739 lines
99 KiB
XML
739 lines
99 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1075F5A0E9BC098FBA5A898AEC135170">Integrative taxonomy of the genus Onchidium Buchannan, 1800 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="7FEA8A8D7E7BFC4C7FF704530A45AB4E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127882711" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7FEA8A8D7E7BFC4C7FF704530A45AB4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FEA8A8D7E7BFC4C7FF704530A45AB4E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="C5C4FC549DF32187081D26564ED8AC6B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF19546C39FBCCD6029CFE08AAE96E9F" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="5A57D862601C1FB7EB9EB2883B0F8FB1" ID-CoL="49FS6" authority="Westerlund, 1883" authorityName="Westerlund" authorityYear="1883" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi (Westerlund, 1883)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="993F2D4947A20960E986242FC730D074" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figs 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D3383C4A1F74A8536BC15101C74F32B6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="6B876DD179CCBC014044EB205700A754" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D30574CF19D0B50D82AD0ACCF4FDAEA7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">
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<pageBreakToken id="F24E1F63D51E55C0F1D5C18A1EB8E405" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">Vaginulus</pageBreakToken>
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stuxbergi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westerlund, 1883: 165;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6728051E5B28A964AE996EC582E04411" author="Westerlund, CA" journalOrPublisher="Vega-Expeditionens Veteskapliga Iakttagelser" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="191 - 192" title="Land- och soetvatten-mollusker, insamlade under Vega-Expeditionen." volume="4" year="1885">Westerlund 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p.191-192, pl. 2, fig. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DF17890F2823BB922A8F6AFBB5FE8C22" originalValue="a–c">a-c</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FE8FCB354726964C70F4B5B628A7CEF7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
<taxonomicName id="DD5AAC8423BB9233C07F97102B38000C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Oncidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Plate, 1893: 188-190, pl. 8, fig. 31a, pl. 10, fig. 53, pl. 11, fig. 75;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="7BCD5367EA51ED3D7E3E438AB8A63B30" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Jena)" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 78;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74BFEE3E06E12CE79776DE74F508D4E5" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes (Labbe) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: Classification, nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934">
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<normalizedToken id="9B78BF0B138869D337977E29732085ED" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
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1934
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 223-224, figs. 58-61. New synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="54E2661325A9692917FD95ECCFF77097" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C861753F84C51B6302C05AE1F5ABBCB" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="D137663E82276D8C9675C26C5CA27B10" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1935: 312-317, figs 1-3. New synonym.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AA933FEE76C593B3B01C25056A56397B" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="D51FBCBBE109A9EB24AC5E0CD9F4C262" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type locality</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="46B08820DC6A426396ED703178B0190A" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A5528B2745C6D566AD6F7809CBA16998" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). "Borneo in silva, ad flum Kalias" means that the slugs were found in forests by a river now called the Klias River. The latter runs into the Bru
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="8913703D769D342C3D92AD2F1E56452F" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" start="start">nei</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Bay, which is a small bay bordered by Brunei Darussalam in the South, by Sabah (Malaysia) in the north, and by the small island of the Labuan Territory (Malaysia) in the west. Several of the labels of the type material indicate Labuan as the locality. So, it is possible that the type material is a mix of specimens collected at Labuan Island itself and on the shore of Borneo, facing Labuan. Here is what the different labels read for the first jar: "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D03B789D571144CD09E3C9673CC02D95" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westerlund, 1885. Borneo, Labuan. On the beach, mangroves. Leg. Vega Exp 1878-1880, sta. 633. SMNH-Type-7523-syntype(s);" "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2F9AA3274F13E6D79FBDDC30B2A60AF" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mangrover Sump, Labuan vid Borneo [i.e., meaning Labuan opposite (seeing) Borneo], Vega Exp. n° 633, 18/11 1879;" and "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EA0D47CEB7AD85C73ED7A8343E52ABA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncis stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Oncis stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wstld, 1883. Hab. Labuan b. Borneo (Mangrove - Sumpf). Leg Vega-Expedition (N°633) 18-xi-1879, Jena, Jan 1927, Hoffmann determ." Here is what the different labels read for the second jar: "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DDD95B379833971A11FBE1E341CADCF" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westerlund, 1885. Borneo, Labuan. On the beach, mangroves. Leg. Vega Exp 1878-1880, sta. 633. SMNH-Type-1334-syntype(s);" "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="277231EFFE0764DCEEBE595D7213A3E1" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus Stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Stuxbergi">Vaginulus Stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
;" "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCF3926F19628A86B5FF331A2DA3AD3" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus Stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="Stuxbergi">Vaginulus Stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Borneo Vega Exp, det. Westerlund;" and "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BB063BCF7E567CC82A59E7C716C1C13" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncis stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Oncis stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Westerlund, 1883 [Typ fur Vaginula
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15DF6090DA1076FFA07983AF222D0FD9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wsterld]. Hab. Borneo. Leg. Vega-Expedition, Westerlund det. Jena, Jan 1927, Hoffmann determ." Our specimens here were collected from Brunei Darussalam, which borders the Brunei Bay and faces the island of Labuan, i.e., from a locality that is extremely close to the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="45FA0CEAC4B143C1C7DB9F279C6F1285" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph id="F382C0A06A9A5C6D2521467912A889CF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type locality</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9330066CD42F6F69F5319DFD9F0F3C8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C3F1F44A7A8D9EC101AB90C7E47799" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="11BEEE43E02CC4B8BDC7A2993A21B879" originalValue="“Borneo”">"Borneo"</normalizedToken>
|
||
is the only geographic information provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74AB2E51183113718306359DE55E000E" author="Plate, L von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="93 - 234" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiidien." volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the original description as well as on the label of the type, which reads "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A82025B5037FE3C2515A5A4C5258DD01" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Oncidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Plate. 22749. Borneo. Gera S." The mention of "Gera S." does not refer to Sungai Geras, a river near the city of Bintulu, on the west coast of Borneo, in Sarawak, Malaysia, but most likely to the fact that the specimen was collected by Gerard, as indicated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69C269F3576939F7EDDA83106E9DB6C7" author="Plate, L von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="93 - 234" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiidien." volume="7" year="1893">
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<normalizedToken id="4966B586BC594918AF745DFDD6A1ECEB" originalValue="Plate’s">Plate's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1893
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 188) original description ("1 Exemplar von Borneo, durch Gerard gesammelt"). Thus, the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="043FCF374879DBBD04C61EDD5F8CAFA4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be anywhere in Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="1418A0B5F6B1130A83A9D5D224F68133" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph id="A1EDE7C74BBF3261FC60E3696911385C" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type locality</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AAFC597D2DF89204251E3D36FF563A2F" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39120FEE04D1A8CC1F6CD6E2589905A3" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The "Province
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C7F1CD67683BF0C4F046BE4013135E5D" originalValue="d’Ajuthia">d'Ajuthia</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Siam)" is the province of Ayutthaya, in Thailand, approximately 80 kilometers north of Bangkok, which used to be the capital of the Kingdom of Siam. Because that province is inland,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9C486C47B56B59E231C9643626D6BA34" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
assumed that the slugs had been collected in fresh water. However, the Chao Phraya River of the basin than runs through the province of Ayutthaya actually is under the influence of the tide year round. The salt front (brackish water) goes up to 75 and 175 kilometers from the river mouth in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, and it was even more so the case in the past when the river side was still not developed (syntypes collected by M. Bocourt in 1862 according to the label of the type material). In the province of Ayutthaya, the river is approximately at its kilometer 140 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F4537D85BC8AC3DC2820D7F26B40966" author="Singkran, N" editor="Chan, D" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" title="CRC Press, Boca Raton" url="10.1201/b18559-6" year="2015">Singkran 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 28). The label of the type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D93C4D878EEF359D3662EB2B3CBA55D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
says that it lived in the "eaux dormantes de la province
|
||
<normalizedToken id="09D993359E3BD9BD2C7B77FD7A6BC433" originalValue="d’Ajuthia.”">d'Ajuthia."</normalizedToken>
|
||
The French expression "eaux dormantes" means
|
||
<normalizedToken id="17F86AA62C48ED50915440225E808BAA" originalValue="“swamps.”">"swamps."</normalizedToken>
|
||
Given what is known of the basin of Chao Praya River, those swamps were brackish water under the influence of daily tides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0754CA533E0506C578D83A4C4AA4879D" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="00C3F5E968ABDB5AA622FA3390CF8D7A" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type material</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="07424EB5CB3F2D93A4DBFB9AA099DC72" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DDC7E639F814927AE1D1AD952A64E8E" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). One lectotype hereby designated (43/25 mm; entire and never dissected; SMNH 1334). All eleven other syntypes become paralectotypes with no name-bearing status. Originally, the type material included a total of
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="637D5F58EABC9147E1C087F15C7EE8A3" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">twelve</pageBreakToken>
|
||
specimens split in two different jars: five specimens (all paralectotypes) with catalog number SMNH 7523 (from 35/30 to 15/12 mm, all entire except one specimen opened by a previous investigator, with a vial including the male copulatory system); and seven specimens with catalog number SMNH 1334 (the lectotype 43/25 mm, entire, and six paralectotypes from 20/18 to 15/15 mm, all entire except for one specimen dissected by a previous investigator, with a vial including a male copulatory system). All paralectotypes are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="469D2DB65DCE40495A99E3784DC000E3" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the lectotype clearly is an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54BE5A0A31E9106C2FC9A41502BAF006" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8004A1B0D061DA594D0A34C215EAFE12" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen was selected as the lectotype because it is the only specimen that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A04346BC4C34EE2CBE2BA0918817B7B" author="Westerlund, CA" journalOrPublisher="Vega-Expeditionens Veteskapliga Iakttagelser" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="191 - 192" title="Land- och soetvatten-mollusker, insamlade under Vega-Expeditionen." volume="4" year="1885">Westerlund (1885)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated for his new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FC9D54B3F82C3DF92A8F22AF2F2E919A" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="42DDF1ABDCF3A5A9ACB0BD049DEE083A" originalValue="Westerlund’s">Westerlund's</normalizedToken>
|
||
figures are a perfect image of the lectotype and, most importantly, it is exactly how
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35716C155C7048164F981556185C7BDD" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
slugs (in the strict sense) look like when they are preserved without relaxation or when they are alive but disturbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B8A606D32C5BC7A43415275DBA016B65" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D71E69D4C509883B6E89664F58D89A6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Type material</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A597AED9762313687B5B3B138105F5BE" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78AC90EA65C8F9ED38260D5903C9A0D9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Holotype, by monotypy (ZMB 22749). One specimen 40/30 mm, completely dissected (by Plate) and empty. There is a vial with destroyed pieces of the digestive system (mostly the digestive gland and the intestine).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="749D7F42F6B9E920C0992CB98CCA88C5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C1DCB4BB814DB623A5976F916CFCD29" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Type material</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="021558209ECB03BDC47E0F29AE852ADC" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB2C89757EAA12FC3E18BFCA76619CCA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Three syntypes (MNHN 22965) 20/17, 20/15 and 20/14 mm. All three specimens, dissected by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D69591435375954017EBC0A27F7B1863" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
, are now empty. Only a few destroyed pieces of the digestive system remain in a vial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D86885695455099DEF2AFAE08B0EC17" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="13DC3970FC81F6AEB57C23B2399D592F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9D58323C89CF69074DAB8EF5D42F1FBA" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, 04°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D2142DCDBAC2344EDB7BB58B0CBDACE2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="50.434">50.434N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 100°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3BFBCE3934C29C3E78FD42D00579C37D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="38.176">38.176E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18 July 2011, 1 specimen (42/24 [DNA 971] mm), leg. B. Dayrat & T. Goulding, [station 27, old forest with tall, old
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29FE555E67A3FA0FE959D89936262BFF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, high in the tidal zone (ferns), following boardwalk in educational preserve, reached a creek lower in the tidal zone, with mud] (USMMC 00006); Brunei Darussalam, Mentiri, Jalan Batu Marang, 04°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DDA3B9F7035BFDF2B9E3F67E57C80BCA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="59.131">59.131N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 115°
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8737366348E1D9FBCFA07CC9E4904E75" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="1.82">01.820E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 29 July 2011, 3 specimens (33/18 [#1], 20/16, and 16/13 [DNA 1048] mm), leg. T. Goulding & S. Calloway, [station 36, old mangrove with tall
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D80711ED0B2D0731182C894F71AA7C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees with high roots and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="931B7D481BF32FEBD806D9D79C4FB241" class="Polychaeta" family="Thalassematidae" genus="Thalassina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thalassina" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Thalassina</taxonomicName>
|
||
mounds] (BDMNH); Philippines, Bohol, Inabanga,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D0F112543E4DD2C15BABAEBE3882326C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.070917">10°04.255'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="59CE8DAA539FE5F9BF68280566478E33" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.0736">124°04.416'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 July 2014, 3 specimens (from 30/20 [DNA 3251] to 25/17 mm), leg. J. Comendador, B. Dayrat & T. Goulding, [station 187, mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D95DFBCC836A36B5FF8C6817CEA5618A" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Nypa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nypa" order="Arecales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nypa</taxonomicName>
|
||
palms with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EB62E63ECF009B561A78A6511F0F186" class="Polychaeta" family="Thalassematidae" genus="Thalassina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thalassina" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Thalassina</taxonomicName>
|
||
mounds] (PNM 041199); Inabanga,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="63DD6A7D73193715681608D10A07F4AE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.073867">10°04.432'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5B1EFD0FC4488FA643DE5905733D425A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.078186">124°04.691'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 July 2014, 1 specimen (27/17 mm), leg. J. Comendador, B. Dayrat & T. Goulding, [station 188, old forest, untouched for about 30 years, mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C946902FB7C1847220FCFDDAE5112898" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many old logs] (PNM 041200); Mabini,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="13F54F6B8BEBFAADCCEDC19431E12FFD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.858867">09°51.532'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="CE33ADB705A21FE957A8910883EB2FCA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.52808">124°31.685'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 17 July 2014, 1 specimen (35/25 mm), leg. J. Comendador, B. Dayrat & T. Goulding, [station 194, narrow forest on the edge of fish ponds, tall
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C85AE1A13390E81BDD3C1FD98DC696E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4978F526EA7EE7303BBF3862F1F91FBD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, many old logs, muds of different types] (PNM 041201); Mabini,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="49AF303F547A441390F4404A602119F7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.8567">09°51.402'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="79791833E749130C598AEC951B406DC8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="124.516365">124°30.982'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18 July 2014, 4 specimens (from 35/28 [#1] and 35/22 [#2, DNA 3363] to 12/9 mm), leg. J. Comendador, B. Dayrat & T. Goulding, [station 195, narrow forest with tall trees on the edge of fish ponds, cemented ditches between the mangrove patches and the ponds] (PNM 041202); Vietnam, Can Gio,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A29F1411EDE099086B697BA3E4782C10" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.40285">10°24.171'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F37EC0D0BC0B0FA376595F0796389024" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.89933">106°53.960'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10 July 2015, 1 specimen (30/20 [DNA 5602] mm), leg. T. & J. Goulding, [station 221, hard mud by a small road and then a steep bank to the soft, deep mud,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E39DF07A29145D4C7F60C73285F6A4C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B1C5C6BC4BE46F91CBE329CC0B334D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees spread out] (ITBZC IM 00001); Can Gio,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E0B7FCB3377163EEA07D2BC698542C41" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.44505">10°26.703'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D4A7E0DAAD3D9A7697FD7B17D0782E69" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.8949">106°53.694'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 July 2015,
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AE5551C68D0D241FDC01F7B36247BFF9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">7</pageBreakToken>
|
||
specimens (from 55/35 to 25/16 mm; 44/30 [DNA 5605], 35/25 [#1] mm), leg. T. & J. Goulding, [station 223, margin of mangrove by creek, shrimp ponds behind the mangrove, fairly high intertidal] (ITBZC IM 00002); Can Gio,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FE7F7680AC9C7632A2C9C960DDF6D2B0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.460333">10°27.620'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4DEB7CEDC3170771596548631DE54802" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.8886">106°53.316'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 17 July 2015, 3 specimens (from 28/18 to 12/8 mm), leg. T. & J. Goulding, [station 231, open mangrove with large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="878F7B477D1A5F54D3C282FD4324124D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, soft mud, some old logs] (ITBZC IM 00003); Can Gio,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E84CD52437BB07B5F9D0D9A534908C5A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.4026165">10°24.157'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A48D6839221227877F81A5FC19410569" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="106.89917">106°53.950'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 19 July 2015, 1 specimen (20/12 mm), leg. T. & J. Goulding, [station 233, hard mud by a small road and then a steep bank to the soft, deep mud, open forest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="901CAC5A3A3ABE563EAF7638E52BB008" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6EF3306ADF185ED6A5C72E0CB7A304F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rocks and gravel on side of mangrove] (ITBZC IM 00004); China, Macau, 3 specimens (42/28 to 32/28 mm), leg. Heynemann, (SMF 333591/3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D9D26B2200A2A4256F125C6E00E2DB78" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9516A7A57CED1DF04B6EA843BBD8A6C9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F92E11556E8CBCA9F45C329542D187E2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig. 2). Malaysia, Sabah (type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBF05DDBDF92CB42281BB82E0FC2F560" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Brunei Darussalam (present study, new record); Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia (present study, new record); Philippines, Bohol (present study, new record); Vietnam (present study, new record); Thailand (type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="071FCEC93C06110393BCB4B08A6193F6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); China (present study;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="345C9B6F75ADB853D53E13B1B161EAC5" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="62 - 70" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, one individual misidentified as "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE59B89414E4004C746FD649AFD08B27" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">Onchidium struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
" nomen nudum). A specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78BD474748AD09C554D0498966EC41A7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in Singapore (in the mangrove by the Mandai River) but was unfortunately lost. The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2391A784240280DFE05CBF38CF5A25D1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also documented (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6251FCDB3FF39E3D37A87E5BB71888C7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigram" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigram">Onchidium nigram</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a spelling mistake) in a guide to the mangroves of Singapore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9BE74D97C32FCE56D54C25A07E8AB9C3" author="Ng, PKL" journalOrPublisher="Singapore Science Center, Singapore" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" title="A guide to the mangroves of Singapore II." year="2002">Ng and Sivasothi 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 115). The type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6CF3497244B7F70DE536B48A218EDD16" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
simply was cited as
|
||
<normalizedToken id="19614DCA92B485AB63920317447F5FE1" originalValue="“Borneo,”">"Borneo,"</normalizedToken>
|
||
which could be anywhere on the island in Indonesia (Kalimantan) or Malaysia (Sabah or Sarawak). Our record in Macau is the northernmost (22°10'N) confirmed locality on the coast of southern China.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="935BA6EA20458587E81249A4817DA426" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="4D369ADEF576BE8FFB80D2CEAC46F852" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Habitat</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="843CBB0095348DCF8C78862F3CF30A4C" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig. 9). The habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1DFF90F5A4F929B032F3DF9B0A34F4B0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3ECBFBEE4DA2BD28B899AA24A84F5A74" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium typhae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typhae">Onchidium typhae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: directly on mud (not soft, i.e. mud that is not very watery), on muddy trunks, old logs, lobster mounds, and even under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57D3A1105681D2D07942B04EBF864564" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Nypa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nypa" order="Arecales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nypa</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves (Philippines). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45BB5686418D6F6E848156D91B7ACD9B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not observed on mud as soft as the mud on which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79ED25E4F0CB1E0C900168C31AC47089" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium typhae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typhae">Onchidium typhae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in West Bengal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BBFFF4E2B48DAD2C5061A4AAE03C4CF6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="2EC8B6504DA8D86885F9038A44BBB6DF" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Figure 9. Habitats for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5A9C8D7015EFB95D3F7584BF8B3CC6E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, old forest with tall, old
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00712744BEAFDEEB0C05B57376D9D446" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhizophora</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, high in the tidal zone (station 27) B Philippines, Bohol, mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17119A4261E2D3759A1556F2B739D8F2" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Nypa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nypa" order="Arecales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nypa</taxonomicName>
|
||
palms with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB92E84C6EA9415BC9882F8BC80817B1" class="Polychaeta" family="Thalassematidae" genus="Thalassina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thalassina" order="Echiuroidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Thalassina</taxonomicName>
|
||
mounds (station 187) C Vietnam, Can Gio, open mangrove with large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62E91C3B4BB950C0BD3344AE6E4B6ED4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Avicennia</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees, soft mud, some old logs (station 231) D Vietnam, Can Gio, hard mud with trees spread out by a small road and then a steep bank to the soft, deep mud (station 221).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7148518BD6E5A2478BBF4F1FEDA4390B" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="abundance">
|
||
<paragraph id="590C8E4DE8DBBAA6A30BB5AC5753CA36" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Abundance.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1E55B41932F44180D11D2A07F7686317" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8062D75D3686F62A8989FEC8601BE87" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a rare species. Only one individual was found in Malaysia (where 18 mangrove sites were explored), three individuals at one site in Brunei Darussalam (7 sites), nine individuals at four sites in Bohol (17 sites), and 12 individuals at four sites in Vietnam (19 sites). Even though it will need to be confirmed in the future, it seems that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0BB3C3A47C8474F96769EFFC1AE30E9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to be slightly more common (although still rare, overall) in more northern latitudes (Vietnam and Philippines).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="31A1FDAF16DC91923236BE49D7F20BF6" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="color and morphology of live animals">
|
||
<paragraph id="581566B25D1657B369DD1AFA92CC818A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Color and morphology of live animals</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB34675D9509661640B7D132A03C997F" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
(Fig. 10). Live animals are not always covered with mud and the color of their dorsum can normally be seen. The dorsum is brown, with no particular pattern. Exceptionally, it can be almost black. The hyponotum varies between grayish and yellowish, and sometimes even greenish. It occasionally bears conspicuous black dots. The foot is bright orange, which is different from the two other species described here. In a tiny specimen (12 mm in length, St. 195/17), the foot was pale yellow. The long ocular tentacles are cream to brown distally, and darker proximally. The head is brown to black, with many evenly distributed white markings. The morphology of live specimens is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98329307249F95CB1B51D5AA6B8C9441" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium typhae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typhae">Onchidium typhae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only difference is that the central papilla with a few dorsal eyes is prominent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2055A13C6BD7D2F1C8690CEF459860D2" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Crawling individuals normally measure between 30 and 40 mm in length.
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="99FFD90EC56C416334CB09DCC4A7D621" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" start="start">Preserved</pageBreakToken>
|
||
specimens no longer display the distinct color traits seen in live animals. The color of preserved animals is meaningless and uninformative. The background color of the notum is brown. Some individuals, including old ones (SMF 333491) bear a few irregular, darker markings. The hyponotum and the foot of preserved animals are homogenously white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2E97E937254F9098303DBE11C24860E7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="6D396E94C515B317290EB76BF43DCD8C" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figure 10. Live specimens,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C4C8B9DA07956C755DFA94F1F074966" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Dorsal view, 33 mm long, Brunei Darussalam (BDMNH, #1) B Dorsal view, 27 mm long, Philippines, Bohol (PNM 041200) C Dorsal view, 35 mm long, Bohol, Philippines (PNM 041201) D Dorsal view, 35 mm long, Vietnam, Can Gio (ITBZC IM 00002, #1) E Dorsal view, 30 mm long [DNA 3251], Bohol, Philippines (PNM 041199) F Ventral view, 35 mm long [DNA 3363], Bohol, Philippines (PNM 041202, #2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1507F28B2A0BE2C8C795CA76D749C345" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="internal anatomy">
|
||
<paragraph id="305CBFFFC1FF50FF6D248507C0177D53" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Internal anatomy</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B14D5A7E3B01097AA30F4AF994D8BE1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
(Figs 11-13). Examples of radular formulae are: 70
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57041A7EA704C5FD3E29D283B05BF63E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
75-1-75 in USMMC 00006 (42 mm long), 50
|
||
<normalizedToken id="68C81045421381CEC559C26C618757C9" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
68-1-68 in BDMNH #1 (33 mm long), and 70
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EDAF401998CB479FDD19A5240DE3C17D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
80-1-80 in PNM 041202 #1 (35 mm long). The intestine is long, narrow, and of the so-called "type III," characterized by the fact that a transverse line can intersect the intestine eight times.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="43AB12B9A3961B975EC0F31A01EC98BE" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D0F8136607DAA266CBE0FFC29AC51E3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figure 11. External morphology and internal anatomy,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBCCACA9B1E196BFBD57450140268482" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Anterior region, dorsal view, Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, scale bar 4.4 mm [DNA 971] (USMMC 00006) B Digestive system, dorsal view, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 5 mm [DNA 3363] (PNM 041199, #2) C Reproductive system, anterior, male, copulatory parts, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 6.8 mm [DNA 3363] (PNM 041199, #2) D Reproductive system, hermaphroditic (female) posterior parts, Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, scale bar 5 mm [DNA 971] (USMMC 00006). Abbreviations: agf, accessory gland flagellum; dd, deferent duct; ddg, dorsal lobe of digestive gland; e, esophagus; fgm, female gland mass; hg, hermaphroditic gland; i, intestine; ov, oviduct; pdg, posterior lobe of the digestive gland; ps, penial sheath; rg, rectal gland; rm, retractor muscle; rs, receptaculum seminis; sp, spermatheca; spv, spermoviduct; st2, stomach chamber 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8F180472EB065F1CF9B2B443C94E35EA" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="E3238D125820FF37DCFCF4456CB89285" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figure 12. Radula,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BA8F2682A2D660DD22C1F69562AFF07" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Rachidian and innermost lateral teeth, Brunei Darussalam, scale bar 40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0E336D8C7D724115C5108333DBBE546D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(BDMNH #. B Rachidian and innermost lateral teeth, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="61368DE8EEBDA35E6DCCC48B56019983" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(PNM 041202 #1) C Half rows, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6D9C63D2B1CD27E04AD44F36DC8EAF05" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(PNM 041202 #1) D Lateral teeth, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 30
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C6B370D5A39A60B3FE7520EBDDC676B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(PNM 041202 #1) E Outermost lateral teeth, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="638077DBB702FFC761D8D14C51BE761B" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(PNM 041202 #1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="786EFCD4955454F2C380A3AA8DD42672" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="08A2A62AAD56E2B87B174CF32892933F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figure 13. Male, anterior, copulatory parts,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB7ED508D59877F1599BCE025ED369E7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Penial hooks, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1DCC628DB587C7FDA1FE6A595822BFCD" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
[DNA 3363] (PNM 041199, #2) B Penial hooks, Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, scale bar 20
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0538F0D12B54DE1379BBE7CFC521CA5F" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
[DNA 971] (USMMC 00006) C Flat disc at distal end of flagellum of penial accessory gland, Malaysia, Kuala Sepatang, scale bar 40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6B12EDA8E3B92362C3141AB3F76B1127" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
[DNA 971] (USMMC 00006) D Tip, hollow spine, penial accessory gland, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0C10411E8E3DAF962B62ADDA95FC42AB" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
[DNA 3363] (PNM 041199, #2) E Hollow spine, penial accessory gland, Philippines, Bohol, scale bar 200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DCE8C8A86AE22909ED11E88B922EACD7" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
[DNA 3363] (PNM 041199, #2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1D66B8B06DC519332CB03BF6E1BB6502" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The oviduct is narrow, short, and straight. The hollow spine of the penial accessory gland is slender and slightly curved. It measures between 0.5 (USMMC 00006) and 1.4 mm (PNM 041202 #2) in length, and between 20 (USMMC 00006) and 35
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A078D5CE3577E049DF30E6B5D78390B4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
PNM 041202 #2)
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C7E513DD1402610BD76954F0B1D5CA9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter. The diameter of the opening at its tip is nearly 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="689F8826EF6EBC411BBA81FA0F5AB643" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The hollow spine does not open directly into the vestibule. Instead, the end of the tube of the accessory gland is a disc which is more or less flat (approximately 0.3 mm in diameter) and does not seem to bear distinct conical papillae. The hollow spine must thus go through that disc in order to be outside and shared with the partner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B429654BE97FA0E6A91C4C5025904A0C" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="842AB117957982A5C30BAAC185C6956B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
penial sheath is long (to the posterior third of the visceral cavity) and coiled in a few spirals. In less mature individuals, the coils may not be as marked. The retractor muscle is short and inserts into the posterior third of the visceral cavity. There is an additional retractor muscle attaching the anterior portion of the penial sheath to the left wall of the visceral cavity, near the buccal mass. In some individuals, that left additional retractor muscle is very thick and strong. The deferent duct is highly convoluted with many loops, but less so in immature specimens. The penis is elongated, round, narrow, and hollow. Its diameter is less than 200
|
||
<normalizedToken id="125CF77C5DC8A29F6DDA4DE179F98A84" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Its distal part is covered with hooks. When the penis is retracted inside the penial sheath, the hooks are inside
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="896E31BF508E768A7DBDC66DB4B3887E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
tube-like penis. During copulation, the penis is exerted like a glove and the hooks are then on the outside. Hooks are very densely packed inside the penis, with multiple, irregular rows of an average of 15 hooks around the circumference of the penis. Hooks are conical, slender, sharply pointed, and measure from 40
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AEEB635B647E8BCD98B17B4F67F0EF03" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
up to 300
|
||
<normalizedToken id="42261CCE10019D230027F92002C55D8C" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length. The longer they are the more slender they are.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7CC0FCD26FBA8561E1DE02C2B9956C70" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distinctive diagnostic features">
|
||
<paragraph id="5EEFD4FE12E8A70B03DD1F098FC61390" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distinctive diagnostic features.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="238EB0D569DA47BB38D30C6D2E702771" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Externally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB4ACD544DEDE030998392342B937475" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="514C28E3EE8EEECF0D7EC4B0B5C797D4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by the color of the foot, which is bright orange (see below the dichotomous identification key, before the final conclusion). Internally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B39435283CBB75BB72BF46BA48A10B9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91A4189A9CACF7DB403F27F794570D39" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species known so far (and the only onchidiid species, for that matter) with a strong, additional retractor muscle attaching the anterior penial sheath to the left, anterior wall of the visceral mass, near the buccal mass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0CC0C8FE5024A7C6D8F477B6339FA96F" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA76161B3662EE1ED33208D523B4FC47" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7FED789A4394722221711445BB09E3A9" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FDEED49863E26370DD2EBD953D5D1AC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been problematic from the start because Westerlund unknowingly based his original description on specimens that are part
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="C61CEE3FC6A0CBBF7853E90555C1E059" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
two distinct species (see Type materials, above): eleven former syntypes (now paralectotypes) are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D54A0AADA8F318F9A362ED5C1FEF045F" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and another former syntype (now the lectotype) is an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A9CA516C45A02EF0B576384B57D4193" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in the strict sense, as defined here). Two years after the original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDFA03EB071D0202DAF690DA75AD0464" author="Westerlund, CA" journalOrPublisher="Vega-Expeditionens Veteskapliga Iakttagelser" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="191 - 192" title="Land- och soetvatten-mollusker, insamlade under Vega-Expeditionen." volume="4" year="1885">Westerlund (1885)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
again published the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B57A0CA79426DC65286AEFEDFEFC33CC" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as a new species again. Although that contribution is not the original description, its figure 2 helps confirm that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B606856C661A50998963B0B19EF8FE05" class="Gastropoda" family="Veronicellidae" genus="Vaginulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaginulus stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Vaginulus stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an onchidiid and, most importantly, illustrates the one former syntype (here designated as the lectotype) that is part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77794B0A5D18B87EEEF393B9541EE35C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, even though the brief and vague description may be confusing (because it is based on two different species), the illustration makes the identification absolutely clear, hence our decision to designate the illustrated specimen as the lectotype. Note that Westerlund did not describe any internal characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="574DC9DF5457E4A175DB4D5CB99614DD" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
However, as a direct consequence of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1F9B1F66713F27C71C67999D9D9CE00A" originalValue="Westerlund’s">Westerlund's</normalizedToken>
|
||
ambiguous original description and type material, many authors have proposed synonymies between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F1A827BC2E753F2C32827175F648AEA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some species names that clearly belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72D987C51803F5071EEA8BC9D29ED2FC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Those cases are briefly discussed here, but they will be discussed in more detail in our revision of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="019159091D1929E792340A8CCEB8A7C9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6C00581088D13A6DC110BD9DF4F76E" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes (Labbe) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: Classification, nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1F300E90A6B108AC11292B82618D4DE4" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1934
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 235) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D53B1E64995AE6CCA70C0A75A9CAA165" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Jena)" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88) both regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="148A86863C8468D2C85927052F54AC5E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F6E4CCB5CAF4FC1B898F848E6A465B3" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94DEFAA646492F0CF111F7B907CD2B51" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncis stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Oncis stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C75A80A5CFBFF2B24AB3A16C22BA370" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidella condoriana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="condoriana">Onchidella condoriana</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rochebrune, 1882 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07A12748C4B05C6EA2D60362BCE0DE8C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncis inspectabilis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="inspectabilis">Oncis inspectabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Plate, 1893, could be synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D618E3A9F998FF2EEE366AA0327177D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE458341E9417A394806E301443BE875" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium condoriana" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="condoriana">Onchidium condoriana</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A89D3E588574CF4987691C98EC03F20B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Oncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oncis inspectabilis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="inspectabilis">Oncis inspectabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7624C2B64BDF009D922BCCF69AED969C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(types were examined) and are not synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41A8A782266CCAB9EC9623F1697462A4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A30EF44D63A9B78369EA88354320BFFF" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Jena)" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88) also regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C38A37E00CA5CD49F27D733808EDA0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium coriaceum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coriaceum">Onchidium coriaceum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Semper, 1885, as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="518AB6D506E8F71082931C140543ECB1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it actually is a valid name of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C5A6F027A55641BFD7FC07391D4150A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="56B6E149F3715499B9DB343DE83EF4DF" author="Hoffmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Jena)" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="29 - 118" title="Zur Kenntnis der Oncidiiden." volume="55" year="1928">Hoffmann (1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B9374FCCA35D4F01E51135D88BEDE16" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ponsonbyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ponsonbyi">Onchidium ponsonbyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Collinge, 1901, could possibly be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F695C3AC2BF351EEBB900C1AFF51831" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it is very unlikely because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7B6931C4506A27EB12EED705EA23A52" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ponsonbyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ponsonbyi">Onchidium ponsonbyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a terrestrial species known from 850 to 1,050 meters high at Mt Penrissen, Borneo.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6941DD2C143901C7AC965BED4AA07C10" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium ponsonbyi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ponsonbyi">Onchidium ponsonbyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely belongs to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A375E4FB16950FF636D887530C2BB2F7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Semperoncis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Semperoncis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Semperoncis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Starobogatov, 1976.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF200B95E9D0BEFFABB683C503E2386E" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
There is no doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6593CC88C9084785166DBB51F6C52A2E" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is only known from the holotype, belongs to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6255E343E48C307FEAE17033264AEB73" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
as re-defined here: the mantle of the preserved holotype bears the typical papillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AAFACB9C9941528DEAA1182554714CC4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also, Plate described both a rectal gland and an accessory gland, which are found in all three known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E39CD39A75648B2FFFBC3AF9E4810103" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Plate did not mention the presence of an additional, left, retractor muscle for the penial sheath. He only mentioned that the insertion of the retractor muscle is of "type II" (i.e., near the pericardium). According to Plate, the penial hooks are from 14 to 87
|
||
<normalizedToken id="645612B245E91AAFACD3E7696CE67588" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and the spine of the penial accessory gland is 1.2 mm long. The penial hooks observed here are from 40 to nearly 300
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F0EEA8AFBBAFAC6FB837573F161DE21A" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length. It is possible that Plate, who observed only one specimen, could not fully evaluate the variation of penial hooks. Also, penial hooks are extremely challenging to extract and observe without SEM. However,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EB18D549569B13CEC356E9A986A4992D" originalValue="Plate’s">Plate's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description of the penial accessory gland spine is fully compatible with our observations (from 0.5 to 1.2 mm long). Finally, Plate described the intestine loops of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CAF58240DAED3ECA199299DFA151F361" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
as of a unique and exceptional pattern, which he referred to as "type III." The latter, as illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="24A6CCAA87F5EC178117DFFC8B03D605" author="Plate, L von" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbuecher, Anatomie und Ontogenie der Thiere" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="93 - 234" title="Studien ueber opisthopneumone Lungenschnecken, II, Die Oncidiidien." volume="7" year="1893">Plate (1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: plate 8, fig. 31a) is slightly more coiled than what was observed for the present study, but they are basically identical patterns. That intestinal pattern is absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B51A83C8F5BADDB34F39564B9C45E86" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium typhae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="typhae">Onchidium typhae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but it has also been observed in some species from
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="804DAABDE0849E91896761C0634689D7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">other</pageBreakToken>
|
||
genera. Given that Plate did not know the color of the live animal, it will never be known whether it matched the diagnostic color of the foot that was observed for our specimens (bright orange). According to our data,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="387F8E547E4FE3118D9392E23DDA7D1D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed from Malaysia to Vietnam and the Philippines and therefore mostly encompasses Borneo. As a result, the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7D4BB33BA101D82594C19851084C62DD" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0C73B85348853D8B9E7D2E8F96FFE50" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is warranted, even though it cannot be completely excluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60BBC809C78A4C8D3C8CC1B086211463" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
could refer to an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2713A0FDC34D6F89554F8F2AB5F453D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species remotely endemic to the south east of Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="714926A93E5A3FB19471DFF937396E68" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The three syntypes described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C761AF39735EAED5D80ED5B54EA4776D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus ajuthiae" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Elophilus ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="605343016966CA79CEB39548727E5464" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="312 - 317" title="Sur une forme nouvelle de Silicoderme, Elophilusajuthiae nov. gen. nov. sp." volume="60" year="1935">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="12CE4024AC62F0C920280937D9E156CA" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1935)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were earlier identified by him as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1BC6288789438D53D29447C89B4B7D7D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="29BAF0B2079C5388EE79FBC551D22A9D" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1934). His first identification was supported by a pattern of intestinal loops (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C596F67B0DBEA1B2555F76583D1F50C0" originalValue="Plate’s">Plate's</normalizedToken>
|
||
"type III") only known from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E8147D9AB7809FB8142B694935A6FB6" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="72B2FB91245EA47370E691FDC3AC0E8E" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
changed his mind after the observation of what he thought were tiny dorsal gills (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4BFAD06D65BB86A9B157174815C4D87A" originalValue="“microbranchies”">"microbranchies"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) in those three syntypes from Thailand. Indeed, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F5111BF7053DABFAF3EFAE282DA1C9F2" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes (Labbe) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: Classification, nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8ADC7FF3756E815F07BFB6DA09913F7F" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1934)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
onchidiid classification, dorsal gills are only found in the Dendrobranchiatae (which includes genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94F600480E093DABB1C4551F31F3626D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Peronia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Peronia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5216DE2AD79E13074A87990D3F652DD1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraperonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraperonia" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Paraperonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79AA4F561777FD27401E69C81F4148EC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Scaphis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphis" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Scaphis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) while all other onchidiids (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45030432F2FCE4D3A2C176F2E82FE783" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86A81948F64C757B85B2A650B84D5F2A" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidella" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="338DA416B7186CA7B5B9AFCE194739EA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Platevindex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platevindex" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Platevindex</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11536CD6EC7BE65C349F86957972E5F0" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidina" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Abranchiatae, lack dorsal gills. The three specimens from Thailand (with gills) could not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="097955457BD42687F9A40F0739E78231" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
(no gills) and, as a result,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7F78BF9053768F13A5F8CDFA277DE343" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
created a new species name and a new genus name for those specimens with an intestine of "type III" and dorsal gills.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B2CB100CDFABE101E1B6D42CB0DE855D" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1A1EC71FAA05F6A7700A1D5D19C481B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Elophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elophilus" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Elophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preoccupied, was replaced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18C0AF812557F5026455DC02857C1237" author="Starobogatov, YI" journalOrPublisher="Soviet Journal of Marine Biology" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="206 - 212" title="Composition and taxonomic position of marine pulmonate mollusks." volume="4" year="1976">Starobogatov (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F41B47F4D8BBC8509513ABDD4930B71" genus="Labella" lsidName="Labella" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">Labella</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Those three syntypes from Thailand were re-examined for the present study; unfortunately, they are mostly empty. A few destroyed pieces of the intestine system remain but they are completely useless. However, the mantle clearly does not bear any
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D21CC7319EE60EDA9A92B262BF1BCD33" originalValue="“microbranchies”">"microbranchies"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(i.e., microgills). It is very likely that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="246EF1E1B5D9EDE4252D43D25C884D9C" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
first intuition was correct and that he was just looking at large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="16C7DC8A0F55379BDFC10B20CBC73ADA" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
papillae retracted within the mantle. Those three specimens from Thailand are part of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31B662C69EE406D08BE3FDE846B8BEA4" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which means
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75CEB76CF8444A3A3EE6B05423AA77F9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="132751B430DF0F467BB42599DD313D20" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
did not describe the male copulatory complex in detail and so the sizes and shapes of the penial accessory spine and of the penial hooks are unknown. However, our specimens from Vietnam suggest that there is only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D76BB995E1030A5657F9FA9D62F59EBE" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
distributed in the region of the South China Sea,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E206C651BB4233C1798F5B05C4BCAA16" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Naturally, it cannot be excluded that the Gulf of Thailand actually hosts a distinct species; however, there is nothing in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EE516C658AF51B86E574BD45F9CB6063" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description supporting that hypothesis. As a result, the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A2FA04B325C1B240FCBA7633E8D1FA3" genus="Labella" lsidName="Labella ajuthiae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Labella ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A535042A9A5428BE59B552C45948813" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is warranted. Also,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B3131DFC86A835657C06A2C067F8C668" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
was confused about the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="005BDF0A53186D82A5AB257D5FF5D52C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
because he claimed that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BAD357B964DC20BF9790997036D05343" originalValue="“Plate’s">"Plate's</normalizedToken>
|
||
unique specimen came from Borneo (Guam)" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="99212143323CAE63ECAAD91DD90F0A16" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="173 - 246" title="Les Silicodermes (Labbe) du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: Classification, nouvelles ou peu connues." volume="14" year="1934">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E49B2CF145634D8C7A044A8CA3D5E873" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1934
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 223, our translation) and that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2A7EA0D253ACF52BDF6AE011A12530E8" originalValue="“Plate’s">"Plate's</normalizedToken>
|
||
unique specimen came from the Marianna Islands" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="829FA5FAA40ECD1D0CEB8A2F5D2BC412" author="Labbe, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="312 - 317" title="Sur une forme nouvelle de Silicoderme, Elophilusajuthiae nov. gen. nov. sp." volume="60" year="1935">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B83F2CD0FA8E2265ACB3AEFEEF141C7F" originalValue="Labbé">Labbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1935
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 312, our translation). Borneo is with no doubt the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="915AD2D570D3BA57DE5BFDAAFB682807" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium nigrum" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nigrum">Onchidium nigrum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="695D60CB44A40E0EC65C513637F7E7F0" originalValue="Labbé’s">Labbe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
claim that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD3B4843A7A825015E1F53330B2FC5F8" genus="Labella" lsidName="Labella ajuthiae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species" species="ajuthiae">Labella ajuthiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
lived in fresh water was unfounded. Even though the specimens were collected far inland, it was still in brackish water and under the influence of the tides (see above, Type localities).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="63C3685D576EA7A5DEF3CF60D33E75C8" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65A65A076CB35856B9899662C2488CA9" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">Onchidium struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC38E939641FF6C4823B90ABCA4682D5" author="Qiu, LY" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Zoology" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="33 - 36" title="Morphology and habit of Onchidiumstruma along the coast of Jiangsu and Shanghai in China." volume="26" year="1991">Qiu (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and used occasionally in the Chinese literature to refer to some onchidiids from the coast of China (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C6BDF9F31293EADAFEA7171CDCE2882" author="Shen, H" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Fisheries of China" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="753 - 760" title="Experimental study on the reproductive biology of Onchidiumstruma." volume="30" year="2006">Shen et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="545B847400A51F40B01AB78631E47872" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="62 - 70" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is a nomen nudum (to our knowledge,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FFCC7EFC89430AEE7396068CF4E9B6B2" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">Onchidium struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been formally described as a new species). A survey of the diversity of onchidiids from China
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="66CCCB02B31DD7AB3C212EB87231237D" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">based</pageBreakToken>
|
||
on molecular data was recently published (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="81148A3790E4139F0C0D8D8FDF2EDEC3" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="62 - 70" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sequences of the specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0BC053B14112122A2F38009FB5DB9CE" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36FCC6D9B8DCD7C1C270FD7F6757B9F7" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
" by Sun et al. were all included in our analyses here, and that name appears in two distinct species units (Fig. 1), which demonstrates that the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC9664FF8590759B076D3A69BE7D3EBF" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="648F83680F502FF1D8B25FCAED17AC5C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
" used by Sun et al. referred to two distinct species. One of their species, identified here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63A6ADB15FA79B19F5F6E4E2D7F9279B" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium reevesii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reevesii">Onchidium reevesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is mostly subtropical and is distributed from 22°30' to 34°36' latitude north along the coast of China. So far, it seems to be endemic to China. In the data set of Sun et al.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="240BB4A1181397842E30645F42941EC5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium reevesii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reevesii">Onchidium reevesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented by eight individuals (under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A51EFD4DFC3C7D4A1F737FD27F159691" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86F3B60E2BF0A5C1F0BC5BE21EF56706" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
"). Note that in that same contribution,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1BDB8E2557730DFA5CC94A58923DFECC" author="Sun, B" journalOrPublisher="Molluscan Research" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="62 - 70" title="Species diversity of Onchidiidae (Eupulmonata: Heterobranchia) on the mainland of China based on molecular data." url="10.1080/13235818.2013.868860" volume="34" year="2014">Sun et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
apply the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="636C422BE1E3FD79F53FA85D076802D5" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraoncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraoncidium reevesii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reevesii">Paraoncidium reevesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a different species but that is also a misidentification. The species they refer to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85F83939C35F8855623C4473CA55CE4C" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraoncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraoncidium reevesii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reevesii">Paraoncidium reevesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
obviously cannot be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4013A554E56E3A0BB77B16FB3CE7D473" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium reevesii" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reevesii">Onchidium reevesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it does not belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="452FD0486B1EC7EB93B57736ADD78F65" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Paraoncidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraoncidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Paraoncidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
either. The other species referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EED0C2759C9416843B7D2447B1729F1" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Onchidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DC5A2C8056B82A1189932FCF7BE38ADC" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium struma" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="struma">struma</taxonomicName>
|
||
", identified here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98AF3BBEF8D11983CEFF343D19B5459D" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is tropical and, in China, is only found in the southernmost coastline. In the data set of Sun et al., only one individual from Hainan Island (19°56'N) can be safely referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47E33F7D7742546BDE9196E83B625AE2" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Another individual in their data set (from Hong Kong, at 22°28'N) is problematic because its CO1 and 16S sequences give contradictory results, and so it is likely that one of those sequences is a mistake. The three specimens examined for the present study from Macau (SMF 333591/3) are the northernmost confirmed locality of
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<taxonomicName id="B013B1BD3336D670A0B77AD8DBEF61DE" class="Gastropoda" family="Onchidiidae" genus="Onchidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Onchidium stuxbergi" order="Systellommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stuxbergi">Onchidium stuxbergi</taxonomicName>
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in China at 22°10'N.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |