854 lines
135 KiB
XML
854 lines
135 KiB
XML
<document id="4F97E5E8CCE08BCD11B97124BE6D8425" ID-CLB-Dataset="66031" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5138.5.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3a41f47-f972-4b66-86b7-268328ce2183" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571869" ID-ZooBank="D5B670F9-1153-4C17-A642-CA61C7EA1A06" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1653289895174" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2022" docId="961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5138.5.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5138 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Peedeeaster sandersoni Mah 2022" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="545" masterDocId="6A28FF8FEB16FFFEF54CFFFD353E2B12" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of Goniasteridae, Peedeeaster sandersoni, and the first occurrence of Sclerasterias (Asteriidae) from the Cretaceous Peedee Formation of North Carolina" masterLastPageNumber="548" masterPageNumber="533" pageNumber="539" updateTime="1699339369838" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0FDC0B36211A5256C2BE8DC67BDD6BB5">A new genus and species of Goniasteridae, Peedeeaster sandersoni, and the first occurrence of Sclerasterias (Asteriidae) from the Cretaceous Peedee Formation of North Carolina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1411C69C4971B8747D942E42DE042E9D">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B04FAB07C170000F6C965E2BEC873095">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3D2AE8C0C0E5C59955D523CC6978A19D">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3E36E313EBE815F35B48F49CCBBF841F">2022-05-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="434E1EAA9D7516551FFEAD39A662DFC1">5</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E168012C2D2FD6224A24E69416388623" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5138.5.2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6616782" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195762078" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6616782" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB10FFF8F5DBFC9B37672893" box="[151,601,870,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F5DBFC9B37672893" blockId="6.[151,601,870,933]" box="[151,601,870,897]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<heading id="454F818DEB10FFF8F5DBFC9B37672893" bold="true" box="[151,601,870,897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB10FFF8F5DBFC9B37672893" bold="true" box="[151,601,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB10FFF8F5DBFC9B349B2893" ID-CoL="993G5" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,421,870,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni">Peedeeaster sandersoni</taxonomicName>
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nov. gen, n. sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB10FFF8F5DBFC7634E728B7" box="[151,473,906,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F5DBFC7634E728B7" blockId="6.[151,601,870,933]" box="[151,473,906,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F5DBFC76340728B7" box="[151,313,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Figures 3A–H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F409FC7634B428B7" box="[325,394,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">4A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F4DAFC7734E728B7" box="[406,473,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5A–B</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB10FFF8F5DBFC2E35F72F03" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F5DBFC2E35F72F03" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB10FFF8F5DBFC2E342028FF" bold="true" box="[151,286,979,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species epithet honors the specimens’ original collector Mr. David Sanderson of Cary,
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<collectingRegion id="DC7CF803EB10FFF8F059FC2E35FB2F03" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB10FFF8F5DBFBE7369A2FD7" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F5DBFBE7369A2FD7" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB10FFF8F5DBFBE7342C2F26" bold="true" box="[151,274,1050,1076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Goniasterid species with low columnar, hourglass shaped abactinal plates, round in cross-section, each covered by round granules. Marginal plates trapezoid to quart in shape, approximately four per interradius with enlarged triangular to trapezoid-shaped pre-terminal superomarginals and inferomarginals, covered with coarse round granules. Actinal surface covered by round, coarse granules. Furrow spines two, these blunt, cylindrical. Single subambulacral spine, large, twice thickness of furrow spines, pointed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB10FFF9F58BFB33317C2968" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F58BFB33371E2E23" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB10FFF8F58BFB3334672FFA" bold="true" box="[199,345,1230,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Description.</emphasis>
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Body pentagonal to weakly stellate (
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F7B0FB3236482FFB" box="[764,886,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F6CEFB3236F92FFB" box="[898,967,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">4A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F69FFB3331292FFB" box="[979,1047,1230,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5A–B</figureCitation>
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) but specimens show some distortion. (R/r=approximately 1.1–1.8). The most flattened specimen (USNM PAL 618276) shows R/r=1.25. Interradial arcs weakly curved. Armtips blunt.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF8F58BFAC634E72DAF" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
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Abactinal plates squat, columnar, round in cross-section, hourglass-like in overall shape (
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F1EEFAC630242E47" box="[1186,1306,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3C–D</figureCitation>
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) with abactinal and coelomic-facing surface of individual plate identical in size and weakly developed curve on central waist. Each abactinal plate surface with coarse granules, eight to 20 (mostly 12–15) (
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F15AFA7E314C2E8F" box="[1046,1138,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
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). Granules widely spaced. Individual plate surface was textured but it was unclear if granular pitting on plate surface was present. Specimen USNM PAL 618276 shows approximately 12 plates in radial series (
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F6D2FA3636C82EF7" box="[926,1014,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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) on two arms from primary circlet to where enlarged superomarginals are abutted. Approximately three shorter parallel ordered plate series adjacent to the central radial series along arm. Abactinal plates are mostly jumbled on USNM 618274 and 618275 (
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F056F9EE30A62D3F" box="[1306,1432,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Figs 3A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F5DBF9CB35832D43" box="[151,189,1590,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5A</figureCitation>
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). Fasciolar grooves present but extent of development (i.e. shallow, strongly developed) is unclear. Superomarginal plates form prominent border around abactinal surface, occupying approximately 25% (width of superomarginal/r= 0.4/1.6) of the abactinal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F725F98237FF2D8B" box="[617,705,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F781F98237CC2D8B" box="[717,754,1663,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F7B1F983361D2D8B" box="[765,803,1662,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Madreporite teardrop shaped approximately 3.0 mm in length, well developed sulci.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB10FFF9F58BF93A34852BC6" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
|
||
Marginal plates four per interradius (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F72DF93A37E62DF3" box="[609,728,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F7AFF93A36362DF3" box="[739,776,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F65FF93B36072DF3" box="[787,825,1734,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distalmost superomarginal and inferomarginal plates enlarged, abutted at arm tip, rectangular to trapezoidal in shape, about 1.5 to twice the size of marginal plates present interradially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F414F8F234932C3B" box="[344,429,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F4F5F8F234E52C3B" box="[441,475,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB10FFF8F4ABF8F337352C3B" box="[487,523,1806,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two superomarginals and inferomarginals per interradius in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB10FFF8F1A6F8F230242C3B" box="[1258,1306,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. Interradial superomarginal plates are trapezoidal to quadrate in shape with wide end in contact with the abactinal surface. Interradial superomarginal plates wide, with dimensions ranging from width only slightly greater than length to distinctly wider than long. Marginal plate surface covered by coarse, round granules, approximately three to four counted along a 1.0 mm line. Granules distributed uniformly over plate surface but irregularly becoming denser closer to contact with disk. No differentiation of granules on plate surface region. Where granules have been removed, weakly convex pitting is present, although on some marginals this pitted surface seems to have been eroded to a rough surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFF2030BB2A96" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Actinal surface partially complete on
|
||
<specimenCount id="08BEFD68EB11FFF9F739FF23362E2BE5" box="[629,784,221,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
(USNM
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F636FF2031342BEA" box="[890,1034,221,248]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618275</specimenCode>
|
||
) showing partial actinal interradius with complete actinal and adambulacral plate series. USNM
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F602FEFD36E22A08" box="[846,988,256,282]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618276</specimenCode>
|
||
with little to no actinal surface present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB11FFF9F5ECFEDE35C62A2C" box="[160,248,291,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Individual actinal plates diamond to polygonal in shape, present (based on partial series) in approximately four chevron-like rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB11FFF9F4FDFEBA37302A73" box="[433,526,327,353]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
). USNM
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F7CCFEBA36312A73" box="[640,783,327,353]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618274</specimenCode>
|
||
shows round to pointed, bullet-shaped, granules, two to twelve present on each plate surface, widely spaced. Plates on USNM
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F6E0FE9731072A97" box="[940,1081,362,389]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618275</specimenCode>
|
||
without surficial accessories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFE7034492926" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Adambulacral plates, approximately 30–35, from mouth to arm tip based on near complete series in USNM PAL 618275 and USNM PAL 618276. Individual plates wide (width>length) and narrow, rectangular in shape with indented edges. Furrow spines two, cylindrical, pointed. Subambulacral spine twice as thick as furrow spines, blunt and pointed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB11FFF9F462FE0A34BB2903" box="[302,389,503,529]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral plates with thick furrow spines, three to five, quadrate in cross-section, plate surface obscured by matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFDC0317C2968" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Ambulacral ossicles, approximately 25 partially visible via ambulacral grooves in
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB11FFF9F113FDC031FF2945" box="[1119,1217,573,599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with elongate shaft and well developed alveolus (following terminology of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F64BFD9C310B2968" author="Turner, R. L. & Dearborn, J. H." box="[775,1077,608,635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="239 - 262" refId="ref10285" refString="Turner, R. L. & Dearborn, J. H. (1972) Skeletal morphology of the Mud Star (Ctenodiscus crispatus) Journal of Morphology, 138 (2), 239 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051380207" type="journal article" year="1972">Turner and Dearborn 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="56A2656AEB11FFF2F58BFD7E314C2AE7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFD7E312829D0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BFD7E3487298C" bold="true" box="[199,441,643,670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Material Examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AED03CBCEB11FFF9F48EFD7E312829D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803441305" collectionCode="USNM, NC, R" county="Pender County" location="Rocky Point Member" municipality="Peedee Formation" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" specimenCode="PAL 618274" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F48EFD7E375F298F" bold="true" box="[450,609,643,669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB11FFF9F48EFD7E375F298F" box="[450,609,643,669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F73EFD7937FD298C" box="[626,707,644,670]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F781FD793660298F" box="[717,862,643,670]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618274</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="1B67603AEB11FFF9F620FD7E315A298F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7:1B67603AEB11FFF9F620FD7E315A298F" box="[876,1124,643,669]" county="Pender County" municipality="Peedee Formation" name="Rocky Point Member" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Rocky Point Member</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="FE63AC9BEB11FFF9F13DFD7E307F298F" box="[1137,1345,643,669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedee Formation</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="F7664E6DEB11FFF9F002FD7E35D529D3" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Pender County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F5BAFD5A341E29D3" box="[246,288,679,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">NC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F467FD5A340029D3" box="[299,318,679,705]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">R</collectionCode>
|
||
=2.0 r=~1.8 (body distorted but with complete furrow spination),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFD37374D281A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AED03CBCEB11FFF9F58BFD37302E29F6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803441302" box="[199,1296,714,741]" collectionCode="USNM" county="Pender County" location="Rocky Point Member" municipality="Peedee Formation" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" specimenCode="PAL 618275" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BFD37344B29F6" bold="true" box="[199,373,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB11FFF9F58BFD37345129F6" box="[199,367,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F433FD3734EE29F6" box="[383,464,714,740]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="4E1E9E9AEB11FFF9F496FD37375329F7" box="[474,621,714,741]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">PAL 618275</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="1B67603AEB11FFF9F730FD37364829F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:961187F7EB10FFF2F5DBFC9B314C2AE7:1B67603AEB11FFF9F730FD37364829F6" box="[636,886,714,740]" county="Pender County" municipality="Peedee Formation" name="Rocky Point Member" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Rocky Point Member</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="FE63AC9BEB11FFF9F6C8FD37316829F6" box="[900,1110,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedee Formation</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="F7664E6DEB11FFF9F128FD37302E29F6" box="[1124,1296,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Pender County</collectingCounty>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F052FD37307629F6" box="[1310,1352,714,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">NC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F01BFD37305429F6" box="[1367,1386,714,740]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">R</collectionCode>
|
||
=2.0 r=1.1 (partial actinal/adambulacral series).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFCED35C7285C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AED03CBCEB11FFF9F58BFCED31792838" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803441304" box="[199,1095,784,810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F58BFCED34262838" box="[199,280,784,810]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 618276, Rocky Point Member, Peedee Formation, Pender County
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F11FFCED31BE2838" box="[1107,1152,784,810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">NC</collectionCode>
|
||
.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F1DDFCED319A2838" box="[1169,1188,784,810]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">R</collectionCode>
|
||
=2.0 r=1.6 (no actinal surface).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFCAA348A2886" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AED03CBCEB11FFF9F58BFCAA31102863" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803441301" box="[199,1070,855,881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F58BFCAA34262863" box="[199,280,855,881]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 618277, Rocky Point Member, Peedee Formation, Pender County
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F174FCAA315C2863" box="[1080,1122,855,881]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">NC</collectionCode>
|
||
. (armtip and disk fragment),
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F5DBFC8735922886" box="[151,172,890,916]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">R</collectionCode>
|
||
=~1.3, disk incomplete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFC60307A28AA" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" box="[199,1348,925,952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="AED03CBCEB11FFF9F58BFC60315028A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3803441303" box="[199,1134,925,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F58BFC60342628A5" box="[199,280,925,951]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 618278, Rocky Point Member, Peedee Formation, Pender County,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F108FC60315028A5" box="[1092,1134,925,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">NC</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. (intact on matrix).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFC3D34052F56" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BFC3D34FB28C9" bold="true" box="[199,453,960,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Taxonomic Affinities.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F480FC3D376B28C8" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[460,597,960,986]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F480FC3D376B28C8" box="[460,597,960,986]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F717FC3D37FA28C8" bold="true" box="[603,708,960,986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="37FF5788EB11FFF9F717FC3D37FA28C8" box="[603,708,960,986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" rank="genus">nov. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
displays characters which are reminiscent of several extant goniasterid genera but could not be reconciled with any extant or extinct taxon. Argumentation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F1F6FC1E307D28EF" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1210,1347,995,1021]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F1F6FC1E307D28EF" box="[1210,1347,995,1021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s status is considered within the context of the problematic nature of goniasterid fossil taxonomy as outlined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F071FBFA34092F56" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="562 - 574" refId="ref7770" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2009) Implications for the study of fossil Asteroidea (Echinodermata) of new genera and species from the Eocene of Florida. Journal of Paleontology, 83 (4), 562 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 097 R. 1" type="journal article" year="2009">Blake & Portell (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFBB036D22FE6" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
The relatively few, interradial, trapezoidal-shaped marginal plates and the enlarged, triangular-shaped pre-terminal superomarginal and inferomarginal plates are comparable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F6DDFB8C31082F98" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[913,1078,1136,1162]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F6DDFB8C31082F98" box="[913,1078,1136,1162]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tosia australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differ in that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F04DFB8D30B42F98" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1281,1418,1136,1162]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F04DFB8D30B42F98" box="[1281,1418,1136,1162]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s marginal plate surfaces are covered by coarse granules. Abactinal and marginal plate surfaces in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F183FB69304D2FBF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1231,1395,1171,1197]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F183FB69304D2FBF" box="[1231,1395,1171,1197]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tosia australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are smooth and lack granules. The abactinal plates are columnar and hourglass-like in shape unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F187FB4A30392FC2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1227,1287,1207,1232]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F187FB4A30392FC2" box="[1227,1287,1207,1232]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or any of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F5DBFB2634042FE6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,314,1243,1268]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F5DBFB2634042FE6" box="[151,314,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Pentagonaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like goniasterids which have flat, smooth plates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F62BFB2736DE2FE6" author="Mah, C. L." box="[871,992,1242,1268]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="311 - 339" refId="ref9545" refString="Mah, C. L. (2007) Systematics, Phylogeny, and Historical Biogeography of the Pentagonaster clade (Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae). Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 311 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 06049" type="journal article" year="2007">Mah 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BFB0036E32D26" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F58BFB00346E2E05" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[199,336,1277,1303]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BFB00346E2E05" box="[199,336,1277,1303]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s body shape invites immediate comparison with other similar pentagonal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F188FB00305E2E05" box="[1220,1376,1277,1303]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with granular coverings and similarly columnar and hourglass-like abactinal (also called tabulate) plates, these including
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F5DBFAB934EF2E4F" box="[151,465,1347,1374]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F5DBFAB934252E4C" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,283,1348,1374]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ceramaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F46AFABE34EF2E4F" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[294,465,1347,1373]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Sphaeriodiscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F742FABE374D2E4F" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[526,627,1347,1373]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F742FABE374D2E4F" box="[526,627,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peltaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These three genera display unclear taxon limits and it is likely that several species or possibly one or two of these genera might better be treated as synonyms (Mah 2011). Comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F5B0FA7734BB2EB6" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[252,389,1418,1444]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F5B0FA7734BB2EB6" box="[252,389,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and exemplars from these three genera shows several differences between them, including a greater number of marginal plates in the extant genera (approximately six to ten from armtip to armtip) compared to consistently four per interradius (armtip to armtip) at a comparable size (
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB11FFF9F6ADFA2F36C82EFE" box="[993,1014,1490,1516]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">R</collectionCode>
|
||
=~1.1–1.8). Marginal plate shape also differs in that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F474FA0B34FF2D02" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[312,449,1526,1552]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F474FA0B34FF2D02" box="[312,449,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays trapezoid to quadrate shaped plates whereas the other three genera, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F5DBF9E7347C2D26" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,322,1562,1588]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F5DBF9E7347C2D26" box="[151,322,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays evenly quadrate marginal plates(
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB11FFF9F657F9E736EF2D26" box="[795,977,1562,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 4A–B, E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BF9C3376D2DD6" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F58BF9C3345F2D4A" authorityName="Halpern" authorityYear="1970" box="[199,353,1598,1624]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pillsburiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BF9C3345F2D4A" box="[199,353,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Pillsburiaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an extensive coarse granular covering but its abactinal plates are flattened rather than columnar and hourglass-like in shape. Genera such as
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F7A2F99F36432D6E" box="[750,893,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F7A2F99F36542D6E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[750,874,1634,1660]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Plinthaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB11FFF9F631F99F31732D6E" box="[893,1101,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 4A–B, 4C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F12EF99F31C42D6E" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1917" box="[1122,1274,1634,1660]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Glyphodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F12EF99F31C42D6E" box="[1122,1274,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Glyphodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and members of the Pentagonasterinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F4F6F97B37002DB3" author="Mah, C. L." box="[442,574,1670,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="131 - 167" refId="ref9504" refString="Mah, C. L. (2005 b) A phylogeny of Iconaster and Glyphodiscus (Goniasteridae; Valvatida; Asteroidea) with descriptions of four new species. Zoosystema, 27 (1), 131 - 167." type="journal article" year="2005">Mah 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F706F97B37B82DB2" author="Mah, C. L." box="[586,646,1670,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="311 - 339" refId="ref9545" refString="Mah, C. L. (2007) Systematics, Phylogeny, and Historical Biogeography of the Pentagonaster clade (Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae). Invertebrate Systematics, 21, 311 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 06049" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), show flattened and abutted abactinal plates rather than the columnar, hourglass shaped plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F48FF95737722DD6" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[451,588,1706,1732]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F48FF95737722DD6" box="[451,588,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB11FFF9F58BF933341F2CF6" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F58BF93337A22DFA" bold="true" box="[199,668,1742,1768]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Comparisons with other Fossil Genera.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparisons within the field of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F11EF93331F52DFA" baseAuthorityName="Mah & Blake" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1106,1227,1742,1768]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and especially the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB11FFF9F5DBF90F340B2C1E" box="[151,309,1778,1804]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, within the context of biology-based taxonomy requires a brief introduction to the practice and systematic usage of ossicles versus whole body fossils. Many, if not most, described fossil asteroid taxa are based on individual ossicles rather than complete body fossils. The use of individual ossicles has found significant use among paleontologists for inferring phylogenetic trends, paleoecology, and taxonomy (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F10DF8A331F72C6A" author="Villier, L." box="[1089,1225,1886,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="353 - 358" refId="ref10392" refString="Villier, L. (1999) Reconstitution du squelette d'asterides fossiles a partir d'ossicles isoles: interet taxinomique et phylogenetique. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, 328, 353 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1251 - 8050 (99) 80129 - 3" type="journal article" year="1999">Villier 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F19FF8A330A62C6A" author="Villier, L. & Breton, G. & Neraudeau, D." box="[1235,1432,1886,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="181 - 188" refId="ref10446" refString="Villier, L., Breton, G. & Neraudeau, D. (1997) Contexte paleocologique, biodiversity et signification biostratigraphique des asterides dans le Campanien stratotypique. Annales de la Societe geologique du Nord, Series 2, 5, 181 - 188." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Villier
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F06CF8A2306E2C6A" box="[1312,1360,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F5DBF87F345F2C8E" author="Villier, L. & Kutscher, K. M. & Mah, C. L." box="[151,353,1922,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="807 - 825" refId="ref10494" refString="Villier, L., Kutscher, K. M. & Mah, C. L. (2004) Systematics and paleontology of middle Toarcian Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the ' Seuil du Poitou', Western France. Geobios, 37 (6), 807 - 825. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.05.010" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Villier
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB11FFF9F5A9F87E34282C8E" box="[229,278,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB11FFF9F43FF87F374A2C8E" author="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W." box="[371,628,1922,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" pagination="562 - 574" refId="ref7770" refString="Blake, D. B. & Portell, R. W. (2009) Implications for the study of fossil Asteroidea (Echinodermata) of new genera and species from the Eocene of Florida. Journal of Paleontology, 83 (4), 562 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 08 - 097 R. 1" type="journal article" year="2009">Blake & Portell (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have re-emphasized the caution accompanying interpretation and use of individual ossicles in systematic work. Ossicle-based species utilized for comparison should be considered within this context.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BFF6A362D2AE7" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
Published North American Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F734FF6A362A2BA3" box="[632,788,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not appear to be abundant in the literature.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F05FFF6A342C2BC7" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F05FFF6A342C2BC7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F455FF4634982BC7" bold="true" box="[281,422,187,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">n. gen, n.sp.</emphasis>
|
||
invites comparison with other Cretaceous North American goniasterid taxa. Two pentagonal shaped goniasterid species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F4BAFF2236C82BEB" authority="(Adkins & Winton 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Adkins & Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[502,1014,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Crateraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="texensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F4BAFF2237E62BEA" box="[502,728,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Crateraster texensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F7AAFF2236D32BEB" author="Adkins, W. S. & Winton, W. M." box="[742,1005,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7226" refString="Adkins, W. S. & Winton, W. M. (1920) Paleontological Correlation of the Fredericksburg and Washita Formations in North Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, 1945, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1920">Adkins & Winton 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F167FF2234732A0F" authority="(Adkins & Winton 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Adkins & Winton" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Formalhautia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hortensae">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F167FF2230052BEB" box="[1067,1339,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Formalhautia hortensae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F006FF22347A2A0F" author="Adkins, W. S. & Winton, W. M." pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref7226" refString="Adkins, W. S. & Winton, W. M. (1920) Paleontological Correlation of the Fredericksburg and Washita Formations in North Texas. University of Texas Bulletin, 1945, 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1920">Adkins & Winton 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were outlined in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F740FEFE37CA2A0F" author="Blake, D. B. & Reid, R." box="[524,756,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="512 - 532" refId="ref7835" refString="Blake, D. B. & Reid, R. (1998) Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology, 72 (3), 512 - 532." type="journal article" year="1998">Blake & Reid (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Cretaceous of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DC7CF803EB1EFFF6F6B2FEFE317D2A0F" box="[1022,1091,259,285]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Both of these species however display very pronounced wide, almost rectangular interradial superomarginals (W>L) relative to those present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F5DBFEB6341E2A77" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,288,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F5DBFEB6341E2A77" box="[151,288,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="37FF5788EB1EFFF6F464FEB6344B2A77" box="[296,373,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
which display much less disparity between width and length and whose plates are more trapezoid-like in shape.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F4CCFE92373D2A9B" authorityName="Blake & Kues" authorityYear="2002" box="[384,515,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Codellaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F4CCFE92373D2A9B" box="[384,515,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Codellaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Cretaceous Codell Sandstone Member in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DC7CF803EB1EFFF6F119FE9231832A9B" box="[1109,1213,367,393]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
displays extremely wide (W>L) but very narrow interradial superomarginals relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F6DDFE6E31242ABF" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[913,1050,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F6DDFE6E31242ABF" box="[913,1050,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all three instances of the North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F441FE4A34972AC3" box="[269,425,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
compared above, there are also greater numbers of interradial superomarginals present, as counted from armtip to armtip compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F7CFFE2636322AE7" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[643,780,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F7CFFE2636322AE7" box="[643,780,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BFE0236CA2807" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
Among other North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F76EFE0237FE290B" box="[546,704,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which invited comparison, was the sole, currently accepted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F023FE023470292F" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F023FE0235CD292E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from North America,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F71EFDDE36CC292F" authority="Wade 1926" authorityName="Wade" authorityYear="1926" box="[594,1010,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenesseensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F71EFDDE365B292E" box="[594,869,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster tenesseensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F622FDDE36CC292F" author="Wade, B." box="[878,1010,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref10560" refString="Wade, B. (1926) The fauna of the Ripley Formation on Coon Creek, Tennessee. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 137, 1 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / pp 137" type="journal article" year="1926">Wade 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known only from marginal ossicles.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F5DBFDBA34082973" author="Wade, B." box="[151,310,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="1 - 272" refId="ref10560" refString="Wade, B. (1926) The fauna of the Ripley Formation on Coon Creek, Tennessee. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 137, 1 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / pp 137" type="journal article" year="1926">Wade’s (1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F40EFDBA34BC2973" box="[322,386,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[207,1382,185,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[206,1382,181,1761]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Sclerasterias sp. USNM PAL 618279. Fossil material figured unless otherwise noted. A. Armtip fragment showing transverse ribs and carinal series. Scale bar=2.0 mm. B. Sclerasterias contorta, USNM E12922 Armtip. Abactinal view showing transverse ribs along carinal series. Scale bar=1.0 mm. C. Abactinal view of arm fragment showing carinal and transverse ribs. D. Sclerasterias contorta USNM E12922 Abactinal view of arm fragment showing carinal and transverse ribs. E. Sclerasterias contorta USNM E34058 showing superomarginal and inferomarginal plates. F. Superomarginal, inferomarginal and adambulacral plates. Abbreviations:Ad= Adambulacral plate, CAR=Carinal plate, CAR-SP=Carinal spine, Pap=papular space, Trv=Transverse rib, SM=Superomarginal plate. IM sp.=Inferomarginal spine, SM sp.=Superomarginal spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571871/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows marginal plate ossicles which are wider than large, which immediately distinguishes them from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F459FD9634A02997" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[277,414,619,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F459FD9634A02997" box="[277,414,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but furthermore, the presence of granules appears isolated to a convex surface of the plate with a distinct border, rather than evenly occurring on the plate surface as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F153FD72319629BB" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1055,1192,655,681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F153FD72319629BB" box="[1055,1192,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F051FD72343129DF" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F051FD72343129DF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this appears to be a character identifying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F7B3FD4E364129DE" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1893" box="[767,895,691,716]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F7B3FD4E364129DE" box="[767,895,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than individual species. A related genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F5DBFD2A343A29E3" authorityName="Breton & Neraudeau" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,260,727,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fredaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F5DBFD2A343A29E3" box="[151,260,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fredaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described by Breton & Néraudeau (2004) also displays this distinct granulated convex surface flanked by a distinct border, ruling out affinities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F78CFD0636132807" authorityName="Breton & Neraudeau" authorityYear="2008" box="[704,813,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Fredaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F78CFD0636132807" box="[704,813,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fredaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F628FD0636D32807" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[868,1005,763,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F628FD0636D32807" box="[868,1005,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BFCE234052E1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F58BFCE2346E282B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[199,336,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F58BFCE2346E282B" box="[199,336,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also compared with a whole body fossil of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F620FCE23031282B" authority="(Forbes 1848)" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[876,1295,799,825]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F620FCE23154282B" box="[876,1130,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F134FCE23038282B" author="Forbes, E." box="[1144,1286,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="457 - 482" refId="ref8520" refString="Forbes, E. (1848) On the Asteridae found fossil in British Strata. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 2, 457 - 482." type="journal article" year="1848">Forbes 1848</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F052FCE230A9282B" box="[1310,1431,798,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fig. 5C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB1EFFF6F5DBFCBE35D6284F" box="[151,232,835,861]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 772335) as an exemplar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F713FCBE37E1284E" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1893" box="[607,735,835,860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F713FCBE37E1284E" box="[607,735,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genus of Cretaceous fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F104FCBE31D8284F" box="[1096,1254,835,861]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which includes the greatest number of species. Most prominent is the difference in abactinal plates, which in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F18DFC9A30612893" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1217,1375,871,897]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F18DFC9A30612893" box="[1217,1375,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">M. parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s are flat and polygonal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F43CFC7634FB28B7" box="[368,453,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
) but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F756FC76379D28B7" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[538,675,907,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F756FC76379D28B7" box="[538,675,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are squat and columnar with an overall hourglass shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F053FC7630A928B7" box="[1311,1431,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Fig. 3C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F5DBFC5335E028DB" box="[151,222,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">5A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), comparable to plates in modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F728FC52363128DB" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[612,783,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F728FC52363128DB" box="[612,783,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F674FC5236A328DB" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[824,925,943,969]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F674FC5236A328DB" box="[824,925,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peltaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F1D0FC5230A228DB" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1180,1436,943,969]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F1D0FC5230A228DB" box="[1180,1436,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F584FC2E346F28FF" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[200,337,979,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F584FC2E346F28FF" box="[200,337,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the granule covered superomarginal plate surface and the pentagonal body shape. However, as with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F465FC0A37092F02" authorityName="Wade" authorityYear="1926" box="[297,567,1015,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenesseensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F465FC0A37092F02" box="[297,567,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster tenesseensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the pattern of marginal plate granulation is limited to a discrete, raised surface area with a peripheral edge whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F761FBE637882F27" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[557,694,1051,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F761FBE637882F27" box="[557,694,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows granulation evenly across the complete plate surface. Interradial superomarginal plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F4BAFBC237412F4B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[502,639,1087,1113]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F4BAFBC237412F4B" box="[502,639,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also compared and found to be different between the two species, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F59FFB9E34622F6F" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[211,348,1123,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F59FFB9E34622F6F" box="[211,348,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrating much fewer and more elongate (L>W) shaped, blockier superomarginal plates relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F45CFB7A37312FB3" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[272,527,1159,1185]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F45CFB7A37312FB3" box="[272,527,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which shows many more and much wider (W>L) superomarginal plates. Adambulacral plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F411FB5634D82FD7" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[349,486,1195,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F411FB5634D82FD7" box="[349,486,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also compared against figures of adambulacral plates in
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F1D2FB5635A12FFA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F1D2FB5630A22FD7" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1182,1436,1195,1221]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">Metopaster parkinsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
i
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F5F8FB3234732FFB" author="Wright, T." box="[180,333,1231,1257]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" refId="ref10706" refString="Wright, T. (1863) Monograph of the British Fossil Echinodermata from the Oolitic Formations. Vol. 2. The Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea. Paleontographical Society, London, iv + 130 pp." type="book" year="1863">Wright (1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Pl. 12, fig. 4) which shows plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F7BAFB3236412FFB" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[758,895,1231,1257]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F7BAFB3236412FFB" box="[758,895,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as much narrower and less blocky than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F5DBFB0E340B2E1F" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[151,309,1267,1293]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F5DBFB0E340B2E1F" box="[151,309,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">M. parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BFAEA35DA2ED3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F58BFAEA346E2E23" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[199,336,1303,1329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F58BFAEA346E2E23" box="[199,336,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also compared with the European Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F6CBFAEA31152E23" authorityName="Neumann & Girod" authorityYear="2018" box="[903,1067,1303,1329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Weitschataster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F6CBFAEA31152E23" box="[903,1067,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Weitschataster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F12DFAEA30272E22" box="[1121,1305,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F12DFAEA302B2E22" authorityName="Breton" authorityYear="1992" box="[1121,1301,1303,1328]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Parametopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Parametopaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which both had a uniform covering of granules (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F763FAC6367D2E47" author="Neumann, C. & Girod, P." box="[559,835,1339,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" refId="ref9923" refString="Neumann, C. & Girod, P. (2018) Weitschataster intermedius gen. et sp. nov., a goniasterid starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany." type="book" year="2018">Neumann & Girod 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) similar to that observed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F1CEFAC630352E47" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1154,1291,1339,1365]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F1CEFAC630352E47" box="[1154,1291,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Superomarginal plates on these two genera displayed greater width (W>L) and was much more quadrate than trapezoid as it is in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F5FFFA7E34022E8F" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[179,316,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F5FFFA7E34022E8F" box="[179,316,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pedicellariae are conspicuously absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F655FA7E369C2E8F" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[793,930,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F655FA7E369C2E8F" box="[793,930,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F100FA7E31CE2E8F" authorityName="Neumann & Girod" authorityYear="2018" box="[1100,1264,1411,1437]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Weitschataster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F100FA7E31CE2E8F" box="[1100,1264,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Weitschataster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F068FA7E35E32ED2" authorityName="Breton" authorityYear="1992" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Parametopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F068FA7E35E32ED2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Parametopaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BFA3734732DAF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F58BFA3736782EF7" bold="true" box="[199,838,1482,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Taxonomic Trends in Enlarged Pre-Terminal Plates.</emphasis>
|
||
One of the most evident characters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F05FFA36342C2D1B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F05FFA36342C2D1B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F456FA12348C2D1B" bold="true" box="[282,434,1519,1545]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">n. gen, n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
, which invites comparison between other fossil and living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F11FFA1231D12D1B" box="[1107,1263,1519,1545]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the enlarged penultimate or pre-terminal superomarginal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F798F9EE366D2D3F" box="[724,851,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Figs. 4A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1EFFF6F611F9EF36992D3F" box="[861,935,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although this character is observed in other families within the Valvatacea, such as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F735F9CA361D2D43" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[633,803,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Odontasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Odontasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F6CCF9CA31012D43" authorityName="Rowe" authorityYear="1977" box="[896,1087,1591,1617]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterodiscididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterodiscididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is most commonly observed within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F45CF9A634912D67" box="[272,431,1627,1653]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its functional significance is unclear but Blake (1983) has argued for their use as protection for soft-tissue against predators, specifically citing the enlarged distal superomarginals in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F1F3F98234762DAF" authority="Gray 1847" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duebeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F1F3F98235F92DAF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Pentagonaster duebeni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F582F95E34762DAF" author="Gray, J. E." box="[206,328,1699,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="72 - 83" refId="ref9066" refString="Gray, J. E. (1847) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Asteriadae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1847, 72 - 83." type="journal article" year="1847">Gray 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1EFFF6F58BF93A37782CAB" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
The presence of an enlarged pre-terminal superomarginal and/or inferomarginal plate is a character, which when observed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F4DDF91637112C17" box="[401,559,1771,1797]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seems associated almost exclusively with those taxa displaying a pentagonal or weakly stellate body form (i.e., a relatively low
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB1EFFF6F79DF8F237DD2C3B" box="[721,739,1807,1833]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">R</collectionCode>
|
||
/r ratio), such as
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F6ECF8F231F52C3B" box="[928,1227,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F6ECF8F2317D2C3A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[928,1091,1807,1832]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Pentagonaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F103F8F231F52C3B" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[1103,1227,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Plinthaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F1BDF8F230A22C3B" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[1265,1436,1807,1833]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F1BDF8F230A22C3B" box="[1265,1436,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among living taxa, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F4DCF8CE372E2C5E" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1893" box="[400,528,1843,1868]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F4DCF8CE372E2C5E" box="[400,528,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Metopaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among fossil taxa.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F7A1F8CE36482C5F" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[749,886,1843,1869]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F7A1F8CE36482C5F" box="[749,886,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
joins the known fossil genera which display this character. Stellate goniasterids (approximately
|
||
<collectionCode id="78A9AE24EB1EFFF6F7EBF8AA37872C63" box="[679,697,1879,1905]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">R</collectionCode>
|
||
/r ratio> 2.0), have yet to be shown exhibiting this character. The shape of these plates, even within a single species, such as the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1EFFF6F6E4F886314D2C87" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[936,1139,1915,1941]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1EFFF6F6E4F886314D2C87" box="[936,1139,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="541">Peltaster placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been shown to display significant variation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1EFFF6F4CAF86237072CAB" author="Tortonese, E." box="[390,569,1951,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="541" pagination="99 - 112" refId="ref10243" refString="Tortonese, E. (1984) Notes on the Mediterranean sea-star Peltaster placenta (M. Tr.) (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bollettino del Museo civico di storia naturale di Verona, 11, 99 - 112." type="journal article" year="1984">Tortonese 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4AC76669EB1FFFF7F5DBF8EB31F32CF0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" startId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" targetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1FFFF7F5DBF8EB31F32CF0" blockId="9.[151,1436,1814,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F5DBF8EB37842C3C" bold="true" box="[151,698,1814,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">
|
||
FIGURE 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1FFFF7F456F8EB37302C3C" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[282,526,1814,1838]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="542" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F456F8EB37302C3C" bold="true" box="[282,526,1814,1838]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n. gen, n. sp. A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F0C9F8EA30A22C3D" bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1815,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F694F8C736CF2C40" bold="true" box="[984,1009,1850,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F0C8F8A230A22C65" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1887,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F698F87E36D22C89" bold="true" box="[980,1004,1923,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F46FF85A34082CAD" bold="true" box="[291,310,1959,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F675F85B366D2CAC" bold="true" box="[825,851,1958,1982]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">G.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1FFFF7F60EF83636622CF1" bold="true" box="[834,860,1995,2019]" pageId="9" pageNumber="542">H.</emphasis>
|
||
Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4AC76669EB1CFFF4F5DBF8C331472CF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" startId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" targetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1CFFF4F5DBF8C331472CF4" blockId="10.[151,1437,1854,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F5DBF8C335D32C68" bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">
|
||
FIGURE 4. Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1CFFF4F489F8C337842C44" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[453,698,1854,1878]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F489F8C337842C44" bold="true" box="[453,698,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="37FF5788EB1CFFF4F78EF8C2366C2C45" box="[706,850,1855,1879]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F660F89E367A2C69" bold="true" box="[812,836,1891,1915]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F46FF87B34052C8C" bold="true" box="[291,315,1926,1950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1CFFF4F40DF87A37402C8D" authority="Mah 2018" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[321,638,1927,1951]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lenaigae">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F40DF87A37312C8D" box="[321,527,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Plinthaster lenaigae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1CFFF4F759F87A37402C8D" author="Mah, C. L." box="[533,638,1927,1951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" pagination="1 - 116" refId="ref9635" refString="Mah, C. L. (2018) New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 4539 (1), 1 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4539.1.1" type="journal article" year="2018">Mah 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F102F87A31592C8D" bold="true" box="[1102,1127,1927,1951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F7E4F85637812CD1" bold="true" box="[680,703,1963,1987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">E.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1CFFF4F78AF85631422CD1" authority="A. M. Clark 1976" authorityName="A. M. Clark" authorityYear="1976" box="[710,1148,1963,1987]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F78AF85636FA2CD1" box="[710,964,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis</emphasis>
|
||
A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1CFFF4F14BF85631422CD1" author="Clark, A. M." box="[1031,1148,1963,1987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543" pagination="247 - 261" refId="ref8313" refString="Clark, A. M. (1976) Asterozoa from Amsterdam and St. Paul Islands, southern Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 30, 247 - 261." type="journal article" year="1976">Clark 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1CFFF4F4FBF83234F42CF5" bold="true" box="[439,458,1999,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="543">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1DFFF5F58BFF6A304D2AC3" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
The enlarged pre-terminal plates observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F798FF6A36502BA3" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[724,878,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F798FF6A36502BA3" box="[724,878,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">P. sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show a wide, almost triangular shape in outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F5ECFF4634072BC7" box="[160,313,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[212,1375,183,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[212,1375,181,1791]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen, n. sp. A. USNM PAL 618274 holotype. Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup abactinal surface, pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=2.5 mm. C. Columnar-hourglass abactinal plates from USNM 618274. Top-side view (right) scale=1.0 mm and USNM 618275 side view, abactinal, top side (left) scale=0.5 mm. D. Superomarginal plates from interradius showing granular cover. Scale= 2.5 mm. E. Lateral view, inferomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. F. Furrow spines, actinal details. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. G. USNM PAL 618275, paratype. Closeup of actinal surface showing adambulacral plates and other details. Scale Bar=2.0 mm. H. Actual surface. Scale Bar= 3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571875/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Fig. 3B, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F40AFF4634572BC7" box="[326,361,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F43BFF4734A42BC7" box="[375,410,186,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-169@11.[151,1436,489,1751]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A. USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. B. Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. C. USNM PAL 772335, Metopaster parkinsoni, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm. D. same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) which is similar to the fossil Cretaceous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F633FF4631412BC7" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[895,1151,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F633FF4631412BC7" box="[895,1151,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as species in the living genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F46BFF22349D2BEB" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[295,419,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F46BFF22349D2BEB" box="[295,419,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Plinthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F4FEFF2237172BEB" box="[434,553,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Fig. 4C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), such as
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F7DAFF2236BE2BEB" box="[662,896,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F7DAFF2236422BEB" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2018" box="[662,892,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lenaigae">Plinthaster lenaigae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="66AF7671EB1DFFF5F688FF2231732BEB" box="[964,1101,223,249]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In spite of the shared similarity in pre-terminal plates, other characters in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F7D4FEFE361F2A0F" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[664,801,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F7D4FEFE361F2A0F" box="[664,801,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the possession of low, tabulate abactinal plates and granulation on the abactinal and marginal plate surface are more similar to those of living goniasterids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F5FBFEB634222A77" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[183,284,331,357]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F5FBFEB634222A77" box="[183,284,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Peltaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F408FEB634D12A77" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[324,495,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F408FEB634D12A77" box="[324,495,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Sphaeriodiscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F74CFEB637642A77" box="[512,602,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Those with more triangular pre-terminal plates, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F1A0FEB630522A76" authorityName="Sladen" authorityYear="1893" box="[1260,1388,331,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F1A0FEB630522A76" box="[1260,1388,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Metopaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F5DBFE92342D2A9B" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,275,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F5DBFE92342D2A9B" box="[151,275,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Plinthaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show more polygonal shaped, smooth, flat abactinal plates, devoid of surficial granules.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F05FFE9230A22A9B" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1299,1436,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F05FFE9230A22A9B" box="[1299,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more comparable body form with modern goniasterids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F6E4FE6E31332ABF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[936,1037,403,429]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F6E4FE6E31332ABF" box="[936,1037,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Peltaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F10AFE6E31C62ABF" box="[1094,1272,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F10AFE6E31CA2ABF" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1910" box="[1094,1268,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Sphaeriodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Sphaeriodiscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
their enlarged pre-terminal superomarginal plates are wider and quadrate in shape rather than elongate and triangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="86832A64EB1DFFF5F06DFE4A30582AC3" box="[1313,1382,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[265,1320,181,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-26@10.[264,1323,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Comparison of Peedeeaster sandersoni n. gen., n. sp. with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in living taxa. A. Abactinal, USNM PAL 618276. Scale Bar=10.0 mm. B. Closeup of enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. C. Plinthaster lenaigae Mah 2018, Holotype IE-2013-7003. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. D. Armtip showing enlarged preterminal superomarginal plates. Scale bar=5.0 mm. E. Sphaeriodiscus mirabilis A.M. Clark 1976, USNM 1116242, Abactinal surface. Scale Bar=5.0 mm. F. Closeup of pre-terminal superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=5.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571877/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4AC76669EB1DFFF5F5DBF91230602C5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6571879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6571879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6571879/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" startId="11.[151,250,1775,1799]" targetBox="[153,1436,492,1750]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1DFFF5F5DBF91230602C5C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1774,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F5DBF91235D52C39" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
FIGURE 5. Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F48BF91337822C14" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[455,700,1774,1798]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F48BF91337822C14" bold="true" box="[455,700,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="37FF5788EB1DFFF5F788F912366B2C15" box="[708,853,1775,1799]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
with enlarged pre-terminal superomarginals in fossil taxa. A.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
USNM PAL 618275 abactinal. Scale Bar=5.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F7B8F8EE36352C39" bold="true" box="[756,779,1811,1835]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup showing enlarged superomarginal plates. Scale Bar=3.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F587F8CA35DA2C5D" bold="true" box="[203,228,1847,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">C.</emphasis>
|
||
USNM PAL 772335,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F489F8C537952C5D" baseAuthorityName="Forbes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[453,683,1847,1871]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Metopaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F489F8C537952C5D" box="[453,683,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Metopaster parkinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, abactinal. Scale Bar=3.0 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F6A6F8CA313D2C5D" bold="true" box="[1002,1027,1847,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">D.</emphasis>
|
||
same. armtip. Scale Bar=3.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1DFFF2F58BF88037042BC7" blockId="11.[151,1436,1917,2016]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="545" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">
|
||
Other goniasterids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F4B0F88337062C85" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[508,568,1918,1943]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F4B0F88337062C85" box="[508,568,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Tosia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1DFFF5F710F88337C12C85" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[604,767,1918,1943]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="544" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1DFFF5F710F88337C12C85" box="[604,767,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="544">Pentagonaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing enlarged pre-terminals are dissimilar in shape, being more round and strongly convex rather than triangular and flat (see Mah, 2006). Although these species share similar shaped pre-terminal, enlarged superomarginals, they differ in that their abactinal plates are smooth and flat compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F461FF6A34882BA3" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[301,438,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F461FF6A34882BA3" box="[301,438,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Peedeeaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are covered by granules and form low tabular plates and have a coarse granular cover on their marginal plate surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E0736E1EB1AFFF2F58BFF23314C2AE7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F58BFF2334472BEB" bold="true" box="[199,377,222,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Feeding Mode.</emphasis>
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F4BEFF2237C32BEB" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[498,765,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peedeeaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sandersoni" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F4BEFF2237C32BEB" box="[498,765,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Peedeeaster sandersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F649FF22369F2BEB" bold="true" box="[773,929,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="37FF5788EB1AFFF2F649FF22369F2BEB" box="[773,929,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
invites comparison with several taxa of pentagonal-shaped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F405FEFE34D92A0F" box="[329,487,259,285]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, feeding and life modes for these species is varied but suggests predation on sessile taxa, such as sponges, and various
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB1AFFF2F766FEDA375B2A53" box="[554,613,295,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of cnidarians.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1AFFF2F65DFEDA36A62A53" author="Mah, C. L." box="[785,920,295,321]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" pagination="201 - 260" refId="ref9686" refString="Mah, C. L. (2020) New Species, Occurrence Records and Observations of Predation by Deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented several instances of sponge and coral predation, as well as various
|
||
<typeStatus id="C1038843EB1AFFF2F764FEB6375D2A77" box="[552,611,331,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of organic debris, by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F62FFEB631482A77" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[867,1142,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F62FFEB631482A77" box="[867,1142,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Ceramaster grenadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F1CAFEB630552A77" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1158,1387,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Plinthaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dentatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F1CAFEB630552A77" box="[1158,1387,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Plinthaster dentatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F5DBFE92345D2A9B" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[151,355,367,393]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F5DBFE92345D2A9B" box="[151,355,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Peltaster placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are all pentagonal in shape. West tropical Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F6A4FE92318A2A9B" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1000,1204,367,393]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F6A4FE92318A2A9B" box="[1000,1204,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Peltaster placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reported mainly feeding on sponges, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1AFFF2F49CFE6E37B62ABF" author="Bo, M. & Canese, S. & Bavestrello, G." box="[464,648,403,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" pagination="2009 - 2012" refId="ref8043" refString="Bo, M., Canese, S. & Bavestrello, G. (2018) On the coral-feeding habit of the sea star Peltaster placenta. Marine Biodiversit y, 49, 2009 - 2012. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 018 - 0931 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Bo
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F4B6FE6E37102ABF" box="[506,558,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F6E9FE6E314D2ABF" baseAuthorityName="Muller & Troschel" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[933,1139,403,429]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Fungi" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F6E9FE6E314D2ABF" box="[933,1139,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Peltaster placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on antipatharians (black coral). Shallow-water analogs, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9B84D62EB1AFFF2F7D4FE4A36022AC3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[664,828,439,465]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2CCCEAF3EB1AFFF2F7D4FE4A36022AC3" box="[664,828,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="545">Tosia australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also reported as also feeding on sponges and other epizoic invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1AFFF2F4C2FE2637022AE7" author="Shepherd, S. A." box="[398,572,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" pagination="729 - 756" refId="ref10205" refString="Shepherd, S. A. (1968) The shallow water echinoderm fauna of South Australia 1: the asteroids. Records of the South Australian Museum, 15 (4), 729 - 756." type="journal article" year="1968">Shepherd 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1AFFF2F70BFE2636752AE7" author="Keough, M. J. & Butler, A. J." box="[583,843,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref9411" refString="Keough, M. J. & Butler, A. J. (1979) The role of asteroid predators in the organization of a sessile community on pier pilings. Marine Biology, 51, 167 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00555196" type="journal article" year="1979">Keough & Butler 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A294B10EB1AFFF2F61AFE2631582AE7" author="Marsh, L. M. & Fromont, J." box="[854,1126,475,501]" pageId="12" pageNumber="545" refId="ref9891" refString="Marsh, L. M. & Fromont, J. (2020) Field Guide to Shallow Water Seastars of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, 543 pp." type="book" year="2020">Marsh & Fromont 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |