203 lines
24 KiB
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203 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.411.7260" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5ac4a2eb-d7eb-4ab4-902e-4efec18772b5" ID-PMC="PMC4042819" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-411-67" ID-PubMed="24899856" ID-ZBK="84CD964B1FF7406B89AE49AEF133F245" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-411-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 411" ModsDocTitle="The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): synonymisation of Decamorium Forel under Tetramorium, and taxonomic revision of the T. decem species group" checkinTime="1451245857927" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hita Garcia, Francisco & Fisher, Brian L." docDate="2014" docId="7D579DFBA451F1588A104FA4EB6A7FF1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 411: 67-103" docOrigin="ZooKeys 411" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.411.7260" docTitle="Tetramorium ultor Forel 1913, comb. r., stat. r. & stat. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="FFB0FFEFD61EFFC2FFDEFFD252756410" masterDocTitle="The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): synonymisation of Decamorium Forel under Tetramorium, and taxonomic revision of the T. decem species group" masterLastPageNumber="103" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1668158546428" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Afrotropical region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae): synonymisation of Decamorium Forel under Tetramorium, and taxonomic revision of the T. decem species group</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hita Garcia, Francisco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, Brian L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>411</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>67</mods:start>
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<mods:end>103</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.411.7260</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.411.7260</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-411-67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">84CD964B1FF7406B89AE49AEF133F245</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">84CD964B1FF7406B89AE49AEF133F245</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053218" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D579DFBA451F1588A104FA4EB6A7FF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D579DFBA451F1588A104FA4EB6A7FF1" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName authority="Forel, 1913 b" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor Forel, 1913b</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="19" pageNumber="86">comb. r., stat. r. & stat. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 3, 4C, 7A, 7B, 11
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium (Decamorium) decem subsp. ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="decem" subGenus="Decamorium" subSpecies="ultor">Tetramorium (Decamorium) decem ultor</taxonomicName>
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Forel, 1913b: 217. [Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decamorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Decamorium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Decamorium</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 1055" title="Ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa." volume="45" year="1922">Wheeler 1922</bibRefCitation>
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: 906; junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decamorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Decamorium decem" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decem">Decamorium decem</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology" pageId="26" pageNumber="93" pagination="281 - 379" title="The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel." volume="34" year="1976">Bolton 1976</bibRefCitation>
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: 298.]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
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Lectotype [designated here], pinned worker, ZIMBABWE, Shiloh,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-19.73333">19.73333S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="28.55">28.55E</geoCoordinate>
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, 12.V.1913
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<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="87" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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G. Arnold) (MHNG: CASENT0909197) [examined]. Paralectotypes, seven pinned workers with same data as lectotype (BMNH: CASENT0901036; MHNG: CASENT0195688) [examined].
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
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Figure 11.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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paralectotype worker (CASENT0901036). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">[Note: the GPS data of the type locality was not provided by the locality label or the original description. The data presented above is based on our own geo-referencing of the Shiloh locality located in Matabeleland North province. Consequently, it should be considered an approximation and not the exact position of the type locality.]</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="87" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
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MOZAMBIQUE: Sofala Province, Gorongosa National Park, Limestone Gorge,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-18.953611">18°57'13"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="34.177113">34°10'37.6"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 81 m, 15.V.2012 (G.D. Alpert & E.O. Wilson); Sofala Province, Gorongosa National Park, 5 km S Chitango,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-18.991333">18°59'28.8"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="34.352776">34°21'10"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 10 m, secondary forest, 1.VI.2012 (G.D. Alpert); Sofala Province, Gorongosa National Park, Centracao Outpost (Piva-Joao),
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-18.505556">18°30'20"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="34.48528">34°29'7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, small forest along river, 11.VI.2012 (D. Muala & T. Torcida); Sofala Province, Gorongosa National Park, WP092, 18°56.1'3.1"S,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="34.393528">34°23'36.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 51 m, open area, 26.VI.2012 (G.D. Alpert); KENYA: Kwale District, Shimba Hills, Longomagandi National Reserve,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-4.23">4.23S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="39.43">39.43E</geoCoordinate>
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, primary hardwood forest, 2.VI.2001 (R.R. Snelling); TANZANIA: Pwani, Rufiji District, Kichi Hills Forest Reserve,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-8.23889">8.23889S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="38.65023">38.65023E</geoCoordinate>
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, 499 m, primary forest, 5.-7.III.2008 (P. Hawkes, Y. Mlacha, & F. Ninga); ZAMBIA: Southern Province,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-16.79533">16.79533S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="26.93833">26.93833E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1330 m, Choma, Gwembe Lodge, miombo woodland, 3.XII.2005 (B.L. Fisher); ZIMBABWE: Balla-Balla,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-20.45">20.45S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="29.03">29.03E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1.IV.1945; Umtali, II.1917 (G. Arnold).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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can be recognised by the following combination of characters: relatively smaller species (WL 0.85-0.96); very large eyes (OI 33-36); propodeum armed with short teeth (PSLI 10-13); petiolar node in profile around 1.1 to 1.2 times higher than long (LPeI 86-92); dorsum of promesonotum unsculptured, smooth, and very shiny; body of uniform light to chestnut brown, appendages often lighter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="87" type="worker measurements">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Worker measurements</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">(N=25). HL 0.62-0.70 (0.66); HW 0.48-0.58 (0.53); SL 0.35-0.42 (0.37); EL 0.16-0.20 (0.19); PH 0.29-0.33 (0.30); PW 0.37-0.45 (0.41); WL 0.85-0.96 (0.89); PSL 0.07-0.09 (0.08); PTL 0.22-0.25 (0.24); PTH 0.25-0.29 (0.27); PTW 0.19-0.22 (0.20); PPL 0.19-0.23 (0.21); PPH 0.25-0.30 (0.27); PPW 0.24-0.30 (0.27); CI 77-82 (80); SI 67-73 (70); OI 33-36 (35); DMI 44-48 (46); LMI 32-35 (34); PSLI 10-13 (12); PeNI 46-50 (48); LPeI 86-92 (88); DPeI 79-86 (84); PpNI 60-71 (67); LPpI 73-81 (78); DPpI 126-132 (130); PPI 130-145 (139).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" type="worker description">
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<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
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Head much longer than wide (CI 77-82); posterior head margin weakly concave. Anterior clypeal margin with distinct, but often shallow median impression. Frontal carinae strongly developed and noticeably raised forming dorsal margin of very well-developed antennal scrobes, curving down ventrally and anteriorly halfway between posterior eye margin and posterior head margin and forming posterior and ventral scrobe margins; antennal scrobes very well developed, deep and with clearly defined margins all around, median scrobal carina absent. Antennal scapes short, not reaching posterior head margin (SI 67-73). Eyes very large (OI 33-36). Mesosomal outline in profile relatively flat, long and low (LMI 32-35), moderately marginate from lateral to dorsal mesosoma; promesonotal suture absent; metanotal groove present and distinct, but relatively shallow. Propodeum armed with short, tri
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<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="88" start="start">angular</pageBreakToken>
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, and mostly blunt teeth (PSLI 10-13), propodeal lobes short, triangular, and usually blunt, in profile usually longer and more voluminous than propodeal spines. Tibiae and femorae strongly swollen. Petiolar node nodiform with moderately rounded antero- and posterodorsal margins, in profile around 1.1 to 1.2 times higher than long (LPeI 86-92), anterior and posterior faces approximately parallel, anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins situated at about same height and equally angled, petiolar dorsum weakly convex; node in dorsal view around 1.1 to 1.2 times longer than wide (DPeI 79-86), in dorsal view pronotum between 2.0 to 2.2 times wider than petiolar node (PeNI 46-50). Postpetiole in profile globular, approximately 1.2 to 1.4 times higher than long (LPpI 73-81); in dorsal view around 1.3 times wider than long (DPpI 126-132), pronotum approximately 1.4 to 1.5 times wider than postpetiole (PpNI 60-71). Postpetiole in profile appearing less voluminous than petiolar node, postpetiole in dorsal view between 1.3 to 1.5 times wider than petiolar node (PPI 130-145). Mandibles and clypeus usually fully unsculptured, smooth, and shining; cephalic dorsum between frontal carinae mostly unsculptured and shiny, median ruga present and distinct, cephalic dorsum also puncticulate to punctate throughout its length, close to posterior head margin especially pronounced; scrobal area unsculptured, smooth, and very shiny; lateral head ventral of antennal scrobe mainly reticulate-rugose; ground sculpture on head usually weak to absent. Dorsum of mesosoma mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shiny with scattered punctures, rarely with few traces of rugulae; lateral mesosoma mostly unsculptured and shiny, posteriorly irregularly rugose and conspicuously reticulate-punctate. Petiolar node and postpetiole only weakly sculptured, laterally usually superficially rugulose and punctate on lower half and more unsculptured on upper half, node dorsally mostly smooth; postpetiole mostly unsculptured, smooth, and shiny with scattered punctures. First gastral tergite unsculptured, smooth, and shiny. Pilosity and pubescence greatly reduced: head with few pairs of moderately long, standing hairs, anterior pronotum with one long pair, waist segments sometimes with one long pair each, and sometimes first gastral tergite with one long pair; appressed pubescence present everywhere on body, but noticeable only on antennae, cephalic dorsum, legs, and first gastral tergite. Anterior edges of antennal scapes and dorsal (outer) surfaces of hind tibiae with appressed hairs. Body uniformly brown, appendages often lighter.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="88" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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is widespread in eastern and southern Africa (Fig. 3). It is distributed from Kenya south to Mozambique, and also found in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Most localities are tropical dry forest habitats or miombo woodland. Also,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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seems to be a ground-active species nesting in or under rotten logs and is likely termitophagous like the other group members.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
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Since
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<bibRefCitation author="Bolton, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology" pageId="26" pageNumber="93" pagination="281 - 379" title="The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Constituent genera, review of smaller genera and revision of Triglyphothrix Forel." volume="34" year="1976">Bolton (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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synonymised
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="89" start="start">Tetramorium</pageBreakToken>
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ultor
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</taxonomicName>
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under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium decem" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decem">Tetramorium decem</taxonomicName>
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, almost all of the material of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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examined here was identified and/or labelled as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium decem" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decem">Tetramorium decem</taxonomicName>
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prior to this study. However, after careful examination of all the available material, we have come to the conclusion that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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is distinctive enough to merit species status.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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is smaller (WL 0.85-0.96), has shorter propodeal teeth (PSLI 10-13), a lower petiolar node, around 1.1 to 1.2 times higher than long (LPeI 86-92), and is of uniform light brown to chestnut brown body colouration. By contrast,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium decem" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decem">Tetramorium decem</taxonomicName>
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is larger (WL 1.02-1.16), has longer propodeal spines (PSLI 17-19), a higher petiolar node, in profile around 1.2 to 1.3 times higher than long (LPeI 77-82), and is conspicuously bicoloured. In addition, both species share most of their distribution range without any intermediate forms. Furthermore,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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is unlikely to be confused with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium raptor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="raptor">Tetramorium raptor</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium uelense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uelense">Tetramorium uelense</taxonomicName>
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since the latter two have a conspicuously rugose/rugulose promesonotum, which is completely unsculptured, smooth and shiny in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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. The last species of the group,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium venator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venator">Tetramorium venator</taxonomicName>
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, is the one most similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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, and both species are allopatric. However, both species can be separated by eye size, colour, and a different habitat choice.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium venator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venator">Tetramorium venator</taxonomicName>
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has larger eyes (OI 37-40) and is of a much darker brown than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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, which has smaller eyes (OI 33-36) and is of a lighter brown. In addition, the latter species is more arid-adapted, occurring in woodlands and dry forests while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium venator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venator">Tetramorium venator</taxonomicName>
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seems to be a forest specialist found in primary, secondary, or disturbed rainforests. We consider the above arguments as sufficient to justify the heterospecificity of both species. Further arguments are provided below in the description of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium venator" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venator">Tetramorium venator</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="89" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
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Based on the available material, we did not observe any intraspecific variation in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetramorium ultor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultor">Tetramorium ultor</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |