888 lines
81 KiB
XML
888 lines
81 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7894826" ID-ZooBank="BE0A07DB-170A-4B72-8178-9B8144C1FBF6" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1683182638917" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Archibald, S. Bruce & Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P." docDate="2023" docId="A148D509FFB4FFCCFF6D6D2CCC69F87D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5278.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5278 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cenocimbicinae Archibald & Rasnitsyn 2023" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="5D71AD71FFABFFEDFFFA6B55C878FFC9" masterDocTitle="Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera, ‘ Symphyta’) in the Paleogene: revision, the new subfamily Cenocimbicinae, and new taxa from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1683290186394" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera, ‘ Symphyta’) in the Paleogene: revision, the new subfamily Cenocimbicinae, and new taxa from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Archibald, S. Bruce</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4397-2497</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020 - 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V 6 T 1 Z 4, Canada. bruce. archibald @ ubc. ca; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4397 - 2497 & Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V 5 A 1 S 6, Canada Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States of America & Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia, V 8 W 9 W 2, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">bruce.archibald@ubc.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>A. A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117647, Russia & Invertebrate Paleontology Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom Corresponding author. bruce. archibald @ ubc. ca</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-05-04</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5278</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>38</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7894826</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">BE0A07DB-170A-4B72-8178-9B8144C1FBF6</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A148D509FFB4FFCCFF6D6D2CCC69F87D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A148D509FFB4FFCCFF6D6D2CCC69F87D" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection box="[151,730,1657,1683]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[151,730,1657,1683]" box="[151,730,1657,1683]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,730,1657,1683]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,730,1657,1683]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,351,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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and the history of Cimbicidae
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[151,1437,1723,2037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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The
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[204,333,1723,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
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first appears in the fossil record with one fossil of the extinct subfamily
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[1180,1362,1723,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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in the Selandian, which is dominant and diverse in the Ypresian and disappears after. A single specimen of the extant
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,335,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
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is known in the Ypresian. A small assemblage of the extant subfamilies
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[1161,1250,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[1307,1436,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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appears in the late Priabonian, the family is unknown the Oligocene, and then it reappears in the Miocene showing the modern pattern of dominance by the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[606,735,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[788,877,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<tableCitation box="[891,975,1867,1893]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="32.[152,244,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[166,1368,191,1985]" captionText="TABLE 1. Fossil record of Cimbicidae with selected references." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[151,1437,1723,2037]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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The family might have originated in the Paleocene, but this might also simply reflect the paucity of Paleocene and Late Cretaceous shale insect localities. They—and
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<taxonomicName box="[777,891,1939,1965]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Symphyta">Symphyta</taxonomicName>
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in general—are almost entirely absent in amber for an unknown reason. Their rich record in the Okanagan Highlands could be an artefact of unknown taphonomic factors favouring their preservation there.
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</paragraph>
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<caption box="[152,845,151,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[152,244,151,175]" targetBox="[166,1368,191,1985]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="32" targetType="table">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[152,845,151,175]" box="[152,845,151,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,271,151,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
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Fossil record of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[452,575,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
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with selected references.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<table box="[166,1368,191,1985]" gridcols="2" gridrows="45" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<tr box="[166,1368,191,215]" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<th box="[166,1368,191,215]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[739,847,191,215]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Paleogene</emphasis>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr box="[166,1368,231,255]" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<td box="[166,1368,231,255]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,273,231,255]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Paleocene</emphasis>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr box="[166,1368,271,295]" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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<td box="[166,762,271,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Selandian</td>
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</tr>
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<tr box="[166,1368,312,336]" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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<td box="[166,762,312,336]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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Menat Formation,
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<collectingCountry box="[419,488,312,335]" name="France" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">France</collectingCountry>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr box="[166,1368,352,376]" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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<td box="[166,762,352,376]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[261,426,352,376]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,392,416]" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<td box="[166,762,392,416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis box="[295,539,392,416]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cenocimbex menatensis</emphasis>
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Nel, 2004
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</td>
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||
<td box="[862,1368,392,416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName authority="Nel, 2004 Nel (2004)" authorityName="Nel, 2004 Nel" authorityYear="2004" box="[862,973,392,416]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cenocimbex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menatensis">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nel, A." box="[862,973,392,416]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="253 - 269" refId="ref18757" refString="Nel, A. (2004) New and poorly known Cenozoic sawflies of France (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Pamphilioidea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 51, 253 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 20040510208" type="journal article" year="2004">Nel (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<subSubSection box="[166,243,432,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,432,456]" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<td box="[166,1368,432,456]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,243,432,456]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Eocene</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,472,496]" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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<td box="[166,762,472,496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ypresian</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,512,537]" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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||
<td box="[166,762,512,537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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Okanagan Highlands,
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<collectingCountry box="[448,524,512,536]" name="Canada" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[573,624,513,537]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">USA</collectingCountry>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,553,577]" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
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||
<td box="[166,762,553,577]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[261,426,553,577]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,593,617]" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<td box="[166,762,593,617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,541,593,617]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Allenbycimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morrisae" status="n. gen. and sp.">
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<emphasis box="[295,541,593,617]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Allenbycimbex morrisae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[548,699,593,617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,619,593,617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[668,699,593,617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</td>
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<td box="[862,1368,593,617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,633,657]" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<td box="[166,762,633,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,544,633,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alaemacula" status="n. gen. and sp.">
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<emphasis box="[295,544,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma alaemacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[551,702,633,657]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[551,622,633,657]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[671,702,633,657]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</td>
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<td box="[862,1368,633,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[166,1368,673,698]" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<td box="[166,762,673,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,535,673,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brevilatum" status="n. gen. and sp.">
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<emphasis box="[295,535,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma brevilatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[541,692,673,698]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[541,613,674,698]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
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||
and
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[662,692,674,698]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</td>
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||
<td box="[862,1368,673,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,714,738]" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<td box="[166,762,714,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,525,714,738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciatum" status="n. gen. and sp.">
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||
<emphasis box="[295,525,714,738]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma fasciatum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[531,682,714,738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[531,603,714,738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
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||
and
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[651,682,714,738]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
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||
<td box="[862,1368,714,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,754,778]" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,754,778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,533,754,778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiclava" status="n. gen. and sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,533,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma longiclava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[540,690,754,778]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[540,611,754,778]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[660,690,754,778]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,754,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,794,818]" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,794,818]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,568,794,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipallidum" status="n. gen. and sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,568,794,818]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma longipallidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[575,726,794,818]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[575,646,794,818]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[695,726,794,818]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,794,818]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,835,859]" gridrow="16" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,835,859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,592,835,859]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longitenebricum" status="n. gen. and sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,592,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma longitenebricum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[599,749,835,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[599,670,835,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[719,749,835,859]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,835,859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,875,899]" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,875,899]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2023" authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[295,526,876,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Leptostigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="proxivena" status="n. gen. and sp.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,526,876,899]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leptostigma proxivena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[533,684,875,899]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[533,604,875,899]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[653,684,875,899]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,875,899]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,915,939]" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,915,939]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Subfamily
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,513,915,939]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,955,980]" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,955,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Genus and species
|
||
<emphasis box="[488,628,955,979]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,955,980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">herein</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,996,1020]" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,996,1020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Green River Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[471,568,996,1020]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[578,629,996,1020]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[261,427,1036,1060]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1036,1060]" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1036,1060]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[261,427,1036,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1076,1100]" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1076,1100]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,536,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Eopachylosticta byrami</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[549,714,1076,1100]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref17014" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1925) Fossil insects in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 64, 1 - 15. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 32410 # page / 7 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1925">Cockerell, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1076,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cockerell, 1925) Cockerell (1925)" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1925" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[862,1037,1076,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Eopachylosticta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="byrami">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[862,1037,1076,1100]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref17014" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1925) Fossil insects in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 64, 1 - 15. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 32410 # page / 7 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1925">Cockerell (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Malaise, R." box="[1047,1201,1076,1100]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 288" refId="ref18378" refString="Malaise, R. (1945) Tenthredinoidoa of south-eastern Asia with a general zoogeographical review. Opuscula Entomologica Suppl, 4 (288), 1 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11035894509446460" type="journal article" year="1945">Malaise (1945)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[197,307,1116,1140]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1116,1140]" gridrow="23" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1116,1140]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Priabonian</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1157,1181]" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1157,1181]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Florissant Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[446,701,1157,1181]" name="United States of America" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">United States of America</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[261,341,1197,1221]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1197,1221]" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1197,1221]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[261,341,1197,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1237,1261]" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1237,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,553,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Trichiosomites obliviosus</emphasis>
|
||
Brues, 1908
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1237,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Brues, 1908 Brues (1908)" authorityName="Brues, 1908 Brues" authorityYear="1908" box="[862,995,1237,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Trichiosomites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliviosus">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, C. T." box="[862,995,1237,1261]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="259 - 276" refId="ref16853" refString="Brues, C. T. (1908) New Phytophagous Hymenoptera from the Tertiary of Florissant, Colorado. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 51, 259 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 19923" type="journal article" year="1908">Brues (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1277,1301]" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1277,1301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,378,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1318,1342]" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1318,1342]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,531,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Floricimbex vetusculus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[544,708,1318,1342]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="49 - 50" refId="ref16986" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922) The fossil sawflies of Florissant, Colorado. The Entomologist, 55, 49 - 50." type="journal article" year="1922">Cockerell, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1318,1342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cockerell, 1922) Cockerell (1922)" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1922" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[862,1035,1318,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Floricimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vetusculus">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[862,1035,1318,1342]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="49 - 50" refId="ref16986" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922) The fossil sawflies of Florissant, Colorado. The Entomologist, 55, 49 - 50." type="journal article" year="1922">Cockerell (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1358,1382]" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1358,1382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,577,1358,1382]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Phenacoperga coloradensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[590,755,1358,1382]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="446 - 447" refId="ref16904" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907) Some Old World types of insects in the Miocene of Colorado. Science, 26, 446 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 26.666.446" type="journal article" year="1907">Cockerell, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1358,1382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cockerell, 1907) Cockerell (1907" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[862,1029,1358,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Phenacoperga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloradensis">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[862,1029,1358,1382]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="446 - 447" refId="ref16904" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907) Some Old World types of insects in the Miocene of Colorado. Science, 26, 446 - 447. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 26.666.446" type="journal article" year="1907">Cockerell (1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell, T. D. A." box="[1039,1093,1358,1382]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="113 - 114" refId="ref16947" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1908) The fossil saw-fly Perga coloradensis. Science, 27, 113 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 27.681.113. b" type="journal article" year="1908">1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rohwer, S. A." box="[1111,1264,1358,1382]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="521 - 530" refId="ref19150" refString="Rohwer, S. A. (1908) On the Tenthredinoidea of the Florissant Shales. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24, 521 - 530." type="journal article" year="1908">Rohwer (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[222,432,1398,1422]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1398,1422]" gridrow="30" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1398,1422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Baltic amber,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[364,432,1398,1422]" name="Russia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[261,513,1438,1462]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1438,1462]" gridrow="31" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1438,1462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Subfamily
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,513,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1478,1503]" gridrow="32" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1478,1503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[295,408,1479,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,372,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cimbex</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(larva)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1478,1503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Menge, A." box="[862,1009,1478,1503]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref18665" refString="Menge, A. (1856) Lebenszeichen vorweltlicher, im Bernstein eingeschlossener Tiere. Program Petrischule. Danzig, Kafemann, 32 pp." type="book" year="1856">Menge (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Handlirsch, A." box="[1019,1207,1479,1503]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="675 - 1130" refId="ref17737" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1907) Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen. IV. Tertiare Insekten. Ein Handbuch f ¸ r Palaontologen und Zoologen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 675 - 1130. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 34145" type="book chapter" year="1907">Handlirsch (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, APR pers. obs.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1519,1543]" gridrow="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,1368,1519,1543]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[748,839,1519,1543]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Neogene</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[166,257,1558,1582]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1558,1582]" gridrow="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,1368,1558,1582]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,257,1558,1582]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Miocene</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1599,1623]" gridrow="35" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1599,1623]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Aquitanian/Burdigalian</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1639,1663]" gridrow="36" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1639,1663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Masaragawa Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[474,532,1639,1662]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1679,1703]" gridrow="37" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1679,1703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,378,1679,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1719,1743]" gridrow="38" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1719,1743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
?
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[314,427,1719,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[314,391,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cimbex</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1719,1743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fujiyama, I." box="[862,1032,1719,1743]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="35 - 56" refId="ref17458" refString="Fujiyama, I. (1985) Early Miocene insect fauna of Seki, Sado Island, Japan, with notes on the occurrence of Cenozoic fossil insects from Sado to San-in District. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 18, 35 - 56." type="journal article" year="1985">Fujiyama (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1760,1784]" gridrow="39" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1760,1784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Burdigalian/Langhian</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1800,1824]" gridrow="40" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1800,1824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Shanwang Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[452,513,1800,1824]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[261,378,1840,1864]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1840,1864]" gridrow="41" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1840,1864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,378,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1880,1904]" gridrow="42" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1880,1904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,516,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cimbex chromoptera</emphasis>
|
||
* Zhang, 1989
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1880,1904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="* Zhang, 1989 Zhang (1989)" authorityName="* Zhang, 1989 Zhang" authorityYear="1989" box="[862,1001,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chromoptera">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1001,1880,1904]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1921,1945]" gridrow="43" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1921,1945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,620,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pseudoclavellaria autochthona</emphasis>
|
||
(Zhang)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1921,1945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zhang) Zhang (1989)" authorityName="Zhang" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[862,1004,1921,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Pseudoclavellaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autochthona">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1004,1921,1945]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1013,1213,1921,1945]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1139,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1368,1961,1985]" gridrow="44" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<td box="[166,762,1961,1985]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,566,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pseudoclavellaria bicolor</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang, 1989
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1368,1961,1985]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang, 1989 Zhang (1989)" authorityName="Zhang, 1989 Zhang" authorityYear="1989" box="[862,1001,1961,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Pseudoclavellaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1001,1961,1985]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[1110,1421,2002,2026]" box="[1110,1421,2002,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1110,1421,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<tableNote box="[1110,1421,2002,2026]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[166,1368,191,1985]" targetPageId="32">......continued on the next page</tableNote>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[166,412,161,185]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[166,250,161,185]" targetBox="[166,1295,202,1071]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="33" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[166,412,161,185]" box="[166,412,161,185]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">TABLE 1. (Continued)</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<table box="[166,1295,202,1071]" gridcols="2" gridrows="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,202,226]" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th box="[166,765,202,226]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,378,202,226]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,242,267]" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,242,267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,600,242,266]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pseudoclavellaria longiclava</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[614,744,242,266]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,242,267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zhang, 1989) Zhang (1989)" authorityName="Zhang" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[862,1004,242,266]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Pseudoclavellaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longiclava">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1004,242,266]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1013,1213,242,267]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1139,242,266]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,282,306]" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,282,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,530,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinocimbex pellucidus</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,659,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,282,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang et al., 1994 Zhang et al. (1994)" box="[862,1058,282,306]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Sinocimbex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F. & Sun, B. & Zhang, X." box="[862,1058,282,306]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20422" refString="Zhang, J. - F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X. (1994) [Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 298 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,985,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,323,347]" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,323,347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,508,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sinocimbex silaceus</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,636,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,323,347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang et al., 1994 Zhang et al. (1994)" box="[862,1058,323,347]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Sinocimbex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silaceus">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F. & Sun, B. & Zhang, X." box="[862,1058,323,347]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20422" refString="Zhang, J. - F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X. (1994) [Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 298 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,985,323,347]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,363,387]" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,363,387]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,380,363,387]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,403,427]" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,403,427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[303,648,403,427]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lonicerae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,351,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,485,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">lonicerae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C. von" box="[491,648,403,427]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref18273" refString="Linnaeus, C. von (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. decima tertia, ad Editionem duodecimam reformata. Holmiae Direct, Laurentii Salvii, Typis Ioannis Thomae nob, De Trattnern, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,403,427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F. & Sun, B. & Zhang, X." box="[862,1058,403,427]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20422" refString="Zhang, J. - F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X. (1994) [Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 298 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,985,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,443,468]" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,443,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,556,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pseudoclavellaria molpa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F. & Sun, B. & Zhang, X." box="[570,758,443,467]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20422" refString="Zhang, J. - F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X. (1994) [Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 298 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,694,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,443,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zhang et al., 1994) Zhang et al. (1994)" authorityName="Zhang" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[862,1061,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Pseudoclavellaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molpa">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F. & Sun, B. & Zhang, X." box="[862,1061,443,467]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20422" refString="Zhang, J. - F., Sun, B. & Zhang, X. (1994) [Miocene insects and spiders from Shanwang, Shandong]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 298 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,985,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1070,1270,443,468]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1145,1196,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,484,508]" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,484,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[261,341,484,508]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,524,548]" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,524,548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,454,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia maculosa</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang, 1989
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,524,548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang, 1989 Zhang (1989)" authorityName="Zhang, 1989 Zhang" authorityYear="1989" box="[862,1001,524,548]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculosa">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1001,524,548]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,564,588]" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,564,588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,497,564,588]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia paurocephala</emphasis>
|
||
Zhang, 1989
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,564,588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhang, 1989 Zhang (1989)" authorityName="Zhang, 1989 Zhang" authorityYear="1989" box="[862,1001,564,588]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paurocephala">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, J. - F." box="[862,1001,564,588]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref20381" refString="Zhang, J. - F. (1989) [Fossil insects from Shanwang, Shandong, China]. Shandong Science and Technology Publishing House, Jinan, 459 pp. [in Chinese with abstract in English]" type="book" year="1989">Zhang (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,604,629]" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,604,629]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,506,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia shandongensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hong, Y. & Wang, W." box="[519,732,604,629]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17833" refString="Hong, Y. & Wang, W. (1985) Miocene Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Shanwang, Shandong Province, China. Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum, 31, 1 - 22. [in Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1985">Hong & Wang, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,604,629]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hong & Wang, 1985) Hong & Wang (1985)" authorityName="Hong & Wang" authorityYear="1985" baseAuthorityName="Hong & Wang" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[862,1086,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shandongensis">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hong, Y. & Wang, W." box="[862,1086,604,629]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref17833" refString="Hong, Y. & Wang, W. (1985) Miocene Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Shanwang, Shandong Province, China. Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum, 31, 1 - 22. [in Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1985">Hong & Wang (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1095,1295,604,629]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1170,1221,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,645,669]" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,645,669]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,510,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia shanwangensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hong, Y. - C." box="[524,646,645,669]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref17793" refString="Hong, Y. - C. (1984 " 1983 ") Fossil insects in the diatoms of Shanwang. Bulletin of Tianjin Geological Institute, 8, 1 - 15. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1984">Hong, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,645,669]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hong, 1984) Hong (1984)" authorityName="Hong" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Hong" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[862,995,645,669]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shanwangensis">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hong, Y. - C." box="[862,995,645,669]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref17793" refString="Hong, Y. - C. (1984 " 1983 ") Fossil insects in the diatoms of Shanwang. Bulletin of Tianjin Geological Institute, 8, 1 - 15. [in Chinese with English abstract]" type="journal article" year="1984">Hong (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[1005,1204,645,669]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1080,1131,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,685,709]" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,685,709]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortonian</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,725,749]" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,725,749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Andance, Ardèche,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[421,490,726,749]" name="France" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[261,378,765,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,765,789]" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,765,789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[261,378,765,789]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,806,830]" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,806,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1791" box="[303,380,806,830]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,380,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cimbex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis box="[398,502,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">miocenica</emphasis>
|
||
Riou, 1992
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,806,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Riou, B." box="[862,988,806,830]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="115 - 120" refId="ref19108" refString="Riou, B. (1992) Premiere decouverte de Cimbex fossiles dans les terrains du Miocene ardechois (Hym. Cimbicidae). EPHE Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, Paris, 5, 115 - 120, 4 fig." type="journal article" year="1992">Riou (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nel, A." box="[998,1109,806,830]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="253 - 269" refId="ref18757" refString="Nel, A. (2004) New and poorly known Cenozoic sawflies of France (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Pamphilioidea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 51, 253 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 20040510208" type="journal article" year="2004">Nel (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,846,870]" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,846,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1791" box="[303,380,846,870]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Cimbex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,380,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cimbex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis box="[398,491,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">turoliana</emphasis>
|
||
Riou, 1992
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,846,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Riou, B." box="[862,988,846,870]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="115 - 120" refId="ref19108" refString="Riou, B. (1992) Premiere decouverte de Cimbex fossiles dans les terrains du Miocene ardechois (Hym. Cimbicidae). EPHE Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, Paris, 5, 115 - 120, 4 fig." type="journal article" year="1992">Riou (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nel, A." box="[998,1109,846,870]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="253 - 269" refId="ref18757" refString="Nel, A. (2004) New and poorly known Cenozoic sawflies of France (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Pamphilioidea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 51, 253 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 20040510208" type="journal article" year="2004">Nel (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[166,256,885,909]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,885,909]" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,1295,885,909]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,256,885,909]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pliocene</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,926,950]" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,926,950]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Piacenzian</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,966,990]" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,966,990]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Willershausen/western Harz Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[634,728,966,990]" name="Germany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,1006,1030]" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,1006,1030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[261,341,1006,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1295,1047,1071]" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<td box="[166,765,1047,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[303,351,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" genus="Abia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,351,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Abia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,453,1047,1070]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Zarea</emphasis>
|
||
) sp.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[862,1295,1047,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Steinbach, G." box="[862,1036,1047,1071]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="95 - 102" refId="ref19625" refString="Steinbach, G. (1967) Zur Hymenopterenfauna des Pliozans von Willershausen / Westharz. Bericht der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover, 111, 95 - 102." type="journal article" year="1967">Steinbach (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[151,741,1084,1109]" box="[151,741,1084,1109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<tableNote box="[151,741,1084,1109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[166,1295,202,1071]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
*Misspelled
|
||
<emphasis box="[288,411,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">chromptera</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D." box="[451,655,1084,1109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 1064" refId="ref19654" refString="Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Taeger
|
||
<emphasis box="[530,584,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, #2263)
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[151,1437,1154,1973]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Alternatively, this record might closely reflect their actual history (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Archibald S. B. & Rasnitsyn, A. P. & Brothers, D. J. & Mathewes, R. W." box="[990,1233,1154,1180]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="205 - 257" refId="ref16559" refString="Archibald S. B., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Brothers, D. J. & Mathewes, R. W. (2018) Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands. The Canadian Entomologist, 150, 205 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / tce. 2017.59" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Archibald
|
||
<emphasis box="[1109,1166,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[1252,1381,1154,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed on the leaves of angiosperms:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[491,580,1190,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[635,764,1190,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="S.F.Gray" authorityYear="1822" box="[807,933,1190,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[944,1110,1190,1216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caprifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1121,1264,1190,1216]" family="Dipsacaceae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="family">Dipsacaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1385,1191,1217]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,273,1226,1252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and the Corynidinae on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[553,702,1226,1252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Crassulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[714,852,1226,1252]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Geraniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[906,1058,1227,1253]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Papaveraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Papaveraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[1211,1395,1226,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are little known) (summarized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vilhelmsen, L." box="[497,692,1262,1288]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="103 - 127" refId="ref19825" refString="Vilhelmsen, L. (2019) Giant sawflies and their kin: morphological phylogeny of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology, 44, 103 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12314" type="journal article" year="2019">Vilhelmsen 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see references therein). All of these are present in the Okanagan Highlands except the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[402,542,1298,1324]" family="Dipsacaceae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="family">Dipsacaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[601,742,1298,1324]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Geraniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many genera of these families that are important today first appear there (
|
||
<emphasis box="[366,399,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crane, P. R. & Stockey, R. A." box="[423,691,1334,1360]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="2490 - 2500" refId="ref17071" refString="Crane, P. R. & Stockey, R. A. (1987) Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65, 2490 - 2500. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / b 87 - 338" type="journal article" year="1987">Crane & Stockey 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wolfe, J. A. & Wehr, W. C." box="[705,942,1334,1360]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref20268" refString="Wolfe, J. A. & Wehr, W. C. (1987) Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1597, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1987">Wolfe & Wehr 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wehr, W. C. & Hopkins D. Q." box="[957,1222,1334,1360]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref20127" refString="Wehr, W. C. & Hopkins D. Q. (1994) The Eocene orchards and gardens of Republic, Washington. Washington Geology, 22, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="1994">Wehr & Hopkins 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Greenwood, D. R. & Archibald, S. B. & Mathewes, R. W. & Moss, P. T." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="167 - 185" refId="ref17659" refString="Greenwood, D. R., Archibald, S. B., Mathewes, R. W. & Moss, P. T. (2005) Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 167 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 04 - 100" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Greenwood
|
||
<emphasis box="[1377,1437,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moss, P. T. & Greenwood, D. R. & Archibald, S. B." box="[223,417,1370,1397]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="187 - 204" refId="ref18690" refString="Moss, P. T., Greenwood, D. R. & Archibald, S. B. (2005) Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia-Washington State) from palynology. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 187 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 04 - 095" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Moss
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,350,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="DeVore, M. L. & Pigg, K. B." box="[430,669,1370,1397]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="45 - 57" refId="ref17231" refString="DeVore, M. L. & Pigg, K. B. (2007) A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 266, 45 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 007 - 0540 - 3" type="journal article" year="2007">Devore & Pigg 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="DeVore, M. L. & Pigg, K. B." box="[681,741,1370,1396]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="111 - 134" refId="ref17307" refString="DeVore, M. L. & Pigg, K. B. (2010) Floristic composition and comparison of middle Eocene to late Oligocene floras of North America. Bulletin of Geosciences, 85, 111 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1135" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mathewes, R. W. & Greenwood, D. G. & Archibald, S. B." box="[753,1002,1370,1396]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="574 - 590" refId="ref18539" refString="Mathewes, R. W., Greenwood, D. G. & Archibald, S. B. (2016) Paleoevironment of the Quilchena Flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene climatic optimum. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 574 - 590. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2015 - 0163" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Mathewes
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,934,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pigg, K. B. & Devore, M. L." box="[1014,1255,1370,1397]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="661 - 681" refId="ref18843" refString="Pigg, K. B. & Devore, M. L. (2016) A review of the plants of the Princeton chert (Eocene, British Columbia, Canada). Botany, 94, 661 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjb- 2016 - 0079" type="journal article" year="2016">Pigg & Devore 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The temperate montane Okanagan Highlands had a high diversity of insects and plants (woody dicots analysed) associated with climatic factors (Archibald
|
||
<emphasis box="[470,530,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010), and may have been the setting for the origin of modern microthermal northern forests that the great majority of extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[700,829,1478,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefer which later spread downslope into lowlands in the globally cooler Neogene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, A." box="[482,641,1514,1540]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="336 - 351" refId="ref17567" refString="Graham, A. (2011) The age and diversification of terrestrial New World ecosystems through Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. American Journal of Botany, 98, 336 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 1000353" type="journal article" year="2011">Graham 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[151,1437,1154,1973]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The only fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[383,567,1550,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
known is from the Ypresian megathermal lowland Green River Formation. The Priabonian record of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[487,616,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(excluding the single Baltic amber larva) is at Florissant, another upper microthermal montane forest, where only modern subfamilies are present. Such montane forest communities are rare in the insect fossil record, which might further bias our knowledge of the history of the family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[151,1437,1154,1973]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The limited morphological information available in known fossils indicates that the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[1159,1341,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a clade with the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[320,449,1730,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[505,594,1730,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on at least two synapomorphies of the forewing: 1, cell 2r together with the pterostigma is distinctly higher than cell 3r (Corynidinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[942,1130,1766,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: at most as high as 3r), and 2, crossvein 2r-m joins M distal of 2m-cu (basal in Corynidinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[919,1108,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The strongly bent crossvein 2r-m of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Archibald & Rasnitsyn" authorityYear="2023" box="[245,427,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cenocimbicinae">Cenocimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
separates it from the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[674,806,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[821,911,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it is straight or gently curved (we treat rare occurrences of a similar 2r-m in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[567,696,1874,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cimbicinae">Cimbicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1898" box="[748,837,1874,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Abiinae">Abiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as convergent).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[151,1437,1154,1973]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
This implies an unknown presence of Corynidinae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1938" box="[859,1043,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachylostictinae">Pachylostictinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
at least to the Selandian, and of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1825" box="[151,280,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Cimbicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cimbicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
originating earlier in the Paleocene or perhaps the Late Cretaceous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |