120 lines
14 KiB
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120 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="68E4B074F027F7E2F68E6CDCB02268E3" ID-CLB-Dataset="34145" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9809670-d0fc-4200-90f3-ac74ef2c97cd" ID-PMC="PMC4319050" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-478-1" ID-PubMed="25685008" ID-ZooBank="ABC6AF6D8F9C401783EAED3A19C3C120" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-478-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 478" ModsDocTitle="Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan" checkinTime="1451244730353" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Irei, Yuka, Sinniger, Frederic & Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2015" docId="7AE734F81AADA29CF364CB0F10ADFF96" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 478: 1-26" docOrigin="ZooKeys 478" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" docTitle="Palythoa Lamouroux 1816" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="E64EFA5FFC1EFF80FF8F0D64FFEEFFD2" masterDocTitle="Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1701379416167" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="629292528D489CE93501295EDE5F08CE">Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa species (Subclass Hexacorallia, Order Zoantharia) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5D2300DE738E653C60A38A1A8E1186AD">Irei, Yuka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EABCA70F57C068E5209333363FED271D">Sinniger, Frederic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AB03B1A0724E5B29373D06A3F5791175">Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B7C292FF40518B30F5F3E9EF31F1E589">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="93CB00048944064C0DB6E5BEF1AFFA10">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3D03A10C9CA7D91E25DC3F31657B1028">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="A04D962441BA9BBB949197EF889A3FAD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E64476B375CDEFF18A079E40D493724C">478</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B26E470D9DFBC5FE86A50B73D459AA4B">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="5C16F5C144A8C1A1B6A4A5E9D478182A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DC35AE76638023A8E4DE6F7522CB9BB0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0C0A70A793DC0B24FA0DA881149AAAFD" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-478-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="7AE734F81AADA29CF364CB0F10ADFF96" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152058003" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7AE734F81AADA29CF364CB0F10ADFF96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7AE734F81AADA29CF364CB0F10ADFF96" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="4C5F803F24D340D60F45C73269156185" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="512650323E5E31802F640F571E933D5E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxon classification Animalia Zoantharia Sphenopidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B9F9B197AE2070238202DD92AE747F0A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="52BF9E326E260531922C3E7C7E957215" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="087E565D108ADC04292D952580315514" ID-CoL="7PP8M" authority="Lamouroux, 1816" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa Lamouroux, 1816</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="18D3B1F878A40965754A6D8B6A776224" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type species">
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<paragraph id="B7DB0702E5E4CD763391EF8C7CAF68A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B112B25A6B3849FC2ED78B1940CB9875" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="217F4EE16C1FDA8B1F2BD88B395EA0E8" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa mammillosa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mammillosa">Palythoa mammillosa</taxonomicName>
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(Ellis & Solander, 1786).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3CF7F27F59674C3C7C72915F16A83BAF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="046B4A67FBC2496AE88E2B71F05B7BDD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="024055394D151D942DF7B30FCE292E94" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colonial brachycnemic zoantharians with heavily sand-incrusted ectoderm and mesoglea. Occasionally solitary polyps are also seen.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8BD01C7419E1D33CFA035C1F597B9EF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="F21EB1174E4A8EF3BFC9045776A16147" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8C9255AD19EA6E82FE4211FADF72A43" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Various authors have suggested to include the genus
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<taxonomicName id="7C324EAFC08FE8C86FB6F27A15B4778E" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protopalythoa</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1900 over the past century based on both morphological (
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<bibRefCitation id="AE926C11F6154E83C25B7653632E39B5" author="Pax, F" editor="Spengel, JW" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 330" title="Studien an westindischen Actinien." volume="11" volumeTitle="Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungreise nach Westindien von Prof. W. Kukenthal und Dr R. Hartmeyer im Jahre, 1907." year="1910">Pax 1910</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="17917E8385C263739D3F717B94CE66FC" author="Ryland, JS" journalOrPublisher="Invertebrate Systematics" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="407 - 428" title="Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific." url="10.1071/IS02008" volume="17" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
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) and molecular data (
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<bibRefCitation id="C4117D23189C6A8BD0AA45F0252C05C8" author="Burnett, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Coral Reefs" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="55 - 68" title="Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species." url="10.1007/s003380050060" volume="16" year="1997">Burnett et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="40C47F379CE01D57E8E0CA3973CBBB05" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="87 - 94" title="Molecular evidence suggesting species in the zoanthid genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) are congeneric." url="10.2108/zsj.23.87" volume="23" year="2006 a">Reimer et al. 2006a</bibRefCitation>
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). Polyps of
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<taxonomicName id="9F87A0F5CF5C9F3A2276DB2AE94B65CA" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa</taxonomicName>
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are embedded in a well-developed coenenchyme (=
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<normalizedToken id="7812FAED230633676072C9569A82FB83" originalValue="“immersae”">"immersae"</normalizedToken>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B41DCC2221F23CD995FFCF3F9AC84AF3" author="Pax, F" editor="Spengel, JW" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 330" title="Studien an westindischen Actinien." volume="11" volumeTitle="Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungreise nach Westindien von Prof. W. Kukenthal und Dr R. Hartmeyer im Jahre, 1907." year="1910">Pax 1910</bibRefCitation>
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) while those of
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<taxonomicName id="9C5876DDFDD5C720457849DE3BCA72AB" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protopalythoa</taxonomicName>
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are more free and clear of the coenenchyme (=
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<normalizedToken id="B59CEBB7056273479212D04BF37AF2AE" originalValue="“intermediate”">"intermediate"</normalizedToken>
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or
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<normalizedToken id="75AF6214714B6FB2F461D2177639621F" originalValue="“liberae”">"liberae"</normalizedToken>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A6D24BDC44BB3F601F3AAAAA06F82EE2" author="Pax, F" editor="Spengel, JW" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="157 - 330" title="Studien an westindischen Actinien." volume="11" volumeTitle="Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungreise nach Westindien von Prof. W. Kukenthal und Dr R. Hartmeyer im Jahre, 1907." year="1910">Pax 1910</bibRefCitation>
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). In this study, we consider
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<taxonomicName id="939B27B09786007DD3934E96D72053F6" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protopalythoa</taxonomicName>
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to be included within
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<taxonomicName id="3702D015FBE9987CE40C87BF6A347949" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa</taxonomicName>
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. In general, polyps are firmly attached to stones or reef rocks. Currently, approximately 130 nominal species have been described (
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<taxonomicName id="9019B78DEFC40C50CD3285C63270202C" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="66F2389DFF5C2A8675707BEEF2C9453C" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protopalythoa</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="76AA5A7069D75C7597D8DB7F71D638A8" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" title="World Register of Marine Species" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205785" year="2014 b">Reimer 2014b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B88B03A6610AB52BD863DEF2E820B4A5" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" title="World Register of Marine Species" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=100795" year="2014 c">c</bibRefCitation>
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) although some studies have suggested the presence of many synonyms (
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<bibRefCitation id="50B5EE2AAF22FF3606AE02581AFC5C65" author="Burnett, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Coral Reefs" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="55 - 68" title="Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species." url="10.1007/s003380050060" volume="16" year="1997">Burnett et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="E8207953E9A75ADA6DCD5C1F026C3A55" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="517 - 525" title="Reconsidering Zoanthus spp. diversity: molecular evidence of conspecificity within four previously presumed species." url="10.2108/zsj.21.517" volume="21" year="2004">Reimer et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="AD29614A5AE2C19FFAF03E947C96876E" author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Biology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" title="Species diversity of shallow water zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Florida." url="10.1155/2012/856079" volume="2012" year="2012 a">Reimer et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
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). All described species are zooxanthellate with the exception of
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<taxonomicName id="3F0906800A855A80E19187ACA0D00251" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa macmurrichi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macmurrichi">Palythoa macmurrichi</taxonomicName>
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(Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) (see Remarks below).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |