly arched. Thoracic segments constricted laterally, distance between lateral extensions of head and spiracles thus reduced (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1405D410755EF76CEAAA2C7855AB81A2" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Apoica pallens (Fabricius) stylopized by female of B. araujoi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9A1C044B525186AD3929DF21CBB044AC" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F7391BA4C348B21B37B9539A7FF3F4E2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
|
||
<paragraph id="9A2D75892C4A60063BF705070B958EF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="98477A94BE77CA1DB7F4701E0AC678AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="403B7B832EEB2DA8C56FD39E55AAF701" authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="6C89D8C191D36EE08BB124C954CC26B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="5AEE905BA2CE863325500F78C13B1E6D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="65719FE25EB5640E2D46E419708E3084" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="BCA64E39864FD6BFEA405DCEC0EAA600" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="BD8BA0AFFE56A76DD380FE6DCCEF69B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="E58DF30B01A88D7713FE7E73F6754A7E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="8947131D6BFAB2D66C71ED9BF61E6759" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4FDD674884555180FB96585C4116B4C2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8C9740AA6F82496E804A23E59FB8795B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC654107E029CC9819D96005C56688DA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FA0D6114A4FB24F4823A110EF245175" authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D82C51FD0D9BDBAB384D2CC25324BE30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="6605DAF8145998332342D49E7DC36919" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="81288F4DBCA2B2084EECB1A89CBC9352" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis id="FD55C8A0E0F9DD754DBA0745A86FE041" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="3FF456AD719032B297A09A775B9A411C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="D1B1988D8F27BCFAB66384A9CCEFD511" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis id="DFD6F3221556D168BCC367BA00DC2BCC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5758E63390D71664AC96BFF715A41DCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="BEAA4E07E38FEE10FEFDA57F56C569A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles situated on posterior half or posterior third of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with anterolateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D189809B807B1956040F43C970D95C88" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="4854FED499C5B48C59A2AB3F33688B5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="22A1633FD39921CA4B146641CA530991" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Differing from other genera by fusion of maxilla with cephalotheca. Maxillary cuticular surface with longitudinal grooves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="431A113F0E8B106B863167E21CDC995E" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vestige of maxillary palp visible (distinct in optical microscope, very inconspicuous on SEM micrographs) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="28E5E8BFA4A49458339780400C6708ED" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="18E8546EED249F78B02994A5D1950025" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
|
||
<paragraph id="1915EBC2045C2B0C2B457F5AA1784EE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFD2136AB140F936D7DB46D86D0867B4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F11C9FFB42D9D23AC086C8C6410157F" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="869C0FAAC91506AF85DD94ADEFA3E139" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis id="D7A8C37F7139A200D00D57FD4E10F216" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="CC875B7B34BD519952F55205732C4578" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="0B8B6FEB0D8155DD1ACE8FF4D7CC033B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="1BEE7EEB3CFAF9B54A56DBD669DBDA77" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis id="67FB966E83E0C71988B1B300F693A530" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4000CD1EA15832C980CB0E8AF4AAD751" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="72D23ECF8B672A3B63DFCF85F59670F6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7C48A23B74F8BE4A52DCC26AB8C94E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BFA263F4892AD413EE62866B634733F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Laterally rounded in frontal view, elliptic, in lateral view pointed anteriorly. Coloration mostly dark, but with some lighter areas such as ocular region or surroundings of maxillary palps (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="236928A145BE5550F2C1B9C7F4406F95" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="54023C75024BFD6322C9B341EC57491C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFCB9E08C527BD6F115BBB8CFC0C92A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale ocular background. Clypeus with longitudinal pale line (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B8E0E62653AD044C9165DD3F5FCCF754" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clypeal lobe arcuate or straight in frontal view, prominent in lateral view; with sensilla evenly dispersed. Frontal region with conspicuous impression (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="38A9528D71381F8B7254758BD2FBA0C3" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye large,> 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="87ABAEDD30A8CEDCABE374A4218229DA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Occipital bulge absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="29C901C59386A1C53D4763757BA89176" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="127049F70491E99E2B753EE4119BEF00" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, medially delimited by frontal impression, with visible but indistinct furrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="533BEBA36AA666D297E14BE1B4A2059F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACB4624837D1BE0990BB33E0B2484698" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, small, with complete torulus. Periantennal area indistinct but present. Sensilla usually absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8423FE5CD1EC9749971F4BF08F85A1F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FE4AC5315CE8B6420E00542606F16342" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area well visible but dorsal field not clearly separated from clypeus. Setae on dorsal field present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D2B4C98F119F6D4536B29A3509428BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="EC06E964AFA9EB77018CDA08F466A292" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed, pale centrally and dark laterally. Mandibular bulge not conspicuous, with several sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2B259126976626755F06E43F9CFF8868" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB1DC0B334A4AA20988A37DDDC2C998E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Not recognizable as separate structure, fused with cephalotheca. Cuticular surface of maxillary area sculptured, with longitudinal grooves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FDA5926346DD976AF7D3B19697518BFE" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vestige of palp well visible (with light microscope, very indistinct on SEM micrographs) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E02AF0033F43F58BEE5C6876DDD28581" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CAB575FA0B7C589B747E1CE53FED1975" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FBDA2E17F82B4058EFD67FA258C8CCFD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, inserted between and below maxillae, completely dark. Praementum and postmentum very indistinctly separated. Hypopharyngeal protuberance recognizable, not well delimited.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="30B5C1F99713436A8E0AD43F2287D2B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1639262A7CDE7EEBC361A7C8D7C0060E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, U-shaped, partially covered by ventral labral field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A75508355AEC4D0166C0F19799A12E30" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph id="A9A47B6571A6F8D1B6F9F995CE8D36A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="30C07903983901136F86CC5231155C6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Sister to a large clade containing representatives of genera previously known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDEDA4EA03B6B0B8C96A077F0968F01" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E60CA1F1EC17E19F517DABFD38A4443" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F45CC3BF7C8DF95E3EDDF53E4F23BA19" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A8C59FF2BD3DF2B91A9E986B973E7660" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FA1311D5791046ADFF4D9C9AFDDF98B" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="80E8764649C63581FE7C770C58E4B046" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="19617C35E5D3622EF2579FB6EF2D3EC1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CA9EED395E23B235CD4D2C3ED0A33B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8C5094DB2A36B69FE8D29805CE90D61C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C4BDBE9DF0295EA6316112CAFE2CB464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31A27EF69B264C1FFAAFAF7808DF821C" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with origin in the New World and restricted to this region. Comprising seven species, all of which are known from Brazil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="432E129AEDD785E0168C69D2B2F40BB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B12BBC155ED954F850FA7FFE27D7943" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FADFA9B0D893F0BAA63609A40A528AF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Various genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="30469EBD6BE3FE23DF5387B539778B35" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1867" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Epiponini">Epiponini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8723B0151128843012EC59FB183E72AD" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DC30CC235EA2DC182F75F2FEBA8EFC1" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polistinae">Polistinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B92BACBE07165A252F55F9E1220ADB4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="B61AD11F9DB7DDC982690A7BF7CC0545" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2430970BC0FF71775E31289F7D58D342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD096995AB3E3E49DA553CCC5EBEBC03" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B9597D6AB60F13121E6FD126107F058" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described and differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA62C47860EA478A13A7D7353F8E8509" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="727CD1DE16DB564AC7743B8D74C3CC28" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="272FE485459F3A1B672962E8FAD0B7D7" author="Kogan, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 360" refId="B58" refString="Kogan, M, Oliveira, SJ, 1966. Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 26: 345 - 360" title="Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera)." volume="26" year="1966">Kogan and Oliveira (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but the description of the female cephalothorax was superficial. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C5D6F99EF258FAC19AB52452C9F2CD3C" author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9E2CFE1F6A0CD54018E94E45F57A204" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="67E0B74FFBE408D939FA481AFB431885" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E719D183845273009181B03A86B53D1E" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5EB340A7C145814A2C91B592F3B014A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F8DCFCC5CE15D550A6EFFF4ECA41AEBA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" author="Trois, CAC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="267 - 291" refId="B116" refString="Trois, CAC, 1988. Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 5: 267 - 291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" title="Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" volume="5" year="1988">Trois (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted to reinstate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5149B709F05CC197A696283B82CB4A9C" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BECD1221F73BFFAC766D5EB9557C67FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus. Nevertheless, no author has followed this opinion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E79DC47C4BBC8C1E018DBF3A9E84C684" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" author="Cook, JL" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 267" refId="B14" refString="Cook, JL, 2019. Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 145: 121 - 267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" title="Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" volume="145" year="2019">Cook 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6027C9E331686B6AFB9A47708E781D4E" author="Kogan, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 360" refId="B58" refString="Kogan, M, Oliveira, SJ, 1966. Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 26: 345 - 360" title="Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera)." volume="26" year="1966">Kogan and Oliveira (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
expected a close relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CEAA895394996DC3EA1D1F2D72F36F1F" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2B1B67C2305F7D973CB0D1A7B9F5BE88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02EDED91ABFFEA074EC10CAA1C618975" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="150F6146AB690330E774B01E29617122" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D895BBB90900BB52201AB0E488687E7C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed the group as a separate lineage unrelated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58131F75B03A0DA1E89C12CCBD27C94C" authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="911E91038514B53EE48617592D7AA991" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We classify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B3EE80A595102D02CADA46710828644" authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2384F546E85C40D70647DB9E11CB9A4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus, based on a molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F421DBD756847F7815170D8599D28DB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="72958EF63836B09207A79CCD4A82791E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |