204 lines
18 KiB
XML
204 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.83.783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d9d1d7ca-4021-4202-90a4-4b25a5d113c6" ID-PMC="PMC3082966" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-83-43" ID-PubMed="21594087" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-83-43" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 83" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomy and biology of two seed-parasitic gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new species" checkinTime="1451250774509" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hu, Bingbing, Wang, Shuxia, Zhang, Jing & Li, Houhun" docDate="2011" docId="A82ACCD250D576B76FA835C2D9A2561E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 83: 43-56" docOrigin="ZooKeys 83" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.83.783" docTitle="Conopomorpha flueggella Li, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="0C64865AFFC5930E6E1AD451FF95210F" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biology of two seed-parasitic gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668167101236" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy and biology of two seed-parasitic gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hu, Bingbing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Shuxia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Jing</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Li, Houhun</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>83</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>43</mods:start>
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<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.83.783</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.83.783</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-83-43</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159361412" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A82ACCD250D576B76FA835C2D9A2561E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A82ACCD250D576B76FA835C2D9A2561E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:66017EDE-6984-4D06-B309-9414D0BE3C19" authority="Li" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella Li</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="45">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 5-101113
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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Holotype ♂ - China, [1] Tianjin: Baxian Mountain [40°11'03"N, 117°32'55"E], | Ji County, 600 m, 23.VII.2009, | Bingbing Hu reared [from fruit of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Flueggea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Flueggea suffruticosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suffruticosa">Flueggea suffruticosa</taxonomicName>
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(Pall.) Baill.]. [2]
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Conopomorpha</taxonomicName>
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| flueggella | Li, sp. nov.Holotype
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="46" start="start">♂</pageBreakToken>
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. Paratypes - 82 ♂♂, 172 ♀♀, same data as for holotype except date and altitude: 19-24.VIII.2007, 10.V.-26.VII.2008, 16.V.-30.VIII.2009, 290-600 m; 1 ♂, Limutai (40°11'17"N, 117°33'23"E), Ji County, 360 m, 24.VI.2009, coll. Bingbing Hu.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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This species is similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha litchiella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litchiella">Conopomorpha litchiella</taxonomicName>
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, but distinguishable by the uniformly greyish brown to dark brown forewing with three pairs of stripes (more conspicuous when moths alive); the valva without protuberance on ventral margin distally and the saccus long linguiform in the male genitalia; the corpus bursae
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="47" start="start">shorter</pageBreakToken>
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than twice the length of the ductus bursae in the female genitalia; and the larva red-coloured. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha litchiella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litchiella">Conopomorpha litchiella</taxonomicName>
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, the forewing is whitish yellow in distal portion; the valva has one large and one small protuberance on ventral margin distally, and the saccus is very short and small; the corpus bursae is twice as long as the ductus bursae; and the larva is yellowish green.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
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Adult (Figs 5-6). Wing expanse 8.0-15.5 mm. Head grey to greyish brown, frons greyish white. Compound eye dark brown. Labial palpus white, second segment with outer surface and distal tuft of ventral surface fuscous, third segment porrect or obliquely upward. Maxillary palpus greyish brown to dark brown. Antenna with scape greyish brown, flagellum brown to dark brown ringed with greyish white basally. Thorax and tegula dark brown. Forewing narrow, costal and dorsal margins nearly parallel; ground color greyish brown to dark brown; costal and dorsal margins
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="48" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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three oblique greyish white stripes respectively, first costal stripe from near middle extending obliquely to end of cell; dorsal margin with black speck at basal 1/3; bluish grey fascia with metallic reflection extending from near costal 5/6 to dorsum and along termen, respectively, between them set a large black spot; cilia pale greyish brown except fuscous apically. Hindwing and cilia greyish brown. Fore and mid legs brown; hind leg greyish white, distal half of tibia dark fuscous on outer surface. Abdomen grey, with first two segments shining white; ventral surface with five pairs of dark brown stripes along lateral sides.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Male genitalia (Fig. 11). Tegumen narrowed gradually to rounded caudal margin, with lateral side straight. Tuba analis indistinct. Valva broad, slightly longer than tegumen; costa nearly straight, basal half slightly sinuate, apex rounded; ventral margin of valva roundly protruded medially, densely with fine hairs; sacculus narrow and short, about 1/4 length of valva. Vinculum broad and short, nearly quadrate. Saccus long linguiform, about half length of tegumen, rounded at apex. Phallus tubular, nearly straight, as long as valva, medially with dense small spines inside.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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Female genitalia (Fig. 13). Papillae anales short and small, sparsely with setae. Apophysis anterioris thicker than and 1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as apophysis posterioris. Antrum long funnel-shaped. Ductus bursae longer than apophysis anterioris, membranous except posterior 1/3 sclerotized and narrowed, medially expanded slightly and with longitudinal carinae. Corpus bursae membranous, prolonged pyriform, about 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as ductus bursae, with one side concave; signum large, rounded, situated at middle, covered with spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Egg. Flat, elliptic, 0.3 mm in length and 0.2 mm in width. Transparent membrane in surface, irregular meshy stripe on egg shell. Milky white, semitransparent; straw yellow when close to hatch.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Larva (Fig. 7). Young instar larva flat, yellowish white, semitransparent, segments distinct, with sparse setae, anterior end wider than posterior. Head capsule semicircular, brown; mandible strong, protruded like pincers. Mature larva 5.5-7.0 mm; head deep brown, anterior 1/2-2/3 of each segment on thorax and abdomen red, posterior 1/3-1/2 white. Body with sparse setae. Three pairs abdominal legs on segment 3, 4 and 5 respectively; anal leg protruded backward.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Pupa (Fig. 8). 4.0-6.0 mm, fusiform. Greenish yellow in early pupal stage, changing gradually to yellowish brown, blackish brown before eclosion. A corniform cocoon breaker on forehead. Forelegs to third abdominal segment, midlegs to fourth abdominal segment, hindlegs to seventh or eighth abdominal segment, wings to fifth abdominal segment, antenna to or slightly exceeding end of abdomen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Cocoon (Fig. 9). 7.0-9.0 mm, white, flat elliptic, with some white grains attached on surface.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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Figures 5-10. Life history of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella</taxonomicName>
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. 5 adult, holotype, male 6 female moth resting on a female flower at night 7 mature larva weaving pupal cocoon on a host leaf 8 pupa 9 pupal cocoon on a host leaf 10 infested fruit.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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Figures 11-14. Genitalia of two gracillariidspecies. 11
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella</taxonomicName>
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, male, paratype, slide No. BHY07239 12
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala relictella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictella">Epicephala relictella</taxonomicName>
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, male, slide No. BHY07296 13
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella</taxonomicName>
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, female, paratype, slide No. HBB09034 14
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala relictella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictella">Epicephala relictella</taxonomicName>
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, female, slide No. BHY08143.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="host plant">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Host plant.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName genus="Euphorbiaceae" lsidName="Euphorbiaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Flueggea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Flueggea suffruticosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suffruticosa">Flueggea suffruticosa</taxonomicName>
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(Pall.) Baill.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" type="life history">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="48">Life history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="5" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella</taxonomicName>
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has two generations annually in Tianjin, China (Table 1). The larvae feed on the seeds of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Flueggea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Flueggea suffruticosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suffruticosa">Flueggea suffruticosa</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 10). Mature larvae quit the fruits before they are ripe and pupate on leaves or leaf litter. The pupal stage lasts from 9 to 12 days. Adults of the second generation hibernate.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="49" start="start">Adults</pageBreakToken>
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occur from May to the first ten days of June, and from the last ten days of June to the first ten days of August. Adults can emerge during the whole day, but the peak occurs in the morning. The mating occurs usually in the morning. At night, the moths are actively drinking nectar and ovipositing. Adults come sometimes at light. A parasitic Ichneumonid species was reared from pupae collected on leaves of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Flueggea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Flueggea suffruticosa" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suffruticosa">Flueggea suffruticosa</taxonomicName>
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in the field.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Table-UUID="344B7666EE782AFBE0B4F73D92533318" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/344B7666EE782AFBE0B4F73D92533318" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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Table 1. Annual life history of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Conopomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopomorpha flueggella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flueggella">Conopomorpha flueggella</taxonomicName>
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in Tianjin, China.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<table pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="2">Months/Generations</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">1-4</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">5</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">6</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">7</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">8</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">9</th>
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<th colspan="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">10-12</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">F</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">M</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">L</th>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">China (Tianjin).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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The species name is derived from the larval host plant,
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Flueggea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Flueggea" order="Asparagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Flueggea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |