319 lines
37 KiB
XML
319 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="1C8652230808467A21C33C5C1DE3FFA8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c566ff57-5a45-411c-98d9-0e65200455af" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284237" ID-ZooBank="E98CE6DF-AF3B-4AAA-95CB-8ACD615C9FCC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460649558648" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. & Zibrowius, Helmut" docDate="2013" docId="955B87C9A168DD38FF22FB4FF35F2A53" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03691p057.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3691 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stylaster amphiheloides Kent 1871" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="6962FFB1A175DD27FFB5FF81F2432F5F" masterDocTitle="Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698337733500" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="221AA0C76542131BBA9E8326C08CF8BE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E5846A311C6552794595CA4D18DB4A95">
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<mods:title id="E78B559A585CA055ACE21B08018A9EC9">Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from South Africa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="35D4126979F8AAA042958376C315900A" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="57FF19BDE3A11396FE8D2BC40DF336C2">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4D8F007C9982FCDD0CB2B7B7BBC88525">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8CB9F0D534EAE6044310AAE5D6CD2123">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1B6BF2A114C6B30094D85A0045FFF914" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="ED3782254852E19D7C820FE603DDE605">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A9E895136C852EE4A482716FF4BA4D02">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E1ED95D197C72FF9CB56D72848FBD6C6">Zibrowius, Helmut</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7EDE0D5C7AEBAC00FCDA486AD6BA03AB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="19D8C9A3FAD1E40CFCA52B26EBA5E35E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="81A54817B10AEF019E9C83F4473416D1">
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<mods:date id="A502CB97A2DCC81E10764D628A2B16D2">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="441FDE4FE43FB97DCF2C4E1F482E0BAC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9C90E6E60CB2A362BF550D7719CF5A9A">3691</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="25B9A0D2511567417E0B436706FBE8A1" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="B2D3216AF34783C91D22484756FB76AB">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5BE3E40DCDCFD60D2D1D5963B77BA3EF">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="132CAC9C9A762FC0C43D54BFCC04D856">57</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="3F28FCE9B8FB8AA7F12314A8683AEBE4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CCB80990FB9E3DE4ECB0AFA98201DD7D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5CB6AAAF6A2CAFB4161099598038E75A" type="GBIF-Dataset">c566ff57-5a45-411c-98d9-0e65200455af</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="32C5C72DDF3FCA2029A873E2687B714B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="83828A4E919680B3AA2767C11DBAED57" type="Zenodo-Dep">284237</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0EF7186C32D1C56C1C3AF19645B67CE9" type="ZooBank">E98CE6DF-AF3B-4AAA-95CB-8ACD615C9FCC</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="955B87C9A168DD38FF22FB4FF35F2A53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619765" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5619765" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:955B87C9A168DD38FF22FB4FF35F2A53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/955B87C9A168DD38FF22FB4FF35F2A53" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="55E86554A168DD3AFF22FB4FF37C2A32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF22FB4FF0002BB7" blockId="29.[151,579,1230,1289]" box="[151,579,1230,1256]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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||
<heading id="460581B3A168DD3AFF22FB4FF0002BB7" bold="true" box="[151,579,1230,1256]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA168DD3AFF22FB4FF0002BB7" ID-CoL="538YR" authority="Kent, 1871" authorityName="Kent" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,579,1230,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22FB4FF0002BB7" bold="true" box="[151,579,1230,1256]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22FB4FF3F72BB7" bold="true" box="[151,436,1230,1256]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stylaster amphiheloides</emphasis>
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Kent, 1871
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF22FB70F3D92A56" blockId="29.[151,579,1230,1289]" box="[151,410,1265,1289]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA168DD3AFF22FB70F2A12A56" box="[151,226,1265,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1787,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1758]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Colonies of various species: A – B, Stylaster bithalamus, MN SM 185, male, anterior and posterior views of same colony, respectively. C, Stylaster griseus, holotype. D – F, Stylaster amphiheloides, syntypes, BM 1842.12.2.79. G – H, Stylaster amphiheloides, MN SM 228, posterior and anterior views of same colony. I, Stylaster lonchitis, Liltved specimen. J, Stylaster kenti, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284239/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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D–F, 14A–L, 29
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF22FAB8F37C2A32" blockId="29.[151,1436,1337,1421]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA168DD3AFF22FAB8F0032A10" authority="Kent, 1871: 277" authorityName="Kent" authorityPageNumber="277" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,576,1337,1359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22FAB8F3CF2A10" box="[151,396,1337,1359]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stylaster amphiheloides</emphasis>
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Kent, 1871: 277
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</taxonomicName>
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–278, pl. 24, figs. 1a–c.—not Hickson &
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<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA168DD3AFC42FAB8F60D2A10" box="[1015,1102,1337,1359]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">England</collectingCountry>
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, 1905: 13.—Boschma, 1957: 2; 1966b: 112.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55E86554A168DD3AFF22FAF6F6662946" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF22FAF6F1502AD3" blockId="29.[151,1436,1337,1421]" box="[151,787,1398,1421]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA168DD3AFF22FAF6F0062AD3" authority="Cairns, 1983b: 430" authorityName="Cairns" authorityPageNumber="430" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,581,1398,1421]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ampheliodes">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22FAF6F33D2AD2" box="[151,382,1399,1421]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Stylaster ampheliodes:</emphasis>
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Cairns, 1983b: 430
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</taxonomicName>
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(listed, misspelled).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF22FA3BF6662946" blockId="29.[151,1437,1465,2029]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22FA3BF38C2A8D" bold="true" box="[151,463,1465,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFF22FA3BF2992A8D" box="[151,218,1466,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Types</typeStatus>
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and
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFE97FA3BF3182A8D" box="[290,347,1466,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
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Locality.
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</emphasis>
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The primary
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFDCCFA3BF0982A8D" box="[633,731,1466,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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are deposited at the BM (1842.12.2.74–80). Three
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFAF0FA3BF7DF2A8D" box="[1349,1436,1466,1490]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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fragments are also at the Naturalis Biodiversity Centre (RMNH 15319) and a fragment and SEM stub 1709 at the NMNH (USNM 85785).
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFE07F983F3AA2945" box="[434,489,1538,1562]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
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Locality: Cape of Good Hope, depth not recorded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55E86554A168DD3AFF72F9A4F17C28FA" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD3AFF72F9A4F17C28FA" blockId="29.[151,1437,1465,2029]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF72F9A4F3F52961" bold="true" box="[199,438,1573,1598]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material Examined.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA168DD3AFE08F9A4F0662962" box="[445,549,1573,1597]" class="Malacostraca" family="Galatheidae" genus="Galathea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFE08F9A4F0662962" box="[445,549,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Galathea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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196, fragments, ZMC;
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<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA168DD3AFC85F9A4F1DA2962" box="[816,921,1573,1597]" class="Malacostraca" family="Galatheidae" genus="Galathea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFC85F9A4F1DA2962" box="[816,921,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Galathea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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197, 1 colony, ZMC;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFB24F9A7F6F82962" box="[1169,1211,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM38, 38 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF50F9CBF34C293E" box="[229,271,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM85, 3 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFDF0F9CBF02D293E" box="[581,622,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM86, 2 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFC11F9CBF18D293E" box="[932,974,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM90, 3 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFAB1F9CBF76D293E" box="[1284,1326,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM92, 1 colony, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFE8BF9EFF32B29DA" box="[318,360,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM94, 5 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFD22F9EFF08229DA" box="[663,705,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM103, 7 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFC48F9EFF66429DA" box="[1021,1063,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM107, 27 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFAC7F9EFF7DF29DA" box="[1394,1436,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM123, 2 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFE6EF913F04629F6" box="[475,517,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM129, 5 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFCE2F913F1C329F6" box="[855,896,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM131, 4 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFB66F913F6BE29F6" box="[1235,1277,1682,1705]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM162, 30+ fragments, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFED6F937F3CE2992" box="[355,397,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM165, 30+ fragments, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFD4DF937F1612992" box="[760,802,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM226, 5 colonies (including
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<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA168DD3AFB30F934F6F22992" box="[1157,1201,1717,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
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alcohol), SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFAC7F937F7DF2992" box="[1394,1436,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM228, 27 colonies (including
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<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA168DD3AFE4EF958F07629AE" box="[507,565,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
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alcohol), SAM, and SEM stub 1713 (USNM);
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFBF9F95BF63529AE" box="[1100,1142,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM232, 14 colonies (
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<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA168DD3AFAC5F958F7DF29AE" box="[1392,1436,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
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alcohol), SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFEE5F97FF339284A" box="[336,378,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM234, 2 colonies, SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFD0DF97FF0A1284A" box="[696,738,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MN</emphasis>
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SM237, 2 colonies (
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<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA168DD3AFC63F97CF641284A" box="[982,1026,1789,1813]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
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alcohol), SAM;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFB71F97FF6A5284A" box="[1220,1254,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
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907, 2 colonies, SAM H2816;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFE89F8A3F31D2866" box="[316,350,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
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1915, 4 colonies, SAM H1463;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFD66F8A3F0B62866" box="[723,757,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
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2819A, 10 colonies, SAM H1462, and SEM stub
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<date id="694C101FA168DD3AFA8EF8A0F7DF2866" box="[1339,1436,1825,1849]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1711" valueMax="1712">1711–12</date>
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(USNM);
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFEB8F8C7F36C2802" box="[269,303,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
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12729, 1 colony, SAM H1457, and SEM stub 1710 (USNM);
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFBA5F8C7F6712802" box="[1040,1074,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
|
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14743, 1 colony, SAM H1504;
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF22F8EBF2FA28DE" box="[151,185,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">PF</emphasis>
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17995, 1 colony, SAM H1464;
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<typeStatus id="C249887DA168DD3AFD82F8EBF0DA28DD" box="[567,665,1898,1922]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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from BM, NMNH and Naturalis Biodiversity Centre. Reference Material: specimens reported by Hickson &
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<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA168DD3AFD3DF80CF0A628FA" box="[648,741,1933,1957]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">England</collectingCountry>
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(1905).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="55E86554A168DD38FF72F830F0C82B23" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA168DD38FF72F830F74C2E60" blockId="29.[151,1437,1465,2029]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="2F86EACDA168DD3AFF72F830F31A2895" bold="true" box="[199,345,1969,1994]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description.</emphasis>
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Colonies are relatively small, rarely exceeding
|
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<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA168DD3AFCD8F830F1FA2896" box="[877,953,1969,1993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in height, but may be equally or as wide as their height; colonies are uniplanar or bushy. Branching is dichotomous, the distal branches quite delicate, terminating in a terminal cyclosystem. Commensal polynoid tubes present in all colonies, starting at a very small colony size, the tubes being rectangular in cross section, about
|
||
<date id="694C101FA16ADD38FD7EFF3DF0AD2F8B" box="[715,750,188,212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">5 x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FD40FF3DF1082F8B" box="[757,843,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FBB8FF3DF6182F8B" box="[1037,1115,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1787,1810]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1758]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Colonies of various species: A – B, Stylaster bithalamus, MN SM 185, male, anterior and posterior views of same colony, respectively. C, Stylaster griseus, holotype. D – F, Stylaster amphiheloides, syntypes, BM 1842.12.2.79. G – H, Stylaster amphiheloides, MN SM 228, posterior and anterior views of same colony. I, Stylaster lonchitis, Liltved specimen. J, Stylaster kenti, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284239/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F). The tube is interpreted as occurring on the posterior side of the colony. The coenosteal texture is reticulate granular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FB78FF5EF76F2FA8" box="[1229,1324,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C), the strips 75–120 µm in width, and covered with low rounded granules. In some colonies the coenosteum is flat, almost porcellaneous, the granules covered by smooth coenosteal deposits. The colonies are uniformly white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="498D6657A16BDD39FF22F8C8F0F42885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16BDD39FF22F8C8F0F42885" blockId="30.[151,1437,1865,2010]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FF22F8C8F3592800" bold="true" box="[151,282,1865,1888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16BDD39FE9CF8CBF05E283F" box="[297,541,1866,1888]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FE9CF8CBF05E283F" box="[297,541,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stylaster amphiheloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FD98F8CBF0062800" bold="true" box="[557,581,1866,1887]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A,</emphasis>
|
||
male syntype, USNM 85785;
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FC31F8CBF64A2800" bold="true" box="[900,1033,1866,1887]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B, E–F, H–J</emphasis>
|
||
, female from
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FB2AF8CAF6FD283F" box="[1183,1214,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">PF</emphasis>
|
||
2819A, SAM H1462; male from
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FEBCF8E8F3792821" bold="true" box="[265,314,1897,1918]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FEFCF8EBF32C2820" box="[329,367,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">MN</emphasis>
|
||
SM328, SAM):
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FDABF8E8F0732821" bold="true" box="[542,560,1897,1918]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B–C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FA8AF8E8F7122821" bold="true" box="[1343,1361,1897,1918]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FCA0F809F10328C2" bold="true" box="[789,832,1928,1949]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E–F</emphasis>
|
||
, dactyloglossae.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FC58F806F1BD28C1" bold="true" box="[1005,1022,1927,1950]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FF22F827F2E828E4" bold="true" box="[151,171,1958,1979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
|
||
, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FDDAF827F03A28E4" bold="true" box="[623,633,1958,1979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">I</emphasis>
|
||
, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FC5AF827F1B828E4" bold="true" box="[1007,1019,1958,1979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">J</emphasis>
|
||
, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore.
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16BDD39FE6BF844F04C2885" bold="true" box="[478,527,1989,2010]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
, male ampullae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FECDF77C2EAB" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Cyclosystems are arranged exclusively on the branch edges, characteristic of Group C species, and only in rare cases having some cyclosystems on the anterior face. Delicate distal branches have cyclosystems arranged in a regular sympodial manner. Cyclosystems are circular to slightly irregular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FBFDFE15F6DA2EF3" box="[1096,1177,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and 1.3–2.0 mm in greater diameter. Based on 50 cyclosystems, the range of dactylopores per cyclosystem is 9–21; the average is 13.9 (ơ = 2.46); and the mode is 13. Diastemas are rarely present, but only in cyclosystems on the main branch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FE7EF07E2DB0" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The gastropores are circular (about
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FDD4FE7EF0FA2D48" box="[609,697,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter), and the gastropore tube is straight and cylindrical. The gastrostyle has a short cylindrical base, a toroidal mid-section, and a tall slender apical spine, which projects through a belted sphincter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FE79FDC6F06B2D00" box="[460,552,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
G–I). The gastrostyles range from
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FC1AFDC6F60E2D3F" box="[943,1101,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height, occupy 1/3 to ½ of the gastropore tube, and have a L:D ratio of 1.1–2.6, those parameters depending on the length of the apical spine. The dactylotomes are
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FE3AFD0EF0712DF7" box="[399,562,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.11" valueMax="0.12" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, and the pseudosepta are
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FC03FD0EF61A2DF7" box="[950,1113,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.155" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.16 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, with convex upper faces. Each dactylopores contains a series of dactyloglossae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FCE1FD35F1F32D93" box="[852,944,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F), each up to
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FBC9FD35F6A22D93" box="[1148,1249,692,716]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width, which occlude most of the dactylopore tube.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FD7DF04E2C97" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Female ampullae are visible externally as low swellings
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FCF0FD7DF18F2C4B" box="[837,972,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter that are invariable located in clusters around a cyclosystem; their efferent pores open into the adjacent upper gastropore tube (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FB6DFC9EF76A2C68" box="[1240,1321,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
J) through a pore
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FF57FCC5F3C72C03" box="[226,388,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.195" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.17">0.17–0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Male ampullae are scattered over the coenosteum and occur even on the polynoid gall tube. They are shaped as small cones, up to
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FD01FCE6F15B2CDF" box="[692,792,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height,
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FC3AFCE6F1B02CDF" box="[911,1011,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in distal diameter, and
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FB4CFCE6F73C2CDF" box="[1273,1407,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in basal diameter, giving these colonies a spiny appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA16ADD38FC84FC0DF1CD2CFB" box="[817,910,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1865,1888]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. Stylaster amphiheloides (A, male syntype, USNM 85785; B, E – F, H – J, female from PF 2819 A, SAM H 1462; male from K – L, MN SM 328, SAM): A, stereo view of a cyclosystem. B – C, reticulate-granular coenosteal texture. D, stereo view of a damaged cyclosystem showing some dactyloglossae. E – F, dactyloglossae. G, stereo view of a gastrostyle from above. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle and sphincter. I, elongate gastrostyle and sphincter. J, longitudinal fracture of gastropore tube showing a female efferent pore. K – L, male ampullae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284251/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
K, L). Each bears 1–3 tiny (25 µm diameter), irregularly-shaped efferent pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FC52F0C82B23" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FF72FC52F32E2CB3" bold="true" box="[199,365,979,1004]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
Even though they are placed in different species groups,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FC5DFC54F6E42CB3" box="[1000,1191,980,1004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FC5DFC54F6E42CB3" box="[1000,1191,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. amphiheloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FB69FC54F7372CB3" box="[1244,1396,980,1004]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bithalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FB69FC54F7372CB3" box="[1244,1396,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. bithalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are quite similar.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FE84FC79F3B22B4F" box="[305,497,1016,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FE84FC79F3B22B4F" box="[305,497,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. amphiheloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by having its cyclosystems relegated only to its branch edges, having a higher number of dactylopores per cyclosystem (average 13.98 vs 11.0), and in having conical male ampullae. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FE10FBC1F0272B07" box="[421,612,1088,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FE10FBC1F0272B07" box="[421,612,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. amphiheloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus far known only from
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FC1FFBC1F67B2B07" box="[938,1080,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.775" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="577.5" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="155.0">155–1000 m</quantity>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FB12FBC1F7032B07" box="[1191,1344,1088,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bithalamus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FB12FBC1F7032B07" box="[1191,1344,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. bithalamus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be a shallower water species at
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FDA1FBE5F0C42B23" box="[532,647,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="15.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="83.0" valueMax="155.0" valueMin="11.0">
|
||
11–
|
||
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A16ADD38FD88FBE5F0C42B23" box="[573,647,1124,1148]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="generic">155 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="55E86554A16ADD38FF72FB09F7312B9B" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FB09F7312B9B" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FF72FB09F3782BFF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1160,1184]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
As Boschma (1966b) suggested, the deeper-water records reported by Hickson &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA16ADD38FB5EFB09F70B2BFF" box="[1259,1352,1160,1184]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1905) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA16ADD38FF61FB2DF3022B9B" box="[212,321,1196,1220]" name="Indonesia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
are not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA16ADD38FE29FB2CF0182B9B" box="[412,603,1196,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amphiheloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FE29FB2CF0182B9B" box="[412,603,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">S. amphiheloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, those specimens similar only in having a commensal polynoid worm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="55E86554A16ADD38FF72FB4EF35F2A53" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA16ADD38FF72FB4EF35F2A53" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA16ADD38FF72FB4EF3232BB7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1231,1256]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
From Cape Town to Richards Bay (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA16ADD38FD4FFB51F17F2BB7" box="[762,828,1232,1256]" name="South Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
)(Fig. 29),
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FC06FB51F6012BB7" box="[947,1090,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.775" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="577.5" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="155.0">155–1000 m</quantity>
|
||
, although most records deeper than
|
||
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A16ADD38FF7BFB75F35F2A53" box="[206,284,1268,1292]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA16ADD38FF7BFB75F35B2A53" box="[206,280,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |