157 lines
16 KiB
XML
157 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="F1F52852C4B1FE240D0E6B11DAA7B26B" ID-CLB-Dataset="38982" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c41804b4-7a66-4a00-afc1-c7a31871329f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464331980959" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="8366879DE9478543FF6FEAD60FF7F86A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4116.1..pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ephydra Fallen" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="7F5FFFE5E9118515FFF8E95A0E0AFFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1698630767650" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E2962025CF05088B72AF837E361768A3">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E05AB06238E4336AB2C169E4BAEBCB2D">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49DF5D4AB7856AA5CBE33E8A6D9F8C8D">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0E7B529EA9E7555C98793A709A2D4163">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="4D7F8240D60C733FABB6923DFA0373E6">
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<mods:date id="26605F9BABB4FA9C08C1BC4E58EDEC57">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8BB68BBBF33B4B8588CFF2B1836810B6">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="9281C29204413EE524A747F1E3076653" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8366879DE9478543FF6FEAD60FF7F86A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6074144" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6074144" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE9478543FF6FEAD60FF7F86A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE9478543FF6FEAD60FF7F86A" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF6FEAD60FA1FC4F" box="[151,427,908,934]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF6FEAD60FA1FC4F" blockId="86.[151,427,908,934]" box="[151,427,908,934]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<heading id="503881E7E9478543FF6FEAD60FA1FC4F" bold="true" box="[151,427,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF6FEAD60FA1FC4F" bold="true" box="[151,427,908,934]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FF16EAD60FA1FC4F" ID-CoL="4CVJ" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[238,427,908,934]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF16EAD60F5CFC4F" bold="true" box="[238,342,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ephydra</emphasis>
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Fallén
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF6FEA880D0BFBCF" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF6FEA880D0BFBCF" blockId="86.[151,1436,978,1062]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E9478543FF6FEA880D0BFBCF" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FF6FEA880F9CFC01" ID-CoL="4CVJ" authority="Fallen 1810: 22" authorityName="Fallen" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,406,978,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF6FEA880EE5FC01" box="[151,239,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ephydra</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9478543FF0DEA880F9CFC01" author="Fallen" box="[245,406,978,1000]" page="22" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" year="1810">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FF0DEA880F78FC01" author="Fallen" box="[245,370,978,1000]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Fallen, C. F. (1810) Specimen entomologicum novam Diptera disponendi methodum exhibens. Berlingianis, Lundae [= Lund], 26 pp." type="book" year="1810">Fallén 1810</bibRefCitation>
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: 22
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="D4748829E9478543FE5CEA890FD8FC01" box="[420,466,979,1000]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FDCAEA880D28FC01" ID-CoL="8C2CC" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[562,802,978,1000]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riparia">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FDCAEA880CD3FC01" box="[562,729,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ephydra riparia</emphasis>
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Fallén
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation (
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FBB2EA880B38FC01" author="Curtis" box="[1098,1330,978,1000]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Curtis, J. (1832) British Entomology; Being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured Figs. from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Vol. 9. E. Ellis and Company, Simpkin and Marshall, J. B. Bailliere, London, 44 pp." type="book" year="1832">Curtis 1832: plate 413</bibRefCitation>
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)].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9478543FAA5EA880F2AFBEE" author="Wirth" page="22" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" year="1968">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FAA5EA880EF7FBEE" author="Wirth" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1968) 77. Family Ephydridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 1 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1968">Wirth 1968</bibRefCitation>
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: 22
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</treatmentCitation>
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[catalog of South American species]; 1971: 357-377 [review of New World species, Figs. of male terminalia].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9478543FF3FED4A0C2FFBCF" author="Mathis" box="[199,549,1040,1062]" page="240" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" year="1995">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FF3FED4A0FFFFBCF" author="Mathis" box="[199,501,1040,1062]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
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: 240
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</treatmentCitation>
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–247 [world catalog].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF6FED080D2AFAF6" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF6FED080ADEFB82" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" box="[151,1236,1106,1131]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF6FED080F1BFB82" bold="true" box="[151,273,1106,1131]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FEE0ED080F72FB82" box="[280,376,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FEE0ED080F72FB82" box="[280,376,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FCDBED080D99FB82" box="[803,915,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
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by the following characters:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FED2C0D2AFAF6" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FED2C0F07FB66" box="[199,269,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Head:</emphasis>
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Lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 3, well developed, subequal; development of cruciate, interfrontal setae variable, either with 1 well-developed pair or weak to lacking; basal flagellomere simple, lacking secondary seta inserted below arista on lateral surface; arista variable, subpectinate to macropubescent, if subpectinate, basal thickening extended about 1/3 of aristal length, if macropubescent, basal thickening extended over 1/2 of aristal length; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF3FEC700A64FA3A" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FEC700B3DFA8F" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FEC700F2BFAAA" box="[199,289,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Presutural supra-alar seta present, well developed; dorsocentral setae 5 (1+4); intrapostalar seta present; supra-alar seta present; disc of scutellum generally concolorous with posterior portion of scutum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FEC280A64FA3A" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FEC280F30FA62" box="[199,314,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Structures of male terminalia considerably modified depending on subgenus and species group (see appropriate diagnosis of subtaxon for further details). Female ventral receptacle with operculum small, trapezoidal in shape; extended process relatively large, C-shaped, length 2–
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<date id="7F71104BE9478543FC99ECE10D67FA3A" box="[865,877,1467,1491]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">3</date>
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X width of operculum.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF3FEC840FE4F942" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FEC840FE4F942" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FEC840F6AFA1E" bold="true" box="[199,352,1502,1527]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Occurring primarily in temperate regions of the world as follows. New World. Widespread mostly in the Nearctic Region but extended into the northern Neotropical Region (12°–65°N):
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FB32EF580B14F9F2" box="[1226,1310,1538,1563]" name="Canada" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Canada</collectingCountry>
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(just south of the Great Bear Lake), southward into
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FD95EF7C0CC8F9D6" box="[621,706,1574,1599]" name="Mexico" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(Oaxaca) and the West Indies (Dutch West Indies). Old World. Widespread, mostly in the Palearctic and Afrotropical (temperate) regions but extended into the northern Oriental Region:
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FF0FEF350F5BF96E" box="[247,337,1647,1671]" name="Norway" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Norway</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FE8DEF350FB2F96F" box="[373,440,1647,1670]" name="Japan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, southward to the Canary Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FCC2EF340DC7F96E" box="[826,973,1646,1671]" name="South Africa" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, across southern Asia (
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FB37EF340B57F96E" box="[1231,1373,1646,1671]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FA90EF350B92F96F" box="[1384,1432,1647,1670]" name="Iran" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Iran</collectingCountry>
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, and Tibet) to
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FED5EFC90F67F943" box="[301,365,1683,1706]" name="Japan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Japan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FE5CEFC80FE1F942" box="[420,491,1682,1707]" name="China" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF3FEFEC0FF7F86A" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FEFEC0FF7F86A" blockId="86.[151,1437,1106,1923]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FEFEC0F46F926" bold="true" box="[199,332,1718,1743]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Discussion.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FEACEFEC0FEAF926" author="Wirth" box="[340,480,1718,1743]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1971) The brine flies of the genus Ephydra in North America (Diptera: Ephydridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64 (2), 357 - 377. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 64.2.357" type="journal article" year="1971">Wirth (1971</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FE15EFEC0C2CF926" author="Wirth" box="[493,550,1718,1743]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1975) A revision of the brine flies of the genus Ephydra of the Old World (Diptera: Ephydridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 6 (1), 11 - 44. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631275 X 00325" type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
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) has provided an excellent revision of
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FC1AEFEC0A48F926" box="[994,1090,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FC1AEFEC0A48F926" box="[994,1090,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ephydra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on a worldwide basis, and his papers should be consulted for a more detailed discussion of the natural history and for identification of extralimital species. Our treatment is essentially a synopsis of Wirth's valuable study, although with some modification. Because Wirth borrowed and examined specimens from most major museums, we have not deemed it necessary to repeat that process. Consequently the “Specimens Examined” sections are omitted, and the reader is referred to Wirth's treatment for these data.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |