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<mods:title id="860892D34D6850FB2151D9AA65A47EDC">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AE8E7E38B52DBEBB8E9BA1CE6D358999">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="8366879DE90B850FFF6FEB820B7FF864" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3512804" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3512804" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE90B850FFF6FEB820B7FF864" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE90B850FFF6FEB820B7FF864" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF6FEB820FE0FD1B" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF6FEB820FE0FD1B" blockId="26.[151,490,727,754]" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="503881E7E90B850FFF6FEB820FE0FD1B" bold="true" box="[151,490,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF6FEB820FE0FD1B" bold="true" box="[151,490,727,754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFF16EB8D0FE0FD1B" ID-CoL="63JYV" authority="Mathis" authorityName="Mathis" box="[238,490,727,754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF16EB8D0F81FD18" bold="true" box="[238,395,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
Mathis
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF6FEA440A82FCDD" box="[151,1160,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF6FEA440A82FCDD" blockId="26.[151,1160,798,820]" box="[151,1160,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFF6FEA440FB1FCDD" ID-CoL="63JYV" authority="Mathis 2008: 4" authorityName="Mathis" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,443,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF6FEA440F17FCDD" box="[151,285,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE90B850FFEDAEA440FB1FCDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509656" author="Mathis" box="[290,443,798,820]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/902D87820360FFC5FF19E3F6D53903FD" page="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90B850FFEDAEA440FAFFCDD" author="Mathis" box="[290,421,798,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Mathis, W. N. (2008) Two new neotropical genera of the shore-fly tribe Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa, 1874, 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Mathis 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<typeStatus id="D4748829E90B850FFE30EA450FFCFCDD" box="[456,502,799,820]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFDABEA440DAEFCDD" ID-CoL="8C2FR" authority="Oliveira 1954" authorityName="Oliveira" authorityYear="1954" box="[595,932,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFDABEA440D1AFCDD" box="[595,784,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ephydrella freitasi</emphasis>
Oliveira 1954
</taxonomicName>
, original designation].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF6FEA3B0C20FB73" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF6FEA3B0C78FC2B" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF6FEA3B0F1BFC93" bold="true" box="[151,273,865,890]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFED8EA3B0FBEFC93" box="[288,436,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFED8EA3B0FBEFC93" box="[288,436,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from other genera of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFC6CEA3B0A0EFC93" box="[916,1028,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: Moderately small to medium-sized shore flies, body length
<quantity id="CC379B6EE90B850FFBF2EADC0AB0FC74" box="[1034,1210,902,926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0999999999999996" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.0999999999999996" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.4">2.403.80 mm</quantity>
; setation normally developed, not generally appearing pilose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEA970C20FB73" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEA970F07FC0F" box="[199,269,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Head:</emphasis>
Mesofrons shiny, with metallic luster, differentiated from microtomentose parafrons; cruciate interfrontal setae l; lateroclinate, fronto-orbital setae 2; antennal groove distinct but not deeply impressed; basal flagellomere lacking large seta inserted on lateral surface; arista as long or slightly longer than combined length of 1st 3 antennal segments, gradually tapered from base to apex, with subpectinate, dorsally branching rays on basal 2/3; postocular setae normally developed, not conspicuous; larger facial setae extended from interfoveal hump with 12, distinctly porrect to anaclinate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF3FEDFF0C02F9E8" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEDFF0ED2FAA7" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEDFF0F2BFB57" box="[199,289,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Thorax:</emphasis>
Females with 1 prescutellar, acrostichal setae; dorsocentral setae 4 (1+3), all well developed; supraalar seta present; presutural supra-alar seta lacking; intrapostalar seta either weakly developed or lacking; disc of scutellum concolorous with posterior portion of scutum; females lacking dense patch of setae between posterior 2 dorsocentral setae. Hindtibia with apical, anteroventral seta, length equal to or larger than width of tibia at widest point.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEC030C02F9E8" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEC030F30FA9B" box="[199,314,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Female ventral receptacle with operculum flat, disc-like. Male terminalia: symmetrical; epandrium longer than wide, narrowed ventrally, fused almost imperceptibly with base of united surstyli; surstyli fused medially except at near apex; posterior surstylar process only slightly longer than lateral process; both processes apical; gonite, hypandrium, and apparently aedeagus fused to form 1 compact structure, curved anteriorly, wide basally, tapered to rounded apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF3FEF570AC7F95F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEF570C3AF9A3" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEF570F6AF9CF" bold="true" box="[199,352,1549,1574]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFE9EEF570FFEF9CF" box="[358,500,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Neotropical;</emphasis>
widespread but scarce, from
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE90B850FFCC4EF540DCAF9CF" box="[828,960,1549,1574]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
south through
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE90B850FFB9FEF570AA1F9CF" box="[1127,1195,1549,1574]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE90B850FFB36EF570B04F9CF" box="[1230,1294,1549,1574]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chile</collectingCountry>
. None of the congeners is known to be sympatric.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEF0F0AC7F95F" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEF0F0F84F987" bold="true" box="[199,398,1621,1646]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Natural history.</emphasis>
Like other ephydrines,
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFD45EF0F0D5BF987" box="[701,849,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFD45EF0F0D5BF987" box="[701,849,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in wetlands. In southern
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE90B850FFB0BEF0F0B3AF987" box="[1267,1328,1621,1646]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chile</collectingCountry>
(Osorno Province), we collected specimens of
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFDACEF200CCFF978" box="[596,709,1658,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stauros">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFDACEF200CCFF978" box="[596,709,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. stauros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a sedge meadow near the margins of small but apparently permanent ponds. Nothing is known about the immature stages or the microhabitat of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="43D56500E90B850FFF3FEF9B0B7FF864" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEF9B0FB3F8CB" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFF3FEF9B0F46F933" bold="true" box="[199,332,1729,1754]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFEABEF9B0FEDF933" box="[339,487,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFEABEF9B0FEDF933" box="[339,487,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraephydra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is proposed to accommodate two closely related species,
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFB89EF980B5BF933" authority="Oliveira" authorityName="Oliveira" box="[1137,1361,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFB89EF980AD0F933" box="[1137,1242,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. freitasi</emphasis>
(Oliveira)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFA7FEF980F70F917" authority="Mathis. See" authorityName="Mathis. See" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stauros">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFA7FEF980EE3F914" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. stauros</emphasis>
Mathis. See
</taxonomicName>
“Remarks” section under
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFD48EFBC0D10F914" box="[688,794,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. f re i t as i</emphasis>
for further comments on the classificatory history and placement of that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B70368BE90B850FFF3FEE770B7FF864" blockId="26.[151,1437,865,1934]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Sexual dimorphism is evident in the chaetotaxy of
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFCEBEE770DA4F8AF" box="[787,942,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFCEBEE770DA1F8AF" box="[787,939,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Paraephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraephydra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Females, unlike males, have a prescutellar acrostichal seta that is larger than other acrostichal setulae. Based on this character,
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE90B850FFBA9EE0B0B06F883" author="Oliveira" box="[1105,1292,1873,1898]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Oliveira, S. J. de (1954 c) Sobre a presenca do genero &quot; Ephydrella &quot; Tonnoir and Malloch, (1926, na regiao neotropica, com descricao de uma nova especie (Diptera: Ephydridae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14 (3), 291 - 294." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="c">Oliveira (1954c)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFA7FEE080EECF867" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freitasi">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFA7FEE080EECF867" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. freitasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the genus
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFE82EE2F0FF7F867" box="[378,509,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFE82EE2F0FF2F867" box="[378,504,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephydrella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as that genus, unlike
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E90B850FFD17EE2C0A44F867" authority="Neotropical" authorityName="Neotropical" box="[751,1102,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E90B850FFD17EE2C0D74F864" box="[751,894,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dimecoenia,</emphasis>
sensu Neotropical
</taxonomicName>
species, lacks these setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>