364 lines
39 KiB
XML
364 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="9FF9C06CAB51EB40B5CB2F444FA49EA9" ID-CLB-Dataset="38982" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c41804b4-7a66-4a00-afc1-c7a31871329f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464331980959" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="8366879DE9718577FF6FEE190B97FDD4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4116.1..pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Setacera Cresson" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="7F5FFFE5E9118515FFF8E95A0E0AFFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="97" updateTime="1698630767650" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="514189E0C9632A8CDBD0971A203C1DCF">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F6711933E7348A2B0240DF6B7E95E82">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E9609DD22B507AE8A820DCD8DF0A7C8D">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F1F7F2468499512564B6BAB4FDA3F120">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0236C74111E77D5AFEA82C899E4E12F0">
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<mods:date id="2CCB584BAA8AF2D326ED08B85961DBB0">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6929CED3A9BFBE04DA595DF735865B57">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E33579574FAF77FC25D130EEE79834B1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8366879DE9718577FF6FEE190B97FDD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6074172" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731731" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6074172" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE9718577FF6FEE190B97FDD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE9718577FF6FEE190B97FDD4" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9718575FF6FEE190FCBF8B4" box="[151,449,1858,1885]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF6FEE190FCBF8B4" blockId="96.[151,449,1858,1885]" box="[151,449,1858,1885]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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<heading id="503881E7E9718575FF6FEE190FCBF8B4" bold="true" box="[151,449,1858,1885]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FF6FEE190FCBF8B4" bold="true" box="[151,449,1858,1885]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FF16EE180FCBF8B4" ID-CoL="7G2V" ID-ENA="1913544" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[238,449,1858,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FF16EE180F5CF8B5" bold="true" box="[238,342,1858,1884]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Setacera</emphasis>
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Cresson
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9718575FF6FEED00B87F835" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9718575FF6FEED00B87F835" blockId="96.[151,1436,1929,2012]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E9718575FF6FEED00B87F835" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FF6FEED00FB8F876" ID-CoL="7G2V" authority="Cresson 1930: 116" authorityName="Cresson" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,434,1929,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FF6FEED00EFAF876" box="[151,240,1930,1951]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Setacera</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9718575FF0DEED30FB8F876" author="Cresson" box="[245,434,1929,1951]" page="116" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FF0DEED30F89F876" author="Cresson" box="[245,387,1929,1951]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1930) Studies in the dipterous family Ephydridae. Paper III. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 56, 93 - 131." type="journal article" year="1930">Cresson 1930</bibRefCitation>
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: 116
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="D4748829E9718575FE46EED00FE6F876" box="[446,492,1930,1951]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9718575FDB1EED30D58F876" ID-CoL="88736" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[585,850,1929,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9718575FDB1EED30CF2F876" box="[585,760,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Ephydra pacifica</emphasis>
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Cresson
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9718575FB93EED30EE6F857" author="Sturtevant" page="201" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1954">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FB93EED30B92F876" author="Sturtevant" box="[1131,1432,1929,1951]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 201
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</treatmentCitation>
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–204 [key to North American species].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9718575FD73EEF20D3FF857" author="Wirth" box="[651,821,1960,1982]" page="754" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1965">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FD73EEF20D0FF857" author="Wirth" box="[651,773,1960,1982]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Wirth 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 754
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</treatmentCitation>
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–755 [catalog of North American species]; 1968: 24 [catalog of South American species].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9718575FE04EE9C0CAAF835" author="Mathis" box="[508,672,1990,2012]" page="1" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FE04EE9C0C84F835" author="Mathis" box="[508,654,1990,2012]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Mathis, W. N. (1982 b) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VII: Revision of the genus Setacera Cresson. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 350, 1 - 57 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">Mathis 1982b</bibRefCitation>
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: 1
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</treatmentCitation>
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–57 [revision].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9718575FCA8EE9C0ABBF835" author="Mathis" box="[848,1201,1990,2012]" page="252" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9718575FCA8EE9C0A88F835" author="Mathis" box="[848,1154,1990,2012]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 252
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</treatmentCitation>
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–254 [world catalog].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9708574FF6FE9CD0B07FE27" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF6FE9CD0CA0FF3A" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF6FE9CD0F1BFF59" bold="true" box="[151,273,151,176]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FEEFE9C20F73FF46" box="[279,377,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEEFE9C20F73FF46" box="[279,377,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FCDAE9CD0D98FF59" box="[802,914,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
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by the following characters: Moderately small to large shore flies, body length
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<quantity id="CC379B6EE9708574FDF8E9E10CACFF3A" box="[512,678,187,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.154999999999999" metricValueMax="5.85" metricValueMin="2.46" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="4.154999999999999" valueMax="5.85" valueMin="2.46">2.46–5.85 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FE9850B07FE27" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FE9850F07FF11" box="[199,269,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Head:</emphasis>
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Mesofrons shiny, with metallic luster; cruciate, interfrontal setae lacking or weakly developed; lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 2 pairs; fronto-orbits shiny with metallic luster concolorous with mesofrons; basal flagellomere with prominent seta on lateral surface below aristal insertion; arista with subpectinate branching along dorsal surface from between one-half to 2/3 of aristal length; dorsum of interfoveal facial ridge sloping very gradually; ridge projecting markedly forward in many species attaining broad apex from which arched face extends ventrally at nearly a right angle, face receding to oral margin in other species; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed; postocular setae normally developed, not conspicuous; larger facial setae declinate.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9708574FF3FE8830A30FD4C" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FE8830C50FDFF" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FE8830F2BFE1B" box="[199,289,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Dorsocentral setae 5 (1+4); presutural supra-alar seta 1, generally subequal to posterior notopleural setae in species of Western Hemisphere.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEB7B0A30FD4C" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FEB7B0F30FDD3" box="[199,314,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Structures of male terminalia symmetrical but unusually complicated by addition of several secondary processes and prongs; epandrium elongate; well developed surstyli generally fused medially, projecting from ventral margin of epandrium; see Figs. of species for further detail. Female ventral receptacle with operculum as high as wide, broadly rounded dorsally; extended process more or less J-shaped.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9708574FF3FEBF50A6BFBE0" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEBF50CF6FCDD" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FEBF50F6AFD21" bold="true" box="[199,352,687,712]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Among the genera of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FD93EBF50CD4FD21" box="[619,734,687,712]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FD14EBEA0D44FD2E" box="[748,846,688,711]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FD14EBEA0D44FD2E" box="[748,846,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is by far the most widely distributed, with species occurring in all major faunal realms. The neotropics, however, have a depauparate fauna, and the species considered herein are members of a single species group, known only from the Western Hemisphere. A single species,
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF0DEA460F93FCDD" box="[245,409,795,820]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FF0DEA460F9FFCDD" box="[245,405,795,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trichoscelis">S. trichoscelis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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is known from South
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9708574FD6CEA410CF2FCDD" box="[660,760,795,820]" name="United States of America" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">America</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEA640A6BFBE0" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FEA640F8DFCBE" bold="true" box="[199,391,830,855]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Natural history.</emphasis>
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The immature stages of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FD5DEA650D0DFCBF" box="[677,775,831,854]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FD5DEA650D0DFCBF" box="[677,775,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FCBAEA640DA8FCBE" box="[834,930,830,855]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FCBAEA640DA8FCBE" box="[834,930,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Ephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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closely resemble each other, and
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FADFEA640EEBFC92" author="Johannsen" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1935) Aquatic Diptera. Part II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Memoir, 177, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1935">Johannsen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
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considered them to be the most highly specialized of the family. Like larvae of
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FB91EA380ADAFC92" box="[1129,1232,866,891]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FB91EA380AC6FC92" box="[1129,1228,866,891]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephydra</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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those of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FAC2EA390B96FC93" box="[1338,1436,867,890]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FAC2EA390B96FC93" box="[1338,1436,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are characterized by long, terminal respiratory tubes and by eight pairs of short, conical, abdominal prolegs, of which the last pair is the largest, with claws opposable to those of the other prolegs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FBAAEAF00B13FC2A" author="Johannsen" box="[1106,1305,938,963]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1935) Aquatic Diptera. Part II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Memoir, 177, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1935">Johannsen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figured the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FE00EA940C83FC0F" box="[504,649,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FE00EA940C8FFC0F" box="[504,645,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="needhami">S. needhami</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a species described inadvertently from the immature stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FAB8EA940ED8FBE3" author="Cresson" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1935) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61, 345 - 372." type="journal article" year="1935">Cresson 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FEEDEAA80FADFBE3" author="Foote" box="[277,423,1010,1034]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Foote, B. A. (1982) Biology and immature stages of Setacera atrovirens a grazer of floating algal mats (Diptera: Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 84 (4), 828 - 844." type="journal article" year="1982">Foote (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated the immature stages of
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FC34EAA80A6BFBE0" box="[972,1121,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FC34EAA80A57FBE0" box="[972,1117,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrovirens">S. atrovirens</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9708574FF3FED4F0ADCFAED" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FED4F0A06FB70" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Unlike
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEE7ED4F0F8CFBC7" box="[287,390,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FEE7ED4F0F88FBC7" box="[287,386,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephydra</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FDD0ED4C0C80FBC4" box="[552,650,1046,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FDD0ED4C0C80FBC4" box="[552,650,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur primarily in freshwater habitats, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FB29ED4F0B96FBC7" author="Johannsen" box="[1233,1436,1045,1070]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1935) Aquatic Diptera. Part II. Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Memoir, 177, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1935">Johannsen (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reared a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FE61ED600C21FBB8" box="[409,555,1082,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrovirens">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FE61ED600C21FBB8" box="[409,555,1082,1105]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">S. atrovirens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a puparium collected in a brine pool near Ithaca, New York. Where members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FEDCED070F8CFB9D" box="[292,390,1117,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEDCED070F8CFB9D" box="[292,390,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do occur, even within what appears to be their preferred habitat, specimens are not collected frequently, and collection of a good series usually requires diligent persistence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEDFF0ADCFAED" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
Most species seem to prefer lentic aquatic systems, especially where a layer of floating algae has accumulated on the water's surface. This is the typical habitat of most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FC7DED9D0DF2FB09" box="[901,1016,1223,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and their crochet-bearing prolegs are apparently an adaptation to this habitat, allowing movement through and attachment to the algae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9708577FF3FEC550B97FDD4" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEC550CF6FA86" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF3FEC550F46FAC1" bold="true" box="[199,332,1295,1320]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Some members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FDD0EC4A0C80FACE" box="[552,650,1296,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FDD0EC4A0C80FACE" box="[552,650,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have secondarily sexually dimorphic features. Males of these species bear prominent hair-tufts of varying lengths at tibial apices and often on the coxae. The extent and length of tufts, or their absence, are excellent species-level characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9708574FF3FEC200B98F81A" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
The species now included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FDEDEC210C7DFA7B" box="[533,631,1403,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FDEDEC210C7DFA7B" box="[533,631,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were previously placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FBDCEC200ADCFA7A" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[1060,1238,1402,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FBDCEC200A8FFA7A" box="[1060,1157,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Ephydra</emphasis>
|
||
Fallén
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some recent authors still prefer the precedent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FDC4ECC50C94FA5F" box="[572,670,1439,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FDC4ECC50C94FA5F" box="[572,670,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an included subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FC17ECC40A5AFA5E" box="[1007,1104,1438,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FC17ECC40A5AFA5E" box="[1007,1104,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Ephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FB9AECC40B5DFA5E" author="Giordani" box="[1122,1367,1438,1463]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Giordani Soika, A. G. (1956) Diagnosi preliminari di nuovi Ephydridae e Canaceidae della Regione etiopica e del Madagascar (Diptera). Bollettino del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Venezia, 9, 123 - 130." type="journal article" year="1956">Giordani Soika 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9708574FA9EECC40ED9FA32" author="Dahl" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refString="Dahl, R. G. (1959) Studies on Scandinavian Ephydridae (Diptera Brachycera). Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum 15, 1 - 224." type="journal article" year="1959">Dahl 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FF11EC990F41FA33" box="[233,331,1475,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FF11EC990F41FA33" box="[233,331,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeed closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FD6BEC980CF9FA32" box="[659,755,1474,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FD6BEC980CF9FA32" box="[659,755,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Ephydra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as evidenced by the similarity of adults and immatures of both genera.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FED1ECBC0F81FA14" box="[297,395,1510,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FED1ECBC0F81FA14" box="[297,395,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, can be consistently distinguished in both sexes from all other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FAD4ECBF0B96FA17" box="[1324,1436,1509,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its monophyly corroborated by the following synapomorphies: (1)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FC35EF530AEEF9C8" box="[973,1252,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Basal flagellomere seta:</emphasis>
|
||
Aside from the arista, there are usually no other large structures emanating from the basal flagellomere. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FACBEF740B9FF9AC" box="[1331,1429,1582,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FACBEF740B9FF9AC" box="[1331,1429,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, have a large seta inserted just below the aristal insertion on the lateral surface. (2)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FB5CEF0B0B4DF983" box="[1188,1351,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Vertico-orbits:</emphasis>
|
||
Within the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FF03EF2E0F64F964" box="[251,366,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the vertico-orbits are generally either shiny or densely microtomentose and grayish, appearing dull. This area, in specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FDFBEFC30C66F959" box="[515,620,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FDFBEFC30C62F959" box="[515,616,1689,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Setacera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is uniquely invested with a dense patch of microtomentum that appears velvety. Velvety areas occur elsewhere in a few species of the tribe (parafrons in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FBCAEFE60B5CF93C" authority="Cresson" authorityName="Cresson" box="[1074,1366,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Cirrula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FBCAEFE60AFAF93D" box="[1074,1264,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cirrula gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
Cresson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; frons and orbits in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FED4EF850C42F911" authority="Aldrich" authorityName="Aldrich" box="[300,584,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FED4EF850FE2F911" box="[300,488,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Ephydra auripes</emphasis>
|
||
Aldrich
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but not in the specific area as described for
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FBBEEFBA0ABAF91E" box="[1094,1200,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FBBEEFBA0AA6F91E" box="[1094,1196,1760,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Setacera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(3)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FB27EF850B68F911" box="[1247,1378,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Genal seta:</emphasis>
|
||
This seta is usually very prominent, arising below the eye. Although this seta is still larger than surrounding ones in specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEC8EE720F92F8D6" box="[304,408,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FEC8EE720F9FF8D6" box="[304,405,1832,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Setacera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
its comparative size is smaller, and for convenience, we have compared it with the length of the arista. (4)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEC0EE160C7AF88A" box="[312,624,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cruciate interfrontal setae:</emphasis>
|
||
Although some species of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FBEAEE110A88F88D" box="[1042,1154,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have these setae, most genera have at least a few species in which they occur. Consequently, our interpretation of the general groundplan of the tribe is for their presence, and their lack in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FC83EEC90DD7F843" box="[891,989,1939,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FC83EEC90DD7F843" box="[891,989,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently unique. (5)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FAEBEEC80F54F827" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Prescutellar acrostichal setae:</emphasis>
|
||
As with the preceding characters, these setae are generally present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FB8AEEEC0AECF826" box="[1138,1254,1974,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We know of no specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9708574FEC9EE810F99F81B" box="[305,403,2011,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9708574FEC9EE810F99F81B" box="[305,403,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, where they are present, and we interpret this apparent loss to be synapomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9738577FF3FE9C20AA5FF3C" blockId="98.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
As only the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FEA1E9C20FB9FF59" box="[345,435,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FEA1E9C20FB9FF59" box="[345,435,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group occurs in the Neotropics, the comments to follow will deal primarily with that taxon. Earlier,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9738577FEC4E9E60FE0FF3C" author="Mathis" box="[316,490,188,213]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refString="Mathis, W. N. (1982 b) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), VII: Revision of the genus Setacera Cresson. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 350, 1 - 57 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">Mathis (1982b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented his hypotheses on the arrangement of other lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9738577FF3FE9850A34FE61" blockId="98.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FF07E9850F52FF11" box="[255,344,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">aldrichi</emphasis>
|
||
group is the sister group of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FD16E9BA0D42FF11" box="[750,840,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FD16E9BA0D42FF11" box="[750,840,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and it is characterized and its monophyly established by: (1)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FE89E85E0CA3FEF4" box="[369,681,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Configuration of aedeagus:</emphasis>
|
||
As before, the aedeagus is typically broadly rounded apically and almost as wide as long. Males of the
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FDB5E87D0CACFEA9" box="[589,678,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">aldrichi</emphasis>
|
||
group have a somewhat pointed aedeagus that we interpret to be apomorphic. (2)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FEA7E8160CBBFE8C" box="[351,689,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Configuration of epandrium:</emphasis>
|
||
Males of the
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FC9CE8160DB7FE8C" box="[868,957,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">aldrichi</emphasis>
|
||
group have an anteroventral, digitiform process, apparently a unique condition, and one that we interpret to be apomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9738577FF3FE8CE0B97FDD4" blockId="98.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
|
||
The monophyly of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FE28E8CE0C20FE45" box="[464,554,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FE28E8CE0C20FE45" box="[464,554,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is established by: (1)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FC8EE8CE0AD4FE44" box="[886,1246,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Configuration of vertico-orbits:</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FAF0E8CF0B60FE45" box="[1288,1386,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Setacera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FAF0E8CF0B60FE45" box="[1288,1386,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Setacera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this band is more or less broad and usually has a subanterior swelling. But in members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FB8DE8E20AC5FE39" box="[1141,1231,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FB8DE8E20AC5FE39" box="[1141,1231,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group this band is very narrow and is sometimes difficult to detect. The narrowed aspect of this character is interpreted to apomorphic. (2)
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FEAAEB5A0D32FDF1" box="[338,824,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Configuration of female ventral receptacle:</emphasis>
|
||
For most ephydrines, the operculum is typically wider than high. For females of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9738577FE18EB7E0C30FDD5" box="[480,570,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9738577FE18EB7E0C30FDD5" box="[480,570,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, however, the height is subequal to its width, an apomorphic character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |