258 lines
20 KiB
XML
258 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.496.9433" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7cd23cb-e931-434a-b2e6-5a00372dbe83" ID-PMC="PMC4410153" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-496-1" ID-PubMed="25931952" ID-ZBK="DF8A04579D36424EB0BD792CB232C109" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-496-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 496" ModsDocTitle="Cyphastreakausti sp. n. (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia), a new species of reef coral from the Red Sea" checkinTime="1451244447524" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bouwmeester, Jessica, Benzoni, Francesca, Baird, Andrew H. & Berumen, Michael L." docDate="2015" docId="B9A1A8A22F60ABEC7A27E8959A59956A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 496: 1-13" docOrigin="ZooKeys 496" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.496.9433" docTitle="Cyphastrea kausti Bouwmeester & Benzoni, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="39E6E02E-B176-4ADB-9175-0E8C29C8D74C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="E75C0271FFCCA75E9A4E2C1AFF983A65" masterDocTitle="Cyphastreakausti sp. n. (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia), a new species of reef coral from the Red Sea" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668160192132" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cyphastreakausti sp. n. (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia), a new species of reef coral from the Red Sea</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bouwmeester, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benzoni, Francesca</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Baird, Andrew H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Berumen, Michael L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>496</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>13</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.496.9433</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.496.9433</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-496-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">DF8A04579D36424EB0BD792CB232C109</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DF8A04579D36424EB0BD792CB232C109</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059449" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:39E6E02E-B176-4ADB-9175-0E8C29C8D74C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9A1A8A22F60ABEC7A27E8959A59956A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taxon classification Animalia Scleractinia Merulinidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/39E6E02E-B176-4ADB-9175-0E8C29C8D74C" authority="Bouwmeester & Benzoni" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti Bouwmeester & Benzoni</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 2, 3a, c, e, 4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Type material.Holotype: MNHN-IK-2012-14236 (KAUST SA1307). Type locality: Fsar (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.229666">N 22°13.78'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="39.02883">E 39°01.73'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 13.6 m, coll. J. Bouwmeester 20/10/2013.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Paratype: MNHN-IK-2012-14237 (KAUST SA522). Sodfa (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.201166">N 22°12.07'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="38.958668">E 38°57.52'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 2.0 m, coll. D. Huang, 24/04/2013.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="other material (red sea, saudi arabia)">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other material (Red Sea, Saudi Arabia).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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SA443 Qita al Kirsh (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.426666">N 22°25.60'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="38.996166">E 38°59.77'</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. F. Benzoni, 18/03/2013; SA446 Qita al Kirsh (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.426666">N 22°25.60'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="38.996166">E 38°59.77'</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. F. Benzoni, 18/03/2013; SA498 Sodfa (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.201166">N 22°12.07'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="38.958668">E 38°57.52'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 10.4 m, coll. D. Huang, 24/04/2013; SA607 Abu Madafi (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.062166">N 22° 3.73'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="38.763668">E 38°45.82'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 6.1 m, coll. J. Bouwmeester, 28/04/2013; SA643 Tahla (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.284">N 22°17.04'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="39.051666">E 39° 3.10'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 6-12 m, coll.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">J</pageBreakToken>
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. Bouwmeester, 08/07/2013; SA644 Tahla (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.284">N 22°17.04'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="39.051666">E 39° 3.10'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 6-12 m, coll. J. Bouwmeester, 08/07/2013; SA973 Magna (Gulf of Aqaba),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="28.403833">N 28°24.23'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="34.740665">E 34°44.44'</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. F. Benzoni, 29/09/2013; SA1103 Shaybarah (Al Wajh),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="25.3615">N 25°21.69'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="36.9125">E 36°54.75'</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. F. Benzoni, 03/10/2013; SA1121 Marker 9 (Yanbu),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="24.442667">N 24°26.56'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="37.247665">E 37°14.86'</geoCoordinate>
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, coll. F. Benzoni, 04/10/2013; SA1165 Marker 9 (Yanbu),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="24.442667">N 24°26.56'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="37.247665">E 37°14.86'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 12.5 m, coll. J. Bouwmeester, 04/10/2013; SAE015 Fsar (Thuwal),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="22.229666">N 22°13.78'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="39.02883">E 39°01.73'</geoCoordinate>
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, depth 12m, coll. J. Bouwmeester, 21/09/2014.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description of holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The holotype is part of a 12 cm high and 17 cm wide encrusting colony living on an inclined surface (Figure 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
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), and is constituted of two fragments sampled from a single colony (Figure 2a). The first fragment is the bigger of the two, bell-shaped, 4.5 cm high and 3.8 cm wide (Figure 2a, left). The second fragment is smaller, triangular-shaped, 2.5 cm high with a 2.5 cm base (Figure 2a, right). The number of septa is eight but in a small number of corallites (4/40), the number of septa is seven or nine. The septa are exsert and carry densely ornamented spines. The costae are composed of a line of ornamented spines, which continue on the coenosteum, adding to its already dense and elaborate arrangement of ornamented spines. The columella is trabecular and surrounded by a crown of paliform lobes (Figure 2c). Extra-calicular budding can be observed on both fragments (Figure 2a). The calice diameter of the corallite is 1.11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.06 mm and the corallite diameter is 1.77
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.14 mm. The corallite density varies from 13 to 22 corallites per cm2 (Figure 2c).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. a holotype, two fragments (MNHN-IK-2012-14236) b paratype (MNHN-IK-2012-14237) c skeletal detail of holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-14236)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d–f">d-f</normalizedToken>
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SEM images of SA1121
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<normalizedToken originalValue="g–i">g-i</normalizedToken>
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SEM images of SA1103. Scale bars: 10 mm (a, b); 3 mm (c, d, g); 1 mm (e, h); and 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(f, i).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The number of primary septa in
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is typically eight (Figures 2e, h, 3e) but in some cases, seven, nine, or even ten septa can be observed in some corallites of the same colony. However, the majority of corallites have eight primary septa and the average number of septa throughout examined samples is 8.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.4 (61 corallites examined from four specimens). This character distinguishes it from
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
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, which on average has 9.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.5 primary septa per corallite, although in one case a corallite with eight septa was observed (Table 1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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In
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. the calice diameter of the corallite is 1.01
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.13 mm and the corallite diameter is 1.62
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.19 mm. This is smaller than in
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
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, which has a calice diameter of 1.27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.11 mm and a corallite diameter of 2.01
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.18 mm (Table 1).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Figure 3. a, c, e
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. a holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-14236) c, e SEM images of SA607 b, d, f
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
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b holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-14002, photo by AF Budd, with permission from MNHN-Paris) d, f SEM images of SA159. Scale bars: 5 mm (a, b); 3 mm (c, d); 1 mm (e, f).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The corallite density is highly variable between colonies of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. but also within a colony, and varies from 11 to 31 corallites per cm2 (e.g. Figures 2c, e, 3c). The corallite density is generally lower on convex surfaces, and higher on concave surfaces, but remains highly variable between colonies, and is not dependant on depth. Indeed, SA607, which had the lowest number of corallites per cm2, was sampled at 6 m depth, shallower than the other colonies examined here. In a similar way, corallite density is also highly variable in
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
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and varies from 11 to 33 corallites per cm2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The first order septa are clearly exsert, the second order septa are weak and never reach the columella, and the third cycle of septa is absent (Figures 2, 3a, c, e). A distinct crown of eight ornamented paliform lobes, corresponding to the number of first
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">order</pageBreakToken>
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septa, surrounds the columella (Figure 2c). Columella is trabecular and compact (Figures 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="h–i">h-i</normalizedToken>
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, 3c, e). Septal teeth are prominent and ornamented, and granules are scattered on the septal face (Figure 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="e–f">e-f</normalizedToken>
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). Costae are composed of a continuous or dotted line of ornamented spines, which become more and more spaced out while
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">extending</pageBreakToken>
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on the coenosteum, blending in with the already dense arrangement of ornamented spines, which covers the remaining of the coenosteum (Figure 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="c–i">c-i</normalizedToken>
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). The height of each corallite is also variable, leading to colonies with corallites appearing more exsert than in others (e.g. Figure 4e-f).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="field characteristics and identification">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Field characteristics and identification.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Colonies of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Cyphastrea</pageBreakToken>
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kausti
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. are encrusting (Figures 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
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) to submassive (Figure 4d), often growing on inclined substrate, and are found mostly at 6-12 m depth although they have been observed at 2.0-13.6 m depth. They appear similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
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but close observation of the corallites will reveal the typical eight-arm snowflake septal arrangement (Fig. 2, 3a, c, e). The size of the colonies is variable but generally is 10-60 cm. Colour in the field is cream, yellow, or brown.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="a–b">a-b</normalizedToken>
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holotype (MNHN-IK-2012-14236) living colony (Fsar, 13.6 m depth) c SAE015 d SA498 e SA607 f SA446 g SA644 h 7887. Scale bars: 1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
This species is named after the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), which has facilitated a considerable increase in marine biodiversity research in the Red Sea since its opening in 2009. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. was first observed by the authors on Al Fahal, a reef in front of KAUST, in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea kausti" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kausti">Cyphastrea kausti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has been recorded in the northern and central Red Sea, from Magna in the Gulf of Aqaba, to Thuwal (Figure 1). It was not found in the southern Red Sea, where a similar sampling effort was made.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |