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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="22964" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.47936" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ec38c460-c545-4470-a8a6-51a5d0fba33d" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-43-117" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" ID-ZooBank="B8A62C5BC4D44DFC90E8AE424508325A" ModsDocID="2367-5365-43-117" checkinTime="1587051876631" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2020" docId="701E69DB6A665FBAABBF0C30D8E6B517" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 43: 117-138" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 43" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.47936" docTitle="Euploea dorippus Klug 1845" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="F104A75C61CF5E42A2D97A7854E745FE" masterDocTitle="Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845: species, semispecies, subspecies, junior subjective synonym of Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), and / or form - what does Klug's dorippus represent? (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae)" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1732838993374" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="712933646EFC7B9D3F0FD090837091A2">Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845: species, semispecies, subspecies, junior subjective synonym of Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), and / or form - what does Klug's dorippus represent? (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F616952EAD6D5477EA4388C2BED4DB88">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="513EA061BD87CF52F1AA0529AF0EA1FC">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW 7 5 BD UK, &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury CT 2 7 NR UK; dickvanewright @ btinternet. com</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DB56B6A5A536C050D0848DB4DBA60A4C" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-2474</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="DFC5680020C3C6E0C86A8D6D5266D2EE">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="701E69DB6A665FBAABBF0C30D8E6B517" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163641922" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:701E69DB6A665FBAABBF0C30D8E6B517" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/701E69DB6A665FBAABBF0C30D8E6B517" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" scope_family="Nymphalidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera" scope_subFamily="Danainae">
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<paragraph id="CB14072D166DF24F2B2D5CBBC6D42D77" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="DD17493B412BA010A8A55ACA03659100" LSID="701E69DB-6A66-5FBA-ABBF-0C30D8E6B517" authority="Klug, 1845" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus Klug, 1845</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="87A076476B0ED1C02E8E2A14414386BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="19BF326D4FD130EF43B12E4AA91BD09C" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="103FB9137C1FBAA92FD60235D5BEE529" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus</taxonomicName>
Klug, 1845: text (signature h[iii]), pl. 48, figs 1-5. Male and female syntypes, Sudan: [New] Dongola, Dunqulah, 19°10'N, 30°29'E, and Ambikol, 18°03'N, 31°31'E, leg. C.G. Ehrenberg &amp; W.F. Hemprich (
<bibRefCitation id="6EDF80881302457FBE6548B59DB72B40" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" author="Baker, DB" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="165 - 202" refId="B7" refString="Baker, DB, 1997. C.G. Ehrenberg and W.F. Hemprich's travels, 1820-1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44 (2): 165 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" title="C. G. Ehrenberg and W. F. Hemprich's travels, 1820 - 1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" volume="44" year="1997">Baker 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 194) (material apparently lost - not in Museum
<normalizedToken id="3AB26264E11AB7ABBC958B73C7EF0C14" originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
Naturkunde, Berlin:
<bibRefCitation id="BF958851C3217DAD108C72651FEAA852" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" author="Olivier, A" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="95 - 104" refId="B59" refString="Olivier, A, Nekrutenko, YP, 2000. The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775-1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47 (1): 95 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" title="The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775 - 1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" volume="47" year="2000">Olivier and Nekrutenko 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0833FEE348FC6538CBE5F341661D0204" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="8747148C3AFAA32ECA5DA6F000E1F499" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Limnas dorippus</taxonomicName>
(Klug): Butler, 1886: 758. Butler acted as first reviser, restricting application of the name
<taxonomicName id="132CC65E0963B946F982C45D0F546D74" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">Euploea dorippus</taxonomicName>
to
<bibRefCitation id="7417EF3259F6B306806EF3BC55D80117" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48, figs 1-4 (see also
<bibRefCitation id="42AEBA95B1BC4330F1A0BABA35DE0B56" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Swinhoe 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 126). [In this paper Butler excluded the specimen represented by
<bibRefCitation id="BF1520BF7F90422C26708207F53F486D" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48, fig. 5, to become part of the type series of a new nominal taxon,
<taxonomicName id="C6B55D858E222717013FFA8EA95B7EBE" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klugii">Limnas klugii</taxonomicName>
(Butler, 1886: 758 - type locality currently accepted to be Somalia: inland south of Berbera).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FC9B3B3331BEE8AD107BBC9DE7EBA165" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="type material">
<paragraph id="FF1745633313A4543B337BFE0272D547" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9283586DB3DFB30CA34BB65BEB676D1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<bibRefCitation id="54E71AA96976676A09ED5F8AB3FAE6A0" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">
<normalizedToken id="E2BF8E15A31215CEE12F02B5B444646E" originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
(1845)
</bibRefCitation>
description of
<taxonomicName id="9291CB2B6BD7DDB43EF269341FA67549" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="F72841428CE606B8733EB2D73BB7A160" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based on at least two males and one female collected by Ehrenberg and Hemprich at two localities on the banks of the Nile in northern Sudan,
<emphasis id="EFEDE04FC61270FA2B430431701BB7EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">ca</emphasis>
150 km apart, in May and July 1822 (&quot;Habitat ad Dongalae novae castra Aethiopiae in Echii floribus Maio; ad Ambukohl Iulio.&quot;). The precise locations, as noted above, have been given by
<bibRefCitation id="D8D8ACE61899C4A8CB67C24D904C9F1A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" author="Baker, DB" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="165 - 202" refId="B7" refString="Baker, DB, 1997. C.G. Ehrenberg and W.F. Hemprich's travels, 1820-1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44 (2): 165 - 202, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" title="C. G. Ehrenberg and W. F. Hemprich's travels, 1820 - 1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19970440208" volume="44" year="1997">Baker (1997)</bibRefCitation>
; a very helpful map is presented by
<bibRefCitation id="D305F93138417393ACF6D97CE904B964" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" author="Chester Bradley, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B15" refString="Chester Bradley, J, 1968. The Hemprich-Ehrenberg expedition to Egypt and Asia Minor of 1820-25. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift NF 15(1/3): 107-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" title="The Hemprich-Ehrenberg expedition to Egypt and Asia Minor of 1820 - 25. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift NF 15 (1 / 3): 107 - 109." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810150107" year="1968">Chester Bradley (1968)</bibRefCitation>
. Their approximate location is plotted on Fig.
<figureCitation id="4DD30B7B47B8ACD2EE2ACCC354A068ED" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Outline distribution map for the four subspecies or semispecies of Danaus chrysippus in mainland Africa, as recognised by David Smith and co-workers (e. g. Smith et al. 2010 fig. 1). This map is based on Lushai et al. 2003 fig. 1 (for which the original caption reads: ' geographical distribution of the subspecies of D. chrysippus in the Afrotropical region, showing the approximate boundaries of the hybrid zone ... '). Note this extensive ' hybrid zone' in eastern Africa. The large five-pointed star in northern Sudan is centred on the type localities of D. dorippus (Klug), in an area supposedly occupied by subspecies D. c. chrysippus or semispecies D. [c.] chrysippus. Not one of the three phenotypes exhibited by the type material of D. dorippus (Fig. 2) corresponds to the phenotype regarded as typical of the Horn of Africa subspecies D. c. dorippus or semispecies D. [c.] dorippus (as currently named). The small five-pointed star in northern Somalia is centred on the approximate type locality of D. klugii (Butler) (See text)." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400235" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="11D21BF3DB1A68B764C81AB231EC8ADE" doi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400235" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="0A90D31EF2EDA7180914A496A706D21A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="BF0C490E219D5C5A4266CC399449BB32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Outline distribution map for the four subspecies or semispecies of
<taxonomicName id="D98AB38B71F71CFB81BFCFB91E35AE7C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="7F306F133E41A6404F0653EEDA9AD534" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in mainland Africa, as recognised by David Smith and co-workers (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="2894FCE9A7E6C131D444238810DA40E0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
fig.1). This map is based on Lushai et al. 2003 fig. 1 (for which the original caption reads: 'geographical distribution of the subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="A54D06FAFBFF3CD32B1CE8329FC327D3" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="C38E314253B4F117C856B174B9856DFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Afrotropical region, showing the approximate boundaries of the hybrid zone
<normalizedToken id="851B10E81304746A057A49A47D2CF424" originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
'). Note this extensive 'hybrid
<normalizedToken id="6981C76A5CD0358A8913D40538A28B68" originalValue="zone’">zone'</normalizedToken>
in eastern Africa. The large five-pointed star in northern Sudan is centred on the type localities of
<taxonomicName id="1151C622EAD69025DCBDF711414251CF" lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="C1E72D7F44E28FB7D074431A1E3FE1D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Klug), in an area supposedly occupied by subspecies
<taxonomicName id="5D52CFEBAE3BF92C4F276AFDD66DCEA5" lsidName="D. c. subsp. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="F7D93BC179A7C348B9BCDDD9DF701662" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or semispecies
<emphasis id="B9B8DAFF0E8CC1E48260E0EC9F6EBCF7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="1C595B6945E8E24380D29222C9E7F917" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="4667ADF78438D3D69E0BD41BC5DD8B94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
. Not one of the three phenotypes exhibited by the type material of
<taxonomicName id="9DEAB63C6F6B88943B401FC073111130" lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="E4D51F12ADCB4647EE98D3A9E92407E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="E4C4A30B0D4B89C9DB33CB73796C3DE2" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The five images published by Klug (1845, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of Euploea dorippus. a, b - pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot; E. dorippus mas. &quot;); c, d - pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot; E. dorippus fem. &quot;); e - pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot; E. dorippus mar. var. &quot; - this &quot; variety &quot; was later included as part of Limnas klugii Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name Danais dorippus ab. ' infumata' (Aurivillius 1899 )). See text." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">2</figureCitation>
) corresponds to the phenotype regarded as typical of the Horn of Africa subspecies
<taxonomicName id="7968C4AD1ED74A35281EA38D9305D3FE" lsidName="D. c. subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="14F175A9922C7660383CDADEF6546AB0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or semispecies
<emphasis id="A2F3B4339A4DDEAC2366D9AA45DDC945" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="ED389229C952AC64F561F66F489E9B22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="1906B0AF341E5731E39A5474F099B417" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
(as currently named). The small five-pointed star in northern Somalia is centred on the approximate type locality of
<taxonomicName id="467113B07670110F64ADE308E14600A2" lsidName="D. klugii" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis id="E494FBE4ECDF444A53CD94BBCB318BC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Butler) (See text).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="851C1F612004CDC3281116440FF27D58" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<normalizedToken id="BE96D882238CE28C758C994631B765C3" originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
original description was in Latin: &quot;Euploea
<emphasis id="AF8F45722C89537A7CE472713B191526" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
alis testaceis, nigro-limbatis, limbo, subtus praesertim, albo-punctato, posticis maculis, subtus albo-notatis, in disco nigris. Mas. Fem.
<normalizedToken id="6AB5FDFE5305E95E4FF6BE8AEC31195B" originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Magnitudine
</emphasis>
E. Chrysippi,
<emphasis id="18DA5AE995639D343CBCF3F1730F5BA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">cui valde affinis. Caput et thorax nigra, albo-punctata. Antennae nigrae. Alae fulvo-testaceae, supra margine omni, sparsim albo-punctato, nigro; anticae macula insuper triangulari costali media, posticae maculis discoidalibus quatuor (in femina tribus) nigris; subtus alae basi fulvae, limbo maculisque discoidalibus nigris ubique maculis albis ornatis. Pedes nigri. Abdomen fulvo-testaceum, subtus album. Variat uterque sexus alis posticis medio albis.</emphasis>
&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F80B17A19125E9FC3D7263DAE6451C7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
This has kindly been translated by Tony Galsworthy as follows: &quot;A
<emphasis id="3094DD60F7531922544F71DC30C8FD83" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
[now
<emphasis id="40308EE31922BAB23A362586F939FF52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
] with orange wings, bordered with black, the border, particularly below, spotted with white, hind wings black on the disc marked below with white. Male. Female.
<normalizedToken id="6FAB7C1FA41913023B0336051D4558D1" originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Size as
<emphasis id="0A40DDECB3BC30A28C8B4EA17642B0F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. chrysippus</emphasis>
, to which it is certainly related. Head and thorax black, spotted with white. Antennae black. Wings fulvo-testaceous, upperside with the margin completely black, sparsely spotted with white; fore wing upperside with a triangular costal marking, hind wings with four black discal marks (three in female); underside wings fulvous at base, with black border and discal marks, everywhere ornamented with white markings. Legs black. Abdomen fulvo-testaceous, white below. Both sexes vary in the white in the middle of the hind wings.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0AA86CD7F81192CAB5145EC765AC9FB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Given the three different phenotypes originally illustrated by Klug (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DCAB756670587EDCC94E7F834E4936E1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. The five images published by Klug (1845, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of Euploea dorippus. a, b - pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot; E. dorippus mas. &quot;); c, d - pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot; E. dorippus fem. &quot;); e - pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot; E. dorippus mar. var. &quot; - this &quot; variety &quot; was later included as part of Limnas klugii Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name Danais dorippus ab. ' infumata' (Aurivillius 1899 )). See text." figureDoi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">2</figureCitation>
), it might be considered desirable to select a lectotype. This, however, is not possible in terms of an actual specimen as it appears all the original material is lost (
<bibRefCitation id="6C5763BE9FB71CF14006099FFE61167D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" author="Olivier, A" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="95 - 104" refId="B59" refString="Olivier, A, Nekrutenko, YP, 2000. The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775-1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 47 (1): 95 - 104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" title="The butterflies described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (1775 - 1856) in his Symbolae Physicae, Insecta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae): an annotated review, with a catalogue of the existing types." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4800470109" volume="47" year="2000">Olivier and Nekrutenko 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, with respect to the taxonomic application of the name, unless we insist that Klug was working from a mixed series of two or more species (possibly the case based on the conclusions of
<bibRefCitation id="9B61F9D794C16882B226BB701863E383" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), the type localities are accurately known and sufficiently close together (
<emphasis id="9CA11CD54BC03CB8BA132D4927F5B74A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">ca</emphasis>
150 km) that any application dependent on geo-location is not likely to be equivocal. Thus I consider making a lectotype (or neotype) designation unnecessary (even undesirable)
<emphasis id="CB7E62FCA9FABA796AFA0C5929A99EFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">at the present time</emphasis>
with respect to application of
<taxonomicName id="6A5F24E7F8867EAD18E4A3D8905DCB9C" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="4F02D64C0F695DB4C7F595A1A7FC0F44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an available name (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5811AC9FC8AF667E0BE398DA5CF276EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Before considering these matters further, the various ways in which the name
<taxonomicName id="0068CA41260D4D96FC86EC7EA56D13A2" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="7099F335130A173D68422EB9C5F87790" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been applied over the past 175 years are enumerated and exemplified.
</paragraph>
<caption id="83D39E32D72A959DB525857419E8876A" doi="10.3897/nl.43.47936.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/400236" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="93269AC7240A4CA6D8EF9EDDED7E2BDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="FF71CDA2159AA9E9813B1088FB45C87B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Figure 2.</emphasis>
The five images published by
<bibRefCitation id="CB33B77451AD5D98C042A6B0AD74D9B2" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug (1845</bibRefCitation>
, plate 48) to illustrate his original description of
<taxonomicName id="1056D122A292BE907C1FAE079EE3A597" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="0786221399B62422CB7B485543FD52ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B0FD9544AA5AFF4EB42D18E8E6C049EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">a, b</emphasis>
- pl. 48 figs 1,2 (&quot;
<emphasis id="8C0F3A93CAAF2738E4AD7A2343AD9C93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
mas.&quot;);
<emphasis id="60813368C229057DF6BF8A6B85C2E38B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c, d</emphasis>
- pl. 48 figs 3, 4 (&quot;
<emphasis id="9C40593DA7B30E68C3F5D8232894CCF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
fem.&quot;);
<emphasis id="91BFC1CD08BE9BB8A5F33A09CAE016F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">e</emphasis>
- pl. 48 fig. 5 (&quot;
<emphasis id="22B762DA8AA0F126CD7C0B486E328992" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">E. dorippus</emphasis>
mar. var.&quot; - this
<normalizedToken id="65F352150E39438A0EC60BD284F570AF" originalValue="“variety”">&quot;variety&quot;</normalizedToken>
was later included as part of
<taxonomicName id="678B5F1DDF53642FBB544A79BD7D7122" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis id="EFA84A3FCD678C4D3928C7231B8DA71A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Butler, 1886, and subsequently given the infra-subspecific name
<taxonomicName id="3F80601E2DDFAE311C6693E5D02F00E3" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="4490E55E22338FE42E567D2A3711C358" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<normalizedToken id="77FFC018307B29075A3F2B99EF10B65C" originalValue="‘infumata’">'infumata'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A6BE2B1BCC9CEC10143D77CA8B409DF8" author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 561" refId="B4" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 1 - 561" title="Rhopalocera Aethiopica." volume="31" year="1899">Aurivillius 1899</bibRefCitation>
)). See text.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60719B29654C7C089F7C182F47695331" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="previous applications of the name euploea dorippus">
<paragraph id="2977C3EF6991806CF33E9E6E374E6C33" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Previous applications of the name
<taxonomicName id="1F967827949ECEF20701137431905B53" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="3EFB8E9D3F13F956F5547B411AC66544" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AD973AF5FB31DC686945352918C09D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Ignoring differing generic combinations, there are at least nine ways in which the available name
<taxonomicName id="38CD7711CCF210D11E904CCE6CDC0280" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="2CBF5F45FC56E04B37743F211952F057" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been employed since it was first proposed as a new species: 1) separate monotypic species (
<taxonomicName id="C202CDBC2FC446C894083DCD5EAB4125" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="4B7F0E093F31D5C48A9A32AC87FD716A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 2) separate polytypic species; 3) form of a polymorphic
<taxonomicName id="5C0B5302688F92B4C2FF8F34DE5466F4" lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="DD26968ED221F43722295A242A891E5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 4) subspecies of a polytypic
<taxonomicName id="092A18A46FA4F03D5A270A822F19A296" lsidName="D. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="E4689E32E4CEFDFC4E0EF63137B7AB44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 5) semispecies of superspecies
<emphasis id="1BC3F14E63C50E3266ECF166236C467F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="9DEE1316DDF2D2AD82F553C2EBD8BEF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
]; 6) subspecies of species
<taxonomicName id="589E737DD2AC5F7E33DE27801E264287" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="A9E85402C165CEF475F4F0BA020D470A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 7) form of a monotypic but polymorphic
<taxonomicName id="9E60A1183FD8B2C100EDE24916E2F1C3" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="A27ECF19EA91D1F509664F9A11BCA10E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 8) form of
<taxonomicName id="CCF2346B39D2DCB98378B35E39C637B6" authority="subspecies chrysippus" lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="chrysippus">D. chrysippus subspecies chrysippus</taxonomicName>
; and 9), form of
<taxonomicName id="72F0A96CECD96250637F44050E7B95DB" lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. aegyptius" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="aegyptius">D. chrysippus subspecies aegyptius</taxonomicName>
(Schreber, 1759). It could also have been used as a form of subspecies
<taxonomicName id="B9A5ED548358FB4604803CC2F4429A9F" lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="C87425C31C8F1398F46A72238B03DA35" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or of semispecies
<emphasis id="17BB105712E2373D432AC9000530BC40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="84D10B924348D64A72651ACEBC3C31B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="58135AB7FA785D7714CEB38BE15B0BFE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
, but I have not seen this done explicitly - and insofar as David Smith and his co-workers have regarded the
<normalizedToken id="7E6AD875A0C9D11B31D2C04B95D7C664" originalValue="‘dorippus’">'dorippus'</normalizedToken>
forewing pattern to be fixed in semispecies or subspecies
<taxonomicName id="772BA670DC13181B8F17E9CD10E36611" lsidName="subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
in its core area (
<bibRefCitation id="43A90318145C5A0369C1D05089575EE0" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith 2014</bibRefCitation>
, page 188;
<bibRefCitation id="89622326005AFFADDA1BAF79B944E9F9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B83" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Traut, W, Herren, J, Collins, S, Martins, DJ, Saitoti, K, Ireri, P, ffrench-Constant, R, 2016. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" title="A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" year="2016">Smith et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
- but see Discussion), it would be an unlikely previous usage. Instances of all nine uses that I have found are listed sequentially below (ciphers in square brackets refer to the usages listed above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1A23E027A9CAE7520558055A3779AB8" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" type="literary synonymy of euploea dorippus">
<paragraph id="95B72E4B329215405A9A61D5C890FC81" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Literary synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="33681412C95DB5165EF8D42B23C43C4E" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="88F078D98688378F428B8CF28D4B5602" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90232859A0A484E327FACE718D7582FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="3D1B4CEDBBE8C424EFD30EE6AB5FF4E1" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="98B00D371BE27D8627732111304B6C9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="C610E9244AF3FFFC85B04955C5C07FE4" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug 1845</bibRefCitation>
: text (signature h[iii]), pl. 48, figs 1-5. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74EC0497BA6FD9F867D8661C67DBDB67" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="61082FD1CF5F6C78ABBC77CCBA83E160" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="274C07326947B9BCFC1CDC1EF75CD575" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="0B6CA20BA31801F0C545EA4A478A6FCC" author="Peters, WCH" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B65" refString="Peters, WCH, 1862. Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Zoologie 5. Insecten und Myriopoden. Georg Reimer, Berlin." title="Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Zoologie 5. Insecten und Myriopoden. Georg Reimer, Berlin." year="1862">Peters 1862</bibRefCitation>
: 371;
<bibRefCitation id="DB23D8AA531A97B975A0A583DA3B3536" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" author="Godman, FD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="537 - 541" refId="B26" refString="Godman, FD, 1885. A list of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H.H. Johnston during his recent expedition to Kilima-njaro. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 537 - 541, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" title="A list of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H. H. Johnston during his recent expedition to Kilima-njaro." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1885.tb07860.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Godman 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 537; Marshall &amp; de
<normalizedToken id="A21213A4BB158357E67FFE436ECA5A45" originalValue="Nicéville">Niceville</normalizedToken>
1882: 52;
<bibRefCitation id="19CEBD9436DD60021CF080F4E7E2D0CF" author="Pagenstecher, A" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="113 - 204" refId="B64" refString="Pagenstecher, A, 1902. Wissenschaftliche Resultate der Reise des Freiherrn Carlo von Erlanger durch Sued-Schoa, die Galla und Somalilander in 1900 und 1901. Tagfalter. Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 55: 113 - 204" title="Wissenschaftliche Resultate der Reise des Freiherrn Carlo von Erlanger durch Sued-Schoa, die Galla und Somalilander in 1900 und 1901. Tagfalter." volume="55" year="1902">Pagenstecher 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 129. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00FD434F5BB854B74C2AF6690412F5F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="CEBD667B9B63BD5A225090821C74E189" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="FE7CA980606EA73F89FB7275F21AA7B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="0784DE58A7851A5851C2117C4B5C958F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" author="Moore, F" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B57" refString="Moore, F, 1883. A monograph of Limnainae and Euploeina, two groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the subfamily Euploeinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 201-324, 4 pls. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" title="A monograph of Limnainae and Euploeina, two groups of diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the subfamily Euploeinae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 201 - 324, 4 pls." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1883.tb06651.x" year="1883">Moore 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 238;
<bibRefCitation id="B50E8AFDCBAC92222F3287017090365C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">Swinhoe 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 126. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="398FE9876593A2E57A4420059C986BAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="0151BAB0A7E4C9A47A3D19D0A4CBFF86" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="E8080BF11510FEFB44EAE306B1128DD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="F8CB66D0F489531F753A2AE381851F13" author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B5" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1910a. Lepidoptera. In: Sjoestedt Y (Ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ost Afrikas 1905-1906 2(9): 56 pp, 2 tabs. Koeniglich Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stockholm." title="Lepidoptera. In: Sjoestedt Y (Ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ost Afrikas 1905 - 1906 2 (9): 56 pp, 2 tabs. Koeniglich Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stockholm." year="1910 a">Aurivillius 1910a</bibRefCitation>
: 2, 1910b: 72 [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB1C52FA20CF2BCC2FED4A0D689C4291" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="05AA18DE5EA2537F8D0395D41A65B4F9" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="3F8E29D7D6C330B786811E86E0222D51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="F8AB4A27A6485AE2C9152FAAB2F76D79" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [1]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECFC418DE6B95DF9306DE1CABC6B6369" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="7464F5A415AB26CE12E45428D05BBC19" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus subsp. bataviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis id="9F471AC221723554C5CD8CC7A3BE3E1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Moore, 1883) -
<bibRefCitation id="3C135B4E46D2EB186061D9846A86E752" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [2]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40F70BAD3D36A9EF5098AF4B225E6869" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="9EB1DF19B3C3BBE473F4A79967F59437" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais dorippus subsp. var. var. klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="dorippus" subSpecies="var." variety="klugii">Danais dorippus var. klugii</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="F209BA6806F151B275992036D32AB2F9" author="Holt White, AE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Tropical Insect Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B33" refString="Holt White, AE, 1894. The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe. Reeve &amp; Co., London, xii + 108 pp. [4 pls]" title="The butterflies and moths of Teneriffe. Reeve &amp; Co., London, xii + 108 pp. [4 pls]" year="1894">Holt White 1894</bibRefCitation>
: 49. [2 or 3]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="572722C97F4DE61C7B09CF0884524D28" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="09B0BCAFB303E2C3BCCD05602612B8C2" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="56B693EE2E0AB99A9A13672290D3DDEB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<taxonomicName id="A73AE278FD5A97073E4514E633EC125D" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="B87DF3C1991764FC90D7D8E8D853D7C1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" author="Suffert, E" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 116" refId="B85" refString="Suffert, E, 1900. Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 115 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" title="Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" volume="45" year="1900">Suffert 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 116. [3]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6CAE67C346A1106D5222966728178EDA" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="9CBE955F0D046735F79C2220F3549A3B" authority="dorippus" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="F716F5F2FB79D730310E0FBE2AB9C530" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="13FFAEB5CF1ED94FF64D61A91C441B44" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al 2005</bibRefCitation>
. [4]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D70704E4B08379CAFEB3D811434A9E27" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="7B6CFA22E6E8FA9E42BB1B09ADDD0930" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="D1C98BB4B624FF1511791AB534E356B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="2F26DC97318620994FF0FDCCEA856945" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
-
<bibRefCitation id="BDCF5625C40F5BA809598C7589C403E8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DB59E1A464DD88C4FCBCFDDE5FFF687B" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BB8C76AC9D4B3EDDF77FEA1F7AF908AE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12185" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="92 - 109" refId="B28" refString="Gordon, IJ, Ireri, P, Smith, DAS, 2014. Hologenomic speciation: synergy between a male killing bacterium and sex-linkage creates a 'magic trait' in a butterfly hybrid zone. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 92 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12185" title="Hologenomic speciation: synergy between a male killing bacterium and sex-linkage creates a ' magic trait' in a butterfly hybrid zone." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12185" volume="110" year="2014">Gordon et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1A07FFA2026DE4024306FB55E62850D7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Austral Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="210 - 216" refId="B29" refString="Gordon, IJ, Ireri, P, Smith, DAS, 2015. Preference for isolated host plants facilitates invasion of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) by a bacterial male-killer Spiroplasma. Austral Entomology 54 (2): 210 - 216, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" title="Preference for isolated host plants facilitates invasion of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) by a bacterial male-killer Spiroplasma." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12113" volume="54" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
. [Note - square brackets around
<taxonomicName id="3BE1139D1E259EED1D0079B8D3912655" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="5EC5C2CA87E2C0646994B9F28A705751" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
used here indicate that
<taxonomicName id="09D2EFC269306C2CB24349D4E8BE7224" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="35037D60C5BD1A4D6887E489D6E88336" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of a superspecies of which
<taxonomicName id="7E2E8FC5280C67194D27563B343F79E4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="84C8EDF5EAD7E5FFBC4FDA5012062E85" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first-named taxon, in accordance with the proposals of
<bibRefCitation id="7AF5E8B1A0D5425AB1DABEC2A5061056" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" author="Amadon, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="246 - 249" refId="B3" refString="Amadon, D, 1966. The superspecies concept. Systematic Zoology 15: 246 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" title="The superspecies concept." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" volume="15" year="1966">Amadon (1966</bibRefCitation>
; see also
<bibRefCitation id="3374D9A4D291C4EDD39021EC06767758" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00091.x" author="Helbig, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Ibis" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="518 - 525" refId="B31" refString="Helbig, AJ, Knox, AG, Parkin, DT, Sangster, G, Collinson, M, 2002. Guidelines for assigning species rank. Ibis 144: 518 - 525, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00091.x" title="Guidelines for assigning species rank." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00091.x" volume="144" year="2002">Helbig et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).] [5]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ADAE926C4718CEB3F730B5EAAF6310A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="D470CC7988A218A81648BBB3611844EA" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="BD40CA5C0F36B8D129DF08F30A872459" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- Bryk, 1937: 66;?
<bibRefCitation id="F39BD7EE8FFC5538CDEDBD752B167726" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" author="Talbot, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 148" refId="B87" refString="Talbot, G, 1943. Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 93 (1): 115 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" title="Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" volume="93" year="1943">Talbot 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 121;
<bibRefCitation id="74E8096832DE6797CAE5F43B5C244C29" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="583 - 593" refId="B27" refString="Gordon, IJ, 1984. Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa. Heredity 53 (3): 583 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" title="Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" volume="53" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
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,
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CE0E28038B1EAC2927DB1F3CED1978DD" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="C42389523927AB043B17222C4A35D0DE" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
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<taxonomicName id="1F77F8B97CD6FDBE481AF41CDCA6EE97" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="2958EC9993A0A5A2D77DF96B3BC2BB97" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="9C9DF188A387A867B996F0A1769EDB60" authority="chrysippus" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="chrysippus">
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</taxonomicName>
f.
<taxonomicName id="7B068BA3268A43897847308355AAB946" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="4CA9B8D6568E454AE1DAA0FD946AEC6E" author="Carcasson, RH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B14" refString="Carcasson, RH, 1963. The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae). Journal of the East African Natural History Society 24 (2): 19 - 32" title="The milkweed butterflies of East Africa (Lepidoptera, Danaidae)." volume="24" year="1963">Carcasson 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 21;
<bibRefCitation id="BB60455166EEF8A7992014A80C298916" author="Larsen, TB" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B45" refString="Larsen, TB, 1990. The Butterflies of Egypt. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" title="The Butterflies of Egypt." year="1990">Larsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="974EA3BA39AAE80D65E04EEB9FE3AA6F" author="Larsen, TB" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Svendborg, Dk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B46" refString="Larsen, TB, 1991. The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 490 pp. [64 pls]" title="The Butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford University Press, New York, xxii + 490 pp. [64 pls]" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8AA27FBF9ABDFA43392F5C8EFD7D0AAF" author="Gillett, MPT" journalOrPublisher="Tribulus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="8 - 13" refId="B24" refString="Gillett, MPT, 1998. Butterflies of the UAE and neighbouring areas of northern Oman - the polymorphic status and phyto-chemical associations of the Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), in the region (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Tribulus 8 (1): 8 - 13" title="Butterflies of the UAE and neighbouring areas of northern Oman - the polymorphic status and phyto-chemical associations of the Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus), in the region (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)." volume="8" year="1998">Gillett 1998</bibRefCitation>
;?
<bibRefCitation id="20A2F8E015B97FA7BE29C0E72979D823" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" author="Braby, MF" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="386 - 402" refId="B8" refString="Braby, MF, Farias Quipildor, GE, Vane-Wright, RI, Lohman, DJ, 2015. Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systematics and Biodiversity 13 (4): 386 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" title="Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" volume="13" year="2015">Braby et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
; van der Poorten &amp; van der Poorten 2016. [8]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F5D08A60466FE8D8E13A8544F2392C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="391830E88BA39DCB2497C48C3F196866" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1759" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. aegyptius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="aegyptius">
<emphasis id="FB0D0124DEFF4B6FD45FD864631DA493" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus aegyptius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<taxonomicName id="3C0B1CF2F67BBF2E3DE33BCC62E01CD8" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">dorippus</taxonomicName>
-?
<bibRefCitation id="1B6DA6AC306DAFACBB581E571A2D677B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" author="Talbot, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 148" refId="B87" refString="Talbot, G, 1943. Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 93 (1): 115 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" title="Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" volume="93" year="1943">Talbot 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 120;
<bibRefCitation id="C4A8C57ACC7AB2EF60F1C416C014E537" author="Pierre, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="601 - 638" refId="B67" refString="Pierre, J, 1974. Polymorphisme et coupes infraspecifiques africaines dans l'espece Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 149: 601 - 638" title="Polymorphisme et coupes infraspecifiques africaines dans l'espece Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)." volume="149" year="1974">Pierre 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="090590A9229E242F04AABA3D71920526" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" author="Rothschild, M" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B)" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B69" refString="Rothschild, M, Von Euw, J, Reichstein, T, Smith, DAS, Pierre, J, 1975. Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes on D. plexippus (L.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 190: 1 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" title="Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes on D. plexippus (L.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0076" volume="190" year="1975">Rothschild et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F878DD79FABD598B1C6DCB5F7C4AF81E" author="D'Abrera, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B16" refString="D'Abrera, B, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Based on Synonymic catalogue of the butterflies of the Ethiopian Region by R.H. Carcasson. Lansdowne, East Melbourne, xx + 593 pp." title="Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Based on Synonymic catalogue of the butterflies of the Ethiopian Region by R. H. Carcasson. Lansdowne, East Melbourne, xx + 593 pp." year="1980">
<normalizedToken id="C512209839B9E283FC4087A36B845F9F" originalValue="D’Abrera">D'Abrera</normalizedToken>
1980
</bibRefCitation>
; Ackery &amp; Vane-Wright 1984;
<bibRefCitation id="741E090E17A6C1ECA8681213D102EDF6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="17 - 50" refId="B77" refString="Smith, DAS, Shoesmith, E, Smith, A, 1988. Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.: environmental, seasonal and genetic influences. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 33: 17 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" title="Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L.: environmental, seasonal and genetic influences." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00444.x" volume="33" year="1988">Smith et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1CC0A6E9BDB4AAA015EA015CA622F3F6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" author="Ackery, PR" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B2" refString="Ackery, PR, Smith, CR, Vane-Wright, RI, 1995. Carcasson's African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, East Melbourne, pp. xi + 803 pp. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" title="Carcasson's African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, East Melbourne, pp. xi + 803 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643100787" year="1995">Ackery et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="771DED105879A08FD3B67550D8B7D7FE" author="d'Abrera, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the East African Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B17" refString="d'Abrera, B, 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Hill House, Melbourne, xiv + 263 pp." title="Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae &amp; Satyridae. Hill House, Melbourne, xiv + 263 pp." year="1997">
<normalizedToken id="E5609AC1D0E4F878D954C3A46EE6B501" originalValue="d’Abrera">d'Abrera</normalizedToken>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
. [9]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90FE675F647E9425331733244E125E15" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="41864E272BAF02E6E29BAE80D876EBFF" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="F48E70BCAE38FE20973E48E208536147" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E59DFE4174A45CC0EDD77DBC186889B" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
This usage reflects its original, species-level status - having first been introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="FDEC10BD8693299646F80621457B8F56" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">Klug (1845)</bibRefCitation>
as a species of
<taxonomicName id="92FC9CA39E57FC7870F084B0182B4EC7" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3E93EEF64F2E13B8F24A5253E3C92EAD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1807. Fabricius included three nominal species in
<taxonomicName id="1B12A5E8E3DAF45F8DB617A0AE4C878E" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C3766835C9F4D2892C22873BBFB02E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one being
<taxonomicName id="BDDD30E0C9DED781A9925C1563F4EBE3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio plexippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plexippus">
<emphasis id="D151A7CD0F9F67081952D1781ADB6287" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio plexippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., the type species of
<taxonomicName id="7C6C26FDA8D615C0EFD1C3EB086A8A48" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4849A4B429C74A8D14B70E7F4349983" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kluk, 1780. The current usage of
<taxonomicName id="DB5E5AAF5971C3F312D4404BC603A89F" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D66ADDAF92EE34D07B39620399F940F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not finally stabilised until publication of Opinion 163 (ICZN 1945), which fixed
<taxonomicName id="CFACE8DA2A962F225E57E091523B0E94" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio corus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corus">
<emphasis id="DB10D92A09635424A1A9102B208E5BCD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio corus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1793, as its type species.
<taxonomicName id="40FD0889104218DFF26200ECC38E2A39" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio corus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corus">
<emphasis id="4F9FFBCBAD703FA39571B28005E5EE5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Papilio corus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now used as the name for a subspecies of the butterfly currently known as
<taxonomicName id="3B1CC9911E17D46EE40D3935654F8D15" authorityName="Schaller" authorityYear="1785" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea phaenareta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phaenareta">
<emphasis id="6FC1128949596F4783E091A726680A14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea phaenareta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Schaller, 1785).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C97AE2E1E1E835941B24F03F8BCF166F" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Species level status for
<taxonomicName id="D6B8B1EA603AB28FD6D191FC0B63E7DD" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="583847716439EF596EC61E09206D04D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was maintained by Aurivillius in several publications, notably the very influential
<normalizedToken id="C6445573AC2CB1B49EF355B4688D654B" originalValue="‘Seitz’">'Seitz'</normalizedToken>
(Aurivillius 1911, as
<taxonomicName id="7650940F6EFB71991B3C4BDB86C06D85" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaida dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="38AE5E50B3715A71C2319E6F4E494E0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In that work he states that the forewing apex is brown-yellow without any subapical white band, and &quot;the hindwing is not white [sic]&quot;. He does acknowledge that it is often only regarded as a form of
<taxonomicName id="4A96846D8E1219DFE6DD054D1B5B2882" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="3843B9C9CCC780379A05CEFFAC952A6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, &quot;but of this there is no sufficient evidence&quot; (Aurivillius, 1911: 12). From
<bibRefCitation id="6C44CA310B29D5B247E781729510EC85" author="Aurivillius, [PO] C" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 561" refId="B4" refString="Aurivillius, [PO]C, 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 1 - 561" title="Rhopalocera Aethiopica." volume="31" year="1899">Aurivillius (1899</bibRefCitation>
: 32/33) it is evident that he regarded
<normalizedToken id="3E41A3FD606DAC85A936FAC3FFEF58B8" originalValue="Butler’s">Butler's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B58254C08C0DCDC9FB67D3BEB9F13" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis id="4DD362659CC686DF545E068B2BDC505B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="B132AE404766B766051EE1080F62C2C9" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="81C60365CB26CD9AE5370DA3BAC029C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but recognised
<taxonomicName id="8F86C427E838FCA57C2897E4FAB3516A" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="9B3D8AF902F1D0958CFAF94E79950A77" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<normalizedToken id="CCD3AC44BAD4E1090C3B593245E642EC" originalValue="‘albinus’">'albinus'</normalizedToken>
Lanz, 1896, as a variety, and gave
<bibRefCitation id="A5350B28A8880A4B1E849E50C01A31D7" author="Klug, F" journalOrPublisher="Hill House, Melbourne" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B44" refString="Klug, F, 1845. Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41-50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." title="Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et Descriptiones Insectorum quae ex Itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Quinta [41 unnumbered pp., pls. 41 - 50.]. Officina Academica, Berlin." year="1845">
<normalizedToken id="A5196DF313DE113F05A99DA946BA0141" originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
1845
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 48 fig. 5
<normalizedToken id="5C3F73F5BE0702D1BB5A3A4D229A07CD" originalValue="“var.”">&quot;var.&quot;</normalizedToken>
the infra-subspecific name
<taxonomicName id="69420664ABECA38B9BD591DBD097F6CD" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danais dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="BEE7E96AAD2D0C7828B95431DAE42707" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danais dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ab.
<normalizedToken id="AAA2151E73994196EBBB03B3A647FAB3" originalValue="‘infumata’">'infumata'</normalizedToken>
. This suggests that Aurivillius (see also
<bibRefCitation id="46DAE5AE898FBCB4DBC0CA602454F521" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" author="Suffert, E" journalOrPublisher="Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 116" refId="B85" refString="Suffert, E, 1900. Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 115 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" title="Eine neue Aberration des Danaus dorippus Klug, aus Deutsch-Ostafrica." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47919000109" volume="45" year="1900">Suffert 1900</bibRefCitation>
) conflated
<normalizedToken id="CC2A39B67D63D45CA99B12CA777ECFB5" originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="86839F9D5FAC5B0E6C99BCA5F523DAA6" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danais" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="8827A6ACA035CE0C17ED49D0D2FBD6E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the all-orange ground colour morph that also lacks all trace of the forewing pre-apical transverse white spots (
<normalizedToken id="8E3BF5E6F83B58199D71BFDC08BB61F3" originalValue="‘transiens’">'transiens'</normalizedToken>
) as well as hindwing discal white - a morph which, as shown above, Klug did not describe or illustrate. Thus regardless of
<bibRefCitation id="76CE03EE7078DE7084E0B793A82E560A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" author="Swinhoe, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 148" refId="B86" refString="Swinhoe, C, 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 124 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" title="On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1885.tb02888.x" volume="1885" year="1885">
<normalizedToken id="B09C6FC9E27A77D025B29F0D1EB048BA" originalValue="Swinhoe’s">Swinhoe's</normalizedToken>
(1885
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 126) earlier stricture
<normalizedToken id="C8FDE516CEEC76AD9DDF57E8E9F03584" originalValue="“Klug’s">&quot;Klug's</normalizedToken>
type of
<taxonomicName id="D480A489A05A98E9CD0AAA1B10E5B2C0" lsidName="L. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="6F3CAD2D00FACB2FD1E72FA1C63FC407" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">L. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has white hind wings, a fact which appears to have been entirely overlooked&quot;, this misapplication of
<normalizedToken id="F0BE255C291AC95B656CB89B04C90F4D" originalValue="Klug’s">Klug's</normalizedToken>
name to the all-orange phenotype has continued ever since.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6887C0DF4C8A6350C989991872750506" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Despite
<normalizedToken id="E2A26CD0A092C9584F6CC9374DDA889E" originalValue="Aurivillius’s">Aurivillius's</normalizedToken>
great authority, during most of the rest of the 20th century
<taxonomicName id="2D55070688A23405B2E0A6BA8FB6A7E8" lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="70A0425438B359DF52389627A7BD1A19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was generally regarded as a form and/or subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="3FAEB9E7A7FD69FDEDF29204D46ACB48" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="6412AD9DBD1AF0EF8EB6A9E23D367D93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not a separate species. Particularly important in this shift was
<bibRefCitation id="168CFB222D39113C682A2021A3309D69" author="Poulton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B68" refString="Poulton, EB, 1924. Danaidachrysippus L. and D.dorippus Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: cxix-cxxiii." title="Danaidachrysippus L. and D. dorippus Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1924: cxix-cxxiii." year="1924">
<normalizedToken id="A67A0E68202E26DCF3BE60BB50DE2359" originalValue="Poulton’s">Poulton's</normalizedToken>
(1924)
</bibRefCitation>
short paper entitled &quot;
<emphasis id="14A88D91BF1CDD27AAF710CEF9CE2A3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaida chrysippus</emphasis>
L. and
<emphasis id="548478B17C9CD00D7E7BE92B68138A29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
Klug, proved by breeding to be forms of the same species&quot;. However, separate species status was accorded once more by
<bibRefCitation id="962DC1C4A6B9912E3D78BA3129F7A3BD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Following a series of complex analyses based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA and COI sequences, the authors concluded that &quot;
<emphasis id="10EC89021D3E61990340760AE2BF2C72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
<normalizedToken id="A5C11058BCF5ADC84A7A8685B6171037" originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
is the basal clade of the genus and is reinstated as the species
<emphasis id="5AA8E241224333E2D2FEE2676DC5ABAB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus</emphasis>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="3DA82E4ADD00B3F0041D94FEE0E8ADEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="191 - 212" refId="B81" refString="Smith, DAS, Lushai, G, Allen, JA, 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 191 - 212, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" title="A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x" volume="144" year="2005">Smith et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 1291). Furthermore, the authors regarded it as composed of two subspecies:
<taxonomicName id="5113AFA259BCCA2D2CB5D87F577B73F7" authority="dorippus" lsidName="D. dorippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="2DDBEC3496D483D9552DAF6338DA73D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(range: Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan (Baluchistan), India (Sind, Kutch), and
<taxonomicName id="88E199E94F24450948CC215F8F8F1420" lsidName="D. dorippus subsp. bataviana" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="dorippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis id="CB6F6636C2F7D567126572A506CA44C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. dorippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Moore, 1883) from SE Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96B4E4E59F0FE0C1F8E335EA174EB121" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Compared with all other interpretations of this group, these were unexpected and radical findings. Five years later
<bibRefCitation id="157D5871410F357A126FE10F3FEDC0AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
announced &quot;we wish to renounce our decision to restore
<taxonomicName id="19F880E392BF9145F91F0A9E1E2A9B18" lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="01E523F23235DD9A501B3367CB5E4898" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to full species status, based solely on the evidence of mtDNA-based phylogenies
<normalizedToken id="D595D84CEEB86B30F854EE92A09BA5F6" originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
and designate
<taxonomicName id="4DEB8997486B1DD5674CED67E913AA7E" lsidName="D. c. subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="5C58973C9F15ECD439179590F3BB4F0A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. c. dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(stat. rev.) as its fourth African semispecies&quot;. This is so despite the fact that fig. 3.3. in
<bibRefCitation id="42D750214D9401082DC3D9507668E26C" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014</bibRefCitation>
, p. 129, p. 153) shows
<taxonomicName id="E5D40DA896B9E8D00FA5CB254992B30E" lsidName="D. chrysippus subsp. dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">
<emphasis id="97E1D8BED232C80D36CA988484DE9990" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
twice - once (
<emphasis id="5AF9D77E0B6C8FD80940F8D64EB8D520" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus-NB</emphasis>
haplotype) as the sister clade to all other taxa of
<taxonomicName id="271C67D910FC6BEF574A28B5A9AC3E0E" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4C5BC6B647B960F69B0740794B23024F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4DA35C4705A97CE53995B24141BA7E7C" lsidName="D. plexippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="plexippus">
<emphasis id="D93B6D683A3CA605412C6B96F870B6AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. plexippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and second (
<emphasis id="9E479C226669F60B5324B75BE32CA1F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus-DP</emphasis>
haplotype) as sister to
<taxonomicName id="24679E51D204937AB746C5882175A6D2" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. bataviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="bataviana">
<emphasis id="1906BA1DAD5331D3D805D9914E5EF0E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus bataviana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, as pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="ADCF37FDE10CB3DCF33C2448998FDC13" author="Brower, AVZ" journalOrPublisher="News of The Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="86 - 87" refId="B9" refString="Brower, AVZ, 2016. [review of] David A. S. Smith. 2014. African Queens and their Kin. News of The Lepidopterists' Society 58 (2): 86 - 87" title="[review of] David A. S. Smith. 2014. African Queens and their Kin." volume="58" year="2016">Brower (2016)</bibRefCitation>
&quot;A recent molecular systematic paper by
<bibRefCitation id="E61594263501F0F1C547CC304A484BAB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" author="Braby, MF" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="386 - 402" refId="B8" refString="Braby, MF, Farias Quipildor, GE, Vane-Wright, RI, Lohman, DJ, 2015. Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systematics and Biodiversity 13 (4): 386 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" title="Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition of Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct from D. chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2014.992378" volume="13" year="2015">Braby et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
does not support
<normalizedToken id="0D6A282D6662D6C55B4A661547CA181E" originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
results and shows a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="B638D702F3F62A7934542A767D44FB91" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="B1EAD89658E127DB0F57A902322952BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
including African and Asian forms with very low levels of sequence divergence.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89FE6F2061C3C0D370437090D67010E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
David
<normalizedToken id="582AD33E65788F0A0D0D8F92C6C00DCB" originalValue="Smith’s">Smith's</normalizedToken>
research group has not been consistent with application of semispecies/subspecies rank. In recent publications (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="DC8FD32342AA75DC85211EA54515E14D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B83" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Traut, W, Herren, J, Collins, S, Martins, DJ, Saitoti, K, Ireri, P, ffrench-Constant, R, 2016. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" title="A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" year="2016">Smith et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="79C0931D92EF238239403C2A6CFC69D5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B84" refString="Smith, DAS, Traut, W, Martin, SH, Ireri, P, Omufwoko, KS, ffrench-Constant, R, Gordon, IJ, 2019. Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" title="Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AF3959202DE308656961A35C65EC4BA3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" author="Traut, W" journalOrPublisher="Cytogenetic and Genome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="46 - 53" refId="B88" refString="Traut, W, Ahola, V, Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, ffrench-Constant, RH, 2017. Karyotypes versus genomes: the nymphalid butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 153: 46 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" title="Karyotypes versus genomes: the nymphalid butterflies Melitaea cinxia, Danaus plexippus, and D. chrysippus." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000484032" volume="153" year="2017">Traut et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
; Martin 2019) they have reverted to calling
<taxonomicName id="0F506BA05F71D6A5652BE2C3DD330272" lsidName="dorippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="00970F88C997B09265A2B730FA6B4E16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="2FD2944024DFEF4DF17432B47D9A442F" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="5865B9F882CE371666CBF78981438B86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23D9B6827E64C30ED785C204AD403C87" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="762384BAECDB21AFC6D380742CBFE522" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="3AD51CAC8E661FF4AB4DEB283F63FA27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] semispecies
<emphasis id="FA52A9EF9182517E9C3C937A1C2DC318" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A51578AF12316E70E1D707F210769004" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
Smith and his associates (
<bibRefCitation id="B033C6AB113B8DA5FFEA70287CB6123E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="77 - 89" refId="B82" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Allen, JA, 2010. Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution. Ecological Entomology 35: 77 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" title="Reinforcement in hybrids among once isolated semispecies of Danaus chrysippus (L.) and evidence for sex chromosome evolution." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01143.x" volume="35" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
, summarised in
<bibRefCitation id="20C34B5C5F49A9638E285161FF7F67BE" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith 2014</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2.34) developed a classification of
<taxonomicName id="2EA55AE26B1ED6C21F8B12C6AFD53359" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="C74EBEA486AD83BDCF7380EF56C9F4E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Danaus chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Afrotropical Region based on a hypothesis of past incipient geographical speciation in Africa during the late Pleistocene. They recognised a superspecies with four semispecies in the Afrotropics, for which they applied the following names (without the use of square brackets, a convention adopted here based on
<bibRefCitation id="4E57F8522AFBDA87277BEB8E152CF0FB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" author="Amadon, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="246 - 249" refId="B3" refString="Amadon, D, 1966. The superspecies concept. Systematic Zoology 15: 246 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" title="The superspecies concept." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/sysbio/15.3.245" volume="15" year="1966">Amadon 1966</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBBF5DECC8E19C736FAC0BD70B3B2608" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
•
<emphasis id="F3A1575CAF31C804EC73E451B2E0FAA5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="76AA513E6967D4F820E01624BCA9734F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="4BF29179792A1C30A492174A904F54F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
in the north-east, to include North Africa, Egypt, northern Sudan (including the type localities for
<taxonomicName id="945F89CA059159AA7BC20BC4CA9EEE42" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euploea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euploea dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="72E82404F6711768D14A6D006B07ECE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Euploea dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the Canary Islands and Mediterranean eastwards to China etc.);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5194F0C3E3781883C73AC6305EAAA232" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
•
<emphasis id="7A61BA815C494FEE318763DC92E5B880" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="068DF64F03FAD11CC1FF6C314233F544" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="D3B6E17F018DBEB0F85B2BEF7342ED3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">alcippus</emphasis>
(Cramer) in West Africa north of the Equator and south of the Sahara;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="10C82E1ADEC33832C4D85811EC3A62EA" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
•
<emphasis id="C8A897D65FA015DBF07D99FBCE533DDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="3DF16B22A02975252FB627F07085D779" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="75DC9EDA683AAC4EBD8457D2367E49DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
in the Horn of Africa region (including the type localities for
<taxonomicName id="88BADEBDF176A57923836800ED84DFB6" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Limnas klugii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klugii">
<emphasis id="32BEF652F1B531F523CC0395F10398C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">Limnas klugii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A9852302DCBACCE722C80E9A331AA180" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
•
<emphasis id="93818EFC81FA37981299921F00EC1EB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="387E8495DAB444500A8B5E981380541C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">c.</emphasis>
]
<emphasis id="87CCA1954C223CBC0C1EAE0984063881" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">orientis</emphasis>
(Aurivillius) in most of Africa south of the Equator, including the Malagasy region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46A3610834B9D14B6D4D3D7FA3ED52EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
However, according to the Smith scheme, all these populations are now in contact within a very extensive east African 'Hybrid
<normalizedToken id="70744FAFF436CCBFED3CDF6E8DA1F231" originalValue="Zone’">Zone'</normalizedToken>
covering much of Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia and north of the Horn through Eritrea to Yemen. Although genetically compatible only to varying degrees involving several complex factors (e.g. localised infections with male-killing bacteria -
<bibRefCitation id="9333C46AA958A097E0E8D9BDFBA8BA39" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" author="Jiggins, FM" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="439 - 446" refId="B39" refString="Jiggins, FM, Hurst, GDD, Jiggins, CD, Schulenburg, JHG vd, Majerus, MEN, 2000. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected with a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120 (5): 439 - 446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" title="The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected with a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182099005867" volume="120" year="2000">Jiggins et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), due to the migratory nature of these butterflies, extensive gene flow nonetheless occurs. As a result, all of the various phenotypes can be found well beyond their core zones, including those of the other semispecies (within Africa, most notably the case with semispecies
<taxonomicName id="30B84430FE6280C083A1BB1F477D465C" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Limnas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="orientis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientis">
<emphasis id="D6DDCF324078B69A90DCA3E4F5EB0886" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">orientis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="9E2CB528826CDA34B3C2654AC749CCBC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B84" refString="Smith, DAS, Traut, W, Martin, SH, Ireri, P, Omufwoko, KS, ffrench-Constant, R, Gordon, IJ, 2019. Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" title="Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" year="2019">Smith et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2). Within the Hybrid Zone,
<bibRefCitation id="C256491F7714DC81BC96AA805F39D524" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014)</bibRefCitation>
has recognised many forms and genotypes as the result of hybridization between the semispecies, where they apparently coexist, in some sense, as sympatric taxa. Thus although the core area for supposedly
<normalizedToken id="3A7A11FAD2CA6D750DDA395C8A94B8F4" originalValue="‘pure’">'pure'</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="32661417AD69BD1E280D3F3261EA9431" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D.</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="04227FDD3D4C597AA0867D8896B983F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">chrysippus</emphasis>
] semispecies
<emphasis id="EAD854D746793A4E82A21D1CA8AF6546" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
is Somalia, eastern Ethiopia and north-eastern Kenya,
<bibRefCitation id="988F1EA5CB02B7B6113FC7E2BD0AB7AC" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B76" refString="Smith, DAS, 2014. African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" title="African queens and their kin - a Darwinian odyssey. Brambleby Books, Taunton, UK, xxxiii + 810 pp. [77 pls]" year="2014">Smith (2014</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4.1) describes the polymorphism at Dar es Salaam, some 600 km south of this core area, as the result of hybridization between all four semispecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D18DEB731B59DF67BFC2E9ECAFEEFADF" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="AF98D4A21511CB6744131C5FD976C35C" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Danaus chrysippus subsp. dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysippus" subSpecies="dorippus">Danaus chrysippus subspecies dorippus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A9767987799295FE8C3E5C701CA82EA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">
<bibRefCitation id="BF46830B53C05B6575D8A85C62E96363" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" author="Talbot, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="115 - 148" refId="B87" refString="Talbot, G, 1943. Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society 93 (1): 115 - 148, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" title="Revisional notes on the genus Danaus Kluk (Lep. Rhop. Danaidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00432.x" volume="93" year="1943">Talbot (1943</bibRefCitation>
: 121) stated &quot;The form
<emphasis id="C535C792CBC138C84453F607A49AE962" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
appears dominant in Abyssinia, Somaliland, Kenya and Tanganyika Territory; it may be considered almost as an eastern race.&quot; Subsequently
<taxonomicName id="D96B5C68FA4F6D2A5ED727BDFAD17EEC" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Danaus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="dorippus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorippus">
<emphasis id="8B30F2B954584AC7B54C066267F4194C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">dorippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has quite often been used for the name of a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="2E4CC014E5ED1BD5511B1A8B3AFF29E3" lsidName="D. chrysippus" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" rank="species" species="chrysippus">
<emphasis id="2D6323376D4EEAB0FC3C83DCFECE18C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="117">D. chrysippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
centred on the Horn region (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="AA284288EB53EDB2458D92F165566AFE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" author="Gordon, IJ" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="583 - 593" refId="B27" refString="Gordon, IJ, 1984. Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa. Heredity 53 (3): 583 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" title="Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1984.116" volume="53" year="1984">Gordon 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="06AB1CE0EF8F2BB9BD25A7EE9EA087A1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758407818327" author="Herren, JK" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Tropical Insect Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="62 - 69" refId="B32" refString="Herren, JK, Gordon, IJ, Holland, PWH, Smith, DAS, 2007. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Kenya is variably infected with respect to genotype and body size by a maternally transmitted male-killing endosymbiont (Spiroplasma). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 27: 62 - 69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758407818327" title="The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Kenya is variably infected with respect to genotype and body size by a maternally transmitted male-killing endosymbiont (Spiroplasma)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758407818327" volume="27" year="2007">Herren et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="82AD853EF5982DC1A1BEC18BC88A318C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800219" author="Lushai, G" journalOrPublisher="Heredity" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="236 - 246" refId="B49" refString="Lushai, G, Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Goulson, D, Allen, JA, Maclean, N, 2003a. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity 90: 236 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800219" title="Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800219" volume="90" year="2003 a">Lushai et al. 2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="082205B40AF66490223FA169EE6605DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01272.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="51 - 78" refId="B78" refString="Smith, DAS, Owen, DF, Gordon, IJ, Lowis, NK, 1997. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa: polymorphism and morph-ratio clines within a complex, extensive and dynamic hybrid zone. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120 (1): 51 - 78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01272.x" title="The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa: polymorphism and morph-ratio clines within a complex, extensive and dynamic hybrid zone." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01272.x" volume="120" year="1997">Smith et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F9CACD9600EE2FCA3CFFA52C0407DF31" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00073.x" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" pagination="535 - 544" refId="B80" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Lushai, G, Goulson, D, Allen, JA, Maclean, N, 2002. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 535 - 544, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00073.x" title="Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00073.x" volume="76" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
). As noted above,
<bibRefCitation id="4C59776C45FFEB545AA0D8A133A2F758" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B83" refString="Smith, DAS, Gordon, IJ, Traut, W, Herren, J, Collins, S, Martins, DJ, Saitoti, K, Ireri, P, ffrench-Constant, R, 2016. A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" title="A neo-W chromosome in a tropical butterfly links colour pattern, male-killing, and speciation. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B) 283: 20160821 (9 pp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0821" year="2016">Smith et al. (2016</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="F81C724730EBEBF25C1CDB30269735B8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" author="Smith, DAS" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="117" refId="B84" refString="Smith, DAS, Traut, W, Martin, SH, Ireri, P, Omufwoko, KS, ffrench-Constant, R, Gordon, IJ, 2019. Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" title="Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African Queen butterfly, Danauschrysippus (L.). Insects 10: 291." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090291" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
) have recently reverted to this usage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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