338 lines
35 KiB
XML
338 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6181" ID-GBIF-Dataset="01d8c5c6-0302-489d-a56d-ba14277c7e05" ID-PMC="PMC4768467" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-562-49" ID-PubMed="27006621" ID-ZBK="9A5B29AC14D148798C55DD8515557548" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-562-49" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 562" ModsDocTitle="Unexpected diversity and a new species of Epizoanthus (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) attached to eunicid worm tubes from the Pacific Ocean" checkinTime="1455139109552" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kise, Hiroki & Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2016" docId="6A915F5F69C36A879E4AD58E1BBF918B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 562: 49-71" docOrigin="ZooKeys 562" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6181" docTitle="Epizoanthus inazuma Kise & Reimer, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="0B91DB0E-A5AC-41CB-B78F-C8E7B8D44C2A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="1F3BFFF1A7518870E62BC748FFF5B337" masterDocTitle="Unexpected diversity and a new species of Epizoanthus (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) attached to eunicid worm tubes from the Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668162646858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Unexpected diversity and a new species of Epizoanthus (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) attached to eunicid worm tubes from the Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kise, Hiroki</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>562</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>71</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6181</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.6181</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-562-49</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">9A5B29AC14D148798C55DD8515557548</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">9A5B29AC14D148798C55DD8515557548</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127887708" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0B91DB0E-A5AC-41CB-B78F-C8E7B8D44C2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A915F5F69C36A879E4AD58E1BBF918B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="54" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Zoantharia Epizoanthidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/0B91DB0E-A5AC-41CB-B78F-C8E7B8D44C2A" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="54">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Holotype. NSMT-Co1574 (MISE-HK54),
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.505083">26°30'18.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.85064">127°51'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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, Cape Manzamo, Onna Village, Okinawa, Japan, depth 24 m, collected by Hiroki Kise, July 21, 2014, divided in two pieces, one portion fixed in 99.5% EtOH and the other in 5-10% saltwater formalin, deposited in National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. Paratype 1. RMNH 42100 (MISE-HK9)
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.505083">26°30'18.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.85064">127°51'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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, Cape Manzamo, Onna Village, Okinawa, Japan, depth 25 m, collected by James D. Reimer, October 21, 2008, fixed in 99.5% EtOH, deposited in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Paratype 2. USNM 1296757 (MISE-HK66)
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.440693">26°26'26.5"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.712135">127°42'43.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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Cape Zanpa, Yomitan Town, Okinawa, Japan, depth 34 m, collected by Hiroki Kise, August 5, 2014, fixed in 99.5% EtOH, deposited in Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA. Other material. MISE-HK43
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.505083">26°30'18.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="127.85064">127°51'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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, Cape Manzamo, Onna Village, Okinawa, Japan, depth 30 m, collected by Hiroki Kise, April 5, 2014, fixed in 99.5% EtOH.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="description of holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Colony of approximately 140 polyps connected by thin, under-developed coenenchyme on eunicid worm tubes. The tubes are made of a chitin-like substance. Polyps approximately 0.7 to 1.2 mm high (=length) from coenenchyme, and 1.0 to 1.65 mm in diameter. Polyps were attached from base to proximal extremity of zig-zag shaped tubes of eunicid worms, and attached to not only bent sections but also to other locations. Polyp external coloration black, oral disk light brown to brown, lighter nearer the oral opening and darker around oral disk edges. Polyps encrusted with sand and silica particles in their coenenchyme and ectodermal tissue; with few sand particles in the mesoglea.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Morphology. Polyps connected by thin, under-developed coenenchyme on eunicid worms belonging to family
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<taxonomicName family="Eunicidae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="family">Eunicidae</taxonomicName>
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. Maximum diameter of polyps approximately 4 mm, maximum height approximately 5 mm in situ.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. has 20-22 tentacles that are cylindrical and either as long or longer in comparison to oral disk diameter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Internal anatomy. While the 5th mesentery from dorsal directive is obviously a complete mesentery (macrocnemic arrangement), the 6th mesentery is also a complete mesentery (Figure 2b). Azooxanthellate. Mesogleal thickness approximately 75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Figure 2. Cross-sections of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. a
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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; 6th mesentery is incomplete from dorsal directive b
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. 6th mesentery is complete from dorsal directive. Dd dorsal directive A actinopharnx Im incomplete mesentery Cm complete mesentery M mesoglea; 5th, 5th mesentery from dorsal directive. Scale bars: 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Cnidae. Holotrichs, basitrichs, microbasic p-mastigophores, spirocysts (see Table 1 into this paper, Figure 3).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Figure 3. Cnidae in tentacles, column, pharynx, filaments of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. respectively. HL holotrichs large HM holotrichs medium HS holotrichs small B basitrichs pM microbasic p-mastigophores S spirocysts.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Table 1. Cnidae types and sizes of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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. Frequency: relative abundance of cnidae type in decreasing order; numerous, common, occasional, rare (N = number of specimens found/total specimens examined)."
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<table pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<th colspan="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</th>
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<th colspan="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</th>
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<th colspan="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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Length
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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Width (µm)
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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Length
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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Width (µm)
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">
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Length
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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Width (µm)
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</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">Frequency</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rowspan="1">a</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is named after the Japanese word
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘inazuma’">'inazuma'</normalizedToken>
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meaning
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘lightning’">'lightning'</normalizedToken>
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, as colonies of this species are attached to eunicid worm tubes, and the worm tube shape resembles a classic lightning-bolt shape. Common Japanese name.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Inazuma-yadori-sunaginchaku’">'Inazuma-yadori-sunaginchaku'</normalizedToken>
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(new Japanese name).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="distribution and habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is found in low-light environments such as on mesophotic coral reef slopes and reef floors, or on the sides of overhangs. Specimens were collected from 10 to 40 m depth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="55" start="start">Epizoanthus</pageBreakToken>
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inazuma
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is currently known only from Okinawa (Figure 1). However, it may be distributed in other locations in the Pacific Ocean, as it is likely this species has been confused with
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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and/or
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in the past due to their similar external morphology.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
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has been found in many areas of the western Pacific Ocean such as in New Caledonia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sinniger, F" editor="Payri, C" journalOrPublisher="IRD Editions, Noumea" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" pagination="127 - 128" title="Zoanthids of New Caledonia." volumeTitle="Compen- dium of marine species from New Caledonia" year="2006">Sinniger 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sinniger, F" journalOrPublisher="Organisms, Diversity and Evolution" pageId="18" pageNumber="67" pagination="23 - 36" title="Zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from shallow waters of the southern Chilean fjord region, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species." url="10.1016/j.ode.2008.10.003" volume="9" year="2009">Sinniger et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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), the Yellow Sea, China (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pei, Z" journalOrPublisher="Science Press" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" pagination="202 - 203" title="Fauna Sinica CoelenterataActiniariaCerianthariaZoanthidae" year="1999">Pei 1999</bibRefCitation>
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), Papua New Guinea (BW Hoeksema, pers. comm.), Australia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lindsay, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Marine Technology Society Journal" pageId="16" pageNumber="65" title="The untethered remotely operated vehicle PICASSO- 1 and its deployment from chartered dive vessels for deep sea surveys off Okinawa, Japan, and Osprey Reef, Coral Sea, Australia." url="10.4031/MTSJ.46.4.3" volume="46" year="2012">Lindsay et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), Taiwan (
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" title="Molecular analyses of shallow-water zooxanthellate zoanthids (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) from Taiwan and their Symbiodinium spp." url="10.1186/1810-522X-52-38" volume="52" year="2013">Reimer et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
), and Palau (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="17" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 57" title="Shallow-water zoantharians (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Central Indo-Pacific." url="10.3897/zookeys.444.7537" volume="444" year="2014">Reimer et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. may be similarly distributed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from most other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Epizoanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by their specific substrate (eunicid worm tubes) in the Pacific Ocean.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Acrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrozoanthus australiae" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australiae">Acrozoanthus australiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Zoanthidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" rank="family">Zoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is also associated with eunicid worm tubes, but
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Acrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrozoanthus australiae" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australiae">Acrozoanthus australiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to its mesenterial arrangement (the family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Zoanthidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" rank="family">Zoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is within the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Brachycnemina" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" rank="suborder" suborder="Brachycnemina">Brachycnemina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as well as by many obvious external features such as coloration, polyp size, and by being azooxanthellate (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Acrozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acrozoanthus australiae" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="australiae">Acrozoanthus australiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is zooxanthellate).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 4a, b, c, f), but can be distinguished by differing mesenterial arrangement (6th mesentery is complete as opposed to 6th mesentery being incomplete in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Figure 2).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. has different coloration than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., which is pale white.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
can have the same external coloration (black), but the cnidomes of these two species are different;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has large holotrichs in the column, pharynx
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="56" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
mesenterial filaments, while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. does not have any large holotrichs in the column, pharynx, or mesenterial filaments. As well, there are also differences in sizes of some nematocyst types of these two species (e.g. bastrichs in the pharynx or mesenterial filaments). The cnidome composition of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. is different from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
's sp. n. cnidome is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Table 1; Figure 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Figure 4. In situ images of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; with highly developed coenenchyme and high density of polyps. Image taken on September 12, 2014, at Siaes Tunnel, Palau. Specimen number HK67. Image taken by J. D. Reimer b
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; with poorly developed coenenchyme and low density of polyps. Image taken on July 19, 2014, at Cape Manzamo, Okinawa, Japan. Specimen number HK53 c
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; yellow colored colonies. Image taken on November 21, 2015, at Cape Manzamo, Okinawa, Japan. Specimen number HK100 d
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.; with low density polyps. Image taken on May 6, 2015, at Turtle Cove, Palau. Specimen number HK129 (holotype) e
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.; open polyps. Image taken on April 28, 2015, at Siaes Tunnel, Palau. Specimen number HK113 f
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.; black colored colony. Image taken on April 5, 2014, at Cape Manzamo, Okinawa, Japan. Specimen number HK54 (holotype). All images excepting specimen number HK67 taken by H. Kise. Scale bars: 3 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
All Indo-Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Epizoanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that are obligate epibionts on eunicid worm tubes until now have been identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was originally described
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="57" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Manila, the Philippines. The type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
were likely lost during World War II when the Zoologische Staatssammlung Museum in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="München">Muenchen</normalizedToken>
|
||
was burned down. Additionally, no specific type locality was given except
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Manila’">'Manila'</normalizedToken>
|
||
in the original description and Manila is now a very altered environment compared to 1930. Therefore, it is difficult to find and identify
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
' exact type locality. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus illoricatus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="illoricatus">Epizoanthus illoricatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be clearly separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus inazuma" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inazuma">Epizoanthus inazuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epizoanthus beriber" order="Zoantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beriber">Epizoanthus beriber</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. by both morphological and molecular data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |