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<document id="CB7A68FDD0A15CEB5274FCBFA2F918C3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.185850" ID-GBIF-Dataset="51cc254b-682d-4934-8072-2d4434028c6f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="185850" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460025340469" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Thandar, Ahmed S." docDate="2009" docId="651A87A17B54FF9FFF3EF8CFFCDCFD5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02013p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2013" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Psolus griffithsi Thandar, 2009, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="9923FFD97B51FF94FFA9FFA5FFCDFFF7" masterDocTitle="New species and a new record of sea cucumbers from deep waters of the South African temperate region (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="30" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1698233878804" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="807FCFF48DDAB45E78A904A4F1A0B87E">New species and a new record of sea cucumbers from deep waters of the South African temperate region (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="718678F127734A3FC661B6830D703831" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9B8616605AC790662D4A1A4E154512BC">Thandar, Ahmed S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0B352716836FC377DC0EA6ACEC9B5F6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7E7E805B4678A8F734F50C53BB8EC48F">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="8A9930AAD278F2736D1160412EC0643D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B99F140B3537E87EE7479C66E3A4FAF7">2013</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="229DD9B8A9C17D1F80618D72EF1246C0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="33AD24BC63A39C387EC7C130DE72AD30" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.185850</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2E5829BBC2CB3EE3BB1CF31EB8431C96" type="GBIF-Dataset">51cc254b-682d-4934-8072-2d4434028c6f</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="651A87A17B54FF9FFF3EF8CFFCDCFD5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6212607" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119382064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6212607" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:651A87A17B54FF9FFF3EF8CFFCDCFD5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/651A87A17B54FF9FFF3EF8CFFCDCFD5F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE9BF850" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE6CF873" blockId="5.[151,417,1898,1959]" box="[151,417,1898,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">
<heading id="B64481DB7B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE6CF873" bold="true" box="[151,417,1898,1924]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE6CF873" bold="true" box="[151,417,1898,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE9AF873" ID-CoL="4PL96" box="[151,343,1898,1924]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="griffithsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B54FF91FF3EF8CFFE9AF873" bold="true" box="[151,343,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">Psolus griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C4F457DE7B54FF91FEF7F8CFFE6CF873" box="[350,417,1898,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B54FF91FF3EF828FE9BF850" blockId="5.[151,417,1898,1959]" box="[151,342,1933,1959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">
<figureCitation id="75882A327B54FF91FF3EF828FECBF850" box="[151,262,1933,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. Entire. A. Dorsal view; B. ventral view (courtesy Charles Griffiths)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185855/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">Figures 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="75882A327B54FF91FEBAF828FEEFF850" box="[275,290,1933,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">6</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="75882A327B54FF91FEEEF828FE9BF850" box="[327,342,1933,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1973,1997]" captionTargetBox="[231,1364,194,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[231,1365,194,1988]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. SE micrograph of A. single dorsal plate; B. baskets from sole; C. plates from tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185857/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B54FF92FF3EF87FFA50FE84" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B54FF92FF3EF87FFA50FE84" blockId="5.[151,1436,2010,2036]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,371]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B54FF91FF3EF87FFED4F803" bold="true" box="[151,281,2010,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="320888157B54FF91FE88F87FFE5DF803" box="[289,400,2010,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B54FF91FE31F87FFE22F803" box="[408,495,2010,2036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
, sole distinct. Colour beige-grey. Scales imbricating, about ten scales between mouth and anus. Mouth sub-dorsal, oral valves smooth. Tentacles bushy. Anus dorsal, anal valves sub-equal, some accessory valves present. Ventral podia in two rows around sole - outer row of minute podia and an inner row of much larger podia, mid-ventral podia absent except anteriorly and posteriorly. Polian vesicle single. Dorsal scales up to
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B57FF92FE75FEA9FDE9FED1" box="[476,548,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
, covered with minute granules, easily rubbed off, and baskets arranged in heaps. Baskets mostly flat, 30–80 µm in length (mean 70 µm), with fine knobs. Sole with similar but larger baskets, 60–190 µm (mean 126 µm). Tubefeet and tentacles with smooth perforated plates, end-plates present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="B9CC663F7B57FF92FF3EF810FC54F818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185854/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[188,1414,411,1927]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B57FF92FF3EF810FC54F818" blockId="6.[151,1436,1973,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B57FF92FF3EF810FED4F83A" bold="true" box="[151,281,1973,1997]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B57FF92FE88F813FEA2F83A" box="[289,367,1974,1997]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Phyllophoridae" genus="Thyone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B57FF92FE88F813FEA2F83A" box="[289,367,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Thyone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. A. Dorsal part of calcareous ring; B. reduced end-plate from a dorsal podium; C. complete endplate from ventral podium; D. rods from tentacle. A scale a; rest scale b.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B9CC663F7B56FF93FF3EFA7EFB3DFA05" box="[151,1264,1499,1523]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1475]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B56FF93FF3EFA7EFB3DFA05" blockId="7.[151,1264,1499,1523]" box="[151,1264,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FF3EFA7EFED4FA04" bold="true" box="[151,281,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B56FF93FE89FA7EFE04FA05" box="[288,457,1499,1522]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="griffithsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FE89FA7EFE04FA05" box="[288,457,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Psolus griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C4F457DE7B56FF93FE79FA7EFDC1FA04" box="[464,524,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FE79FA7EFDC1FA04" bold="true" box="[464,524,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Entire. A. Dorsal view; B. ventral view (courtesy Charles Griffiths).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B56FF93FF6FF981FD50F992" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B56FF93FF6FF981FD50F992" blockId="7.[151,1437,1572,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FF6FF981FE9EF9C9" bold="true" box="[198,339,1572,1598]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named after Prof. Charles Griffiths of the University of Cape Town for passing this unique form onto me for its description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B56FF93FF6FF9D4FC21F945" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B56FF93FF6FF9D4FC21F945" blockId="7.[151,1437,1572,2024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FF6FF9D4FE77F97C" bold="true" box="[198,442,1649,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="320888157B56FF93FE6BF9D7FDF9F97B" box="[450,564,1650,1676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="8BA2AE727B56FF93FD97F9D7FDB3F97B" box="[574,638,1650,1676]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mhew-9czz" name="South African Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">SAM</collectionCode>
–A28046, ‘Nansen 401’, Trawl T003, St. 1289, west coast of
<collectingCountry id="95A476277B56FF93FAFEF9D7FF2FF945" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="888750707B56FF93FF5BF93DFEBEF945" box="[242,371,1688,1714]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" precision="92" value="-34.631668">34° 37.9’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="888750707B56FF93FED6F93DFDCFF945" box="[383,514,1688,1714]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" precision="92" value="18.311666">18° 18.7’E</geoCoordinate>
),
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FDBEF93DFDA9F945" box="[535,612,1688,1714]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.07" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="407.0">407 m</quantity>
,
<date id="990D10777B56FF93FDC6F93DFD12F945" box="[623,735,1688,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" value="2007-01-11">11.i.2007</date>
, Louise Lange, 1 spec.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B56FF9CFF6FF91AFB29FB31" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B56FF9CFF6FF91AFCD8FEBB" blockId="7.[151,1437,1572,2024]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1438,152,2034]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B56FF93FF6FF91AFE93F92E" bold="true" box="[198,350,1727,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Description.</emphasis>
Specimen small,
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FD9EF91AFD41F92E" box="[567,652,1727,1753]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
long, elliptical, broad anteriorly (
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FB8CF91AFBBDF92E" box="[1061,1136,1727,1753]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
), narrower posteriorly (
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FA25F91AFF04F8F7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
), length of sole
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FE2BF943FE15F8F7" box="[386,472,1766,1792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
. Dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B56FF93FD33F943FD30F8F7" box="[666,765,1766,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. Entire. A. Dorsal view; B. ventral view (courtesy Charles Griffiths)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185855/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Figure 5</figureCitation>
A) well-arched, covered with scales, slightly imbricating, dorsal scales large, lateral scales reduced, about ten scales between mouth and anus. Mouth sub-dorsal, anteriorly directed, bordered by five distinct, large (
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B56FF93FCA5F896FC9BF8BA" box="[780,854,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
), somewhat granular oral valves of more or less equal size, left dorsal one slightly bifurcated. Minute podia often visible between valves. Tentacles well branched, number and size not verified. No accessory valves detected. Anus dorsal, distinct, situated on a slight elevation bordered by five sub-equal valves with about five ill-defined, accessory valves situated within (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B56FF93FF36F86BFEC8F81F" box="[159,261,1998,2024]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Figure 6</figureCitation>
E). A few podia present in association with some anal valves. Ventral surface flattened, sole distinct (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFF36FF3DFEC4FF45" box="[159,265,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,1475]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. Entire. A. Dorsal view; B. ventral view (courtesy Charles Griffiths)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185855/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figure 5</figureCitation>
B). Dorsal podia absent. Ventral podia in two sharply defined rows bordering sole, outer row of minute podia lying just underneath margin of sole and an inner row of much larger podia with well developed suckers. Mid-ventral podia absent except for a clump of five at the anterior end of sole and a clump of three at posterior end. Dorsal scales with a slightly elevated part showing accumulation of baskets into heaps. Baskets of sole not macroscopic. Colour uniformly beige-grey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B59FF9CFF6CFEFCFC5AFD38" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">
Calcareous ring typical, simple, radial plates slightly longer than interradial plates, anteriorly bifid, each with a deep groove on outer surface for attachment of retractor muscle, interradial plates triangular, posterior margin of ring slightly undulating. Polian vesicle single, situated slightly to left of mid-ventral part of water ring, sac-like. Stone canal short, free. Madreporite delicate, lying in posterior depression of mid-dorsal interradial plate of calcareous ring. Respiratory trees well developed, right one more so, each arising independently from cloaca, both trees with short but well ramified, medial supplementary branch, and a longer lateral branch, terminally ramified.
<collectingCountry id="95A476277B59FF9CFD3CFDE4FD08FDAC" box="[661,709,577,603]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">End</collectingCountry>
branches of trees white. Gonad (testis) well developed, with both mature and immature, unbranched tubules in various stages of development, attached anteriorly on dorsal mesentery. Longitudinal muscles unpaired, thin, retractors well developed, arising from longitudinal bands in mid-body, more anteriorly in the mid-ventral ambulacra.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B59FF9CFF6CFD79FB29FB31" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">
Dorsal body wall encased in a layer of slightly imbricating scales external to which occur minute granules which are easily rubbed off, and a layer of sparse baskets accumulated into heaps, simulating a ‘superstructure’. Scales/plates (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFDB1FC8CFD4FFCB4" box="[536,642,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1973,1997]" captionTargetBox="[231,1364,194,1965]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[231,1365,194,1988]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. SE micrograph of A. single dorsal plate; B. baskets from sole; C. plates from tentacle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185857/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figure 7</figureCitation>
A), up to
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B59FF9CFD50FC8CFCF2FCB4" box="[761,831,809,835]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in length, multi-layered, highly complex. Dorsal baskets (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFF54FCF5FEAFFC9D" box="[253,354,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A) minute, scarce, 30–80 µm in length (mean 70 µm, n = 9), with up to 10 holes and up 30 fine knobs on surface, rarely knobs absent, baskets seldom deep and cup-like. Sole deposits also include granules, also easily rubbed off, and baskets, larger that those of dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFBEFFC38FB75FC40" box="[1094,1208,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figures 6</figureCitation>
B, 7B), 60–190 µm (mean 126 µm, SD ± 23.3, n = 20), with up to 13 holes and up to 24 fine knobs; most baskets (± 80%) flat but some with raised margins, giving the baskets the appearance of shallow cups. Buttons absent. Tubefeet with simple, perforated plates 70–200 µm (mean 112 µm, SD ± 37.1, n = 20) of various shapes (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFB62FBB4FAF1FBDC" box="[1227,1340,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figures 6</figureCitation>
C); endplates apparently made up of several individual plates, each with a fine calcareous mesh-work. Tentacle ossicles (
<figureCitation id="75882A327B59FF9CFEA8FBFBFEBCFB8F" box="[257,369,1118,1144]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1953,1977]" captionTargetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,194,1929]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Psolus griffithsi n. sp. A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Figures 6</figureCitation>
D, 7C) of two
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFDB3FBFBFD91FB8F" box="[538,604,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">types</typeStatus>
: one
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFD30FBFBFD01FB8F" box="[665,716,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
as few, coarse, delicate plates with large holes; the other
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFAC0FBFBFA56FB8F" box="[1385,1435,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
smaller, commoner, less coarse and less delicate, 50–260 µm (mean 106 µm, SD ± 43.8, n = 20) plates with small holes (up to 30). No deposits in gonadal tubules, respiratory trees and retractor muscles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B59FF9CFF6FFB77FCC4FB1B" box="[198,777,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B59FF9CFF6FFB77FCC4FB1B" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,2034]" box="[198,777,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFF6FFB77FEAAFB1B" bold="true" box="[198,359,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</emphasis>
West coast of
<collectingCountry id="95A476277B59FF9CFDBBFB77FD61FB1B" box="[530,684,1234,1260]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="FBB5FD3E7B59FF9CFD1EFB77FCC4FB1B" box="[695,777,1234,1260]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" type="generic">
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B59FF9CFD1EFB77FCC8FB1B" box="[695,773,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.07" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="407.0">407 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A9653C7B59FF9FFF6FFB5DFCDCFD5F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B59FF9FFF6FFB5DFBE9FED1" blockId="8.[151,1438,152,2034]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFF6FFB5DFE8DFAE5" bold="true" box="[198,320,1272,1298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</emphasis>
From figures of entire specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFD5BFB5CFB75FAE4" authority="Wyville-Thompson, 1846" authorityName="Wyville-Thompson" authorityYear="1846" box="[754,1208,1273,1299]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ephipiffer">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFD5BFB5CFC4CFAE5" box="[754,897,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. ephipiffer</emphasis>
Wyville-Thompson, 1846
</taxonomicName>
, provided by
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B59FF9CFAF0FB5CFF28FACD" author="Theel" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II. Report on the Scientific Results of H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1873 - 1876. Zoology, IV (34), 1 - 290, 16 pls." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel (1886)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B59FF9CFEB6FA85FDE2FACD" author="Carriol" box="[287,559,1312,1338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refString="Carriol, R. P. &amp; Feral, J. P. (1985) Reexamen de quelques Psolidae (Holothurioidea, Echinodermata) antarctiques et subantartiques. Description de deux nouvelles especes du genre Psolus. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Section A Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 7 (1), 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1985">Carriol &amp; Féral (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, the present specimen, based on shape and the dorsal position of the anus, appears to resemble this species. However,
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFD00FAE2FCF0FA97" box="[681,829,1351,1376]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ephipiffer">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFD00FAE2FCF0FA97" box="[681,829,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. ephipiffer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is, according to Carriol &amp; Féral, characterized by unflattened (cup-like) ventral baskets unlike the mostly flat, plate-like baskets of the current material. Flattened ventral baskets are said to occur in
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFD6AFA31FB9DFA59" authority="Carriol &amp; Feral" authorityName="Carriol &amp; Feral" box="[707,1104,1428,1454]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFD6AFA31FC4AFA5A" box="[707,903,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
Carriol &amp; Féral
</taxonomicName>
, which is also described as having an external row of small tubefeet and an internal row of larger tubefeet. It is for this reason the specimen was at first thought to represent this species, a viewpoint also expressed by Samyn (pers. comm.). However, it differs from
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFE67F9ADFD50F9D6" box="[462,669,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFE67F9ADFD55F9D6" box="[462,664,1544,1569]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">P. paradubiosus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in its smaller size, probable absence of accessory oral plates, accumulation of dorsal baskets into heaps, smaller size of the ventral baskets (up to 250 µm in
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFA2CF98AFEFAF999" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFA2CF98AFEFAF999" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the presence of accessory post-anal plates/scales. Although
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFB99F9F0FB21F999" box="[1072,1260,1621,1646]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFB99F9F0FB21F999" box="[1072,1260,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is described as having unequal tubefeet, some material of this species, initially identified as
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFB82F9D9FF19F94B" authority="Ludwig &amp; Heding, 1935" authorityName="Ludwig &amp; Heding" authorityYear="1935" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFB82F9D9FB7FF962" box="[1067,1202,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. dubiosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B59FF9CFB12F9D9FF19F94B" author="Ludwig" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refString="Ludwig, H. L. &amp; Heding, S. G. (1935) Die Holothurien I. Fußlose und dendrochirote Formen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Damfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 24 (2), 123 - 241, 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1935">Ludwig &amp; Heding, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, received from the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, and included with the
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFB6EF907FB37F94B" box="[1223,1274,1698,1724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFA2FF906FEF5F915" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFA2FF906FEF5F915" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Carriol &amp; Féral, show two rows of equal tubefeet. In fact, in their comparative table of the four related
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFE80F955FEB5F8FE" box="[297,376,1776,1801]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFE80F955FEB5F8FE" box="[297,376,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">Psolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, Carriol &amp; Féral show that all are characterized by equal-sized tubefeet. Further, equal-sized tubefeet are reported for the species by
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B59FF9CFD54F8B3FC23F8C7" box="[765,1006,1814,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refString="Branch, M. L., Jangoux, M., Alva, V., Massin, C. &amp; Stampanato, S. (1993) The Echinodermata of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 37 - 70." type="journal article">
Branch
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFCF2F8B2FC5AF8C7" box="[859,919,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(1993)
</bibRefCitation>
in material from Marion and Prince Edward Islands, identified by Massin, while O’Loughlin (pers. comm.) states that
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFB1AF898FAB3F8A1" box="[1203,1406,1853,1878]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFB1AF898FAB3F8A1" box="[1203,1406,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by two rows of equal-sized tubefeet.. Therefore, one wonders how remarkable is the size difference between the two rows of tubefeet in the
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFD42F82FFCD3F853" box="[747,798,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFCEDF82EFBCCF853" box="[836,1025,1931,1956]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFCEDF82EFBCCF853" box="[836,1025,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when compared with the
<typeStatus id="320888157B59FF9CFA99F82FFAAFF853" box="[1328,1378,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B59FF9CFA23F82EFF31F83D" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="griffithsi">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B59FF9CFA23F82EFF31F83D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">P griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another point to consider is that there is, in most animal groups, a very low relationship between the southern African and the Antarctic-Subantarctic fauna. In fact, as far as our current knowledge goes,
<collectingCountry id="95A476277B59FF9FFA9EF87DFF2FFF45" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="41" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="38">South Africa</collectingCountry>
shares no holothuroid species with the Antarctic-Subantarctic region. I am thus certain that the current material is not identical with
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFE43FF1AFD68FF2F" box="[490,677,191,216]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFE43FF1AFD68FF2F" box="[490,677,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and must be referred to a new species. It is regretted that, despite repeated requests, attempts to obtain the actual
<typeStatus id="320888157B5AFF9FFD4BFF40FCDBFF08" box="[738,790,229,255]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFC07FF40FBBEFF09" box="[942,1139,229,254]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradubiosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFC07FF40FBBEFF09" box="[942,1139,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. paradubiosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were unsuccessful. It is therefore imperative that all materials referred to this species be re-examined.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B9CC663F7B58FF9DFF3EF804FA9DF82C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185856/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[167,1409,233,1898]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B58FF9DFF3EF804FA9DF82C" blockId="9.[151,1436,1953,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B58FF9DFF3EF804FED1F84E" bold="true" box="[151,284,1953,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B58FF9DFE8AF807FE1CF84E" box="[291,465,1954,1977]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="griffithsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B58FF9DFE8AF807FE1CF84E" box="[291,465,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="39">Psolus griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C4F457DE7B58FF9DFE70F804FDDAF84E" box="[473,535,1953,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B58FF9DFE70F804FDDAF84E" bold="true" box="[473,535,1953,1977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A. Baskets from dorsal surface; B. baskets from sole; C. minutely knobbed plates from podium; D. smooth plates from tentacle; E. anus with anal and accessory anal plates. E. scale b; rest scale a.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B9CC663F7B5BFF9EFF3EF810FA5AF83A" box="[151,1431,1973,1997]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/185857/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[231,1364,194,1965]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B5BFF9EFF3EF810FA5AF83A" blockId="10.[151,1431,1973,1997]" box="[151,1431,1973,1997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5BFF9EFF3EF810FED5F83A" bold="true" box="[151,280,1973,1997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5BFF9EFEB6F813FE05F83A" box="[287,456,1974,1997]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="griffithsi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5BFF9EFEB6F813FE05F83A" box="[287,456,1974,1997]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="40">Psolus griffithsi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C4F457DE7B5BFF9EFE67F810FDC4F83A" box="[462,521,1973,1997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" rank="species">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5BFF9EFE67F810FDC4F83A" bold="true" box="[462,521,1973,1997]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
SE micrograph of A.single dorsal plate; B. baskets from sole; C. plates from tentacle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="ED0C36B77B5AFF9FFF6CFE97FCDCFD5F" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,680]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">
The current specimen was also thought to represent
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFC8CFE97FBB9FEBB" authority="Philippi, 1857" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1857" box="[805,1140,306,332]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFC8CFE97FC08FEBC" box="[805,965,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. antarcticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFC65FE97FBB9FEBB" author="Philippi" box="[972,1140,306,332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Philippi, A. (1857) Vier neue Echinodermen des Chilenschen Meeres. Archiv fur Naturgeschicht, 23, 130 - 134." type="journal article" year="1857">Philippi, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFE82FEFCFE0FFE84" author="Theel" box="[299,450,345,371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II. Report on the Scientific Results of H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1873 - 1876. Zoology, IV (34), 1 - 290, 16 pls." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel (1886)</bibRefCitation>
or
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFE40FEFCFC5CFE84" authority="Ludwig &amp; Heding, 1935" authorityName="Ludwig &amp; Heding" authorityYear="1935" box="[489,913,345,371]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFE40FEFCFDA7FE85" box="[489,618,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFDD8FEFCFC5CFE84" author="Ludwig" box="[625,913,345,371]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Ludwig, H. L. &amp; Heding, S. G. (1935) Die Holothurien I. Fußlose und dendrochirote Formen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee - Expedition auf dem Damfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 24 (2), 123 - 241, 2 plates." type="book chapter" year="1935">Ludwig &amp; Heding, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="95A476277B5AFF9FFC71FEFCFBBFFE84" box="[984,1138,345,371]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFB5CFEFCFA58FE85" box="[1269,1429,345,370]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFB5CFEFCFA58FE85" box="[1269,1429,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was originally described as having only five scales between the mouth and anus. In
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFBD2FE25FACCFE6E" box="[1147,1281,384,410]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Rhopalodinidae" genus="Rhopalodinopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFBD2FE25FB47FE6E" box="[1147,1162,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFB30FE25FACCFE6E" box="[1177,1281,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on the other hand, the oral and anal valves and the tentacle deposits are of a different kind. Only three other southern African or Antarctic-Subantarctic species with distinct oral and anal valves and/or rows of unequal tubefeet are
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFF6DFE51FDE0FDF9" authority="Cherbonnier, 1974" authorityName="Cherbonnier" authorityYear="1974" box="[196,557,500,526]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arnaudi">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFF6DFE51FE8CFDFA" box="[196,321,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. arnaudi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFEE3FE51FDE0FDF9" author="Cherbonnier" box="[330,557,500,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Cherbonnier, G (1974) Invertebres marins des XII et XV Expeditions Antarctiques Francaises en Terre Adelie. 15. Holothurides. Tethys 5 (4), 601 - 610." type="journal article" year="1974">Cherbonnier, 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFD93FE51FCB5FDF9" authority="Ekman, 1925" authorityName="Ekman" authorityYear="1925" box="[570,888,500,526]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFD93FE51FD00FDFA" box="[570,717,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. punctatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFD7CFE51FCB5FDF9" author="Ekman" box="[725,888,500,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Ekman, S. (1925) Holothurien. In: Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903. PA. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 1 (6): 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1925">Ekman, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFC10FE51FB33FDF9" authority="Vaney, 1906" authorityName="Vaney" authorityYear="1906" box="[953,1278,500,526]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFC10FE51FB90FDFA" box="[953,1117,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. granulosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="89224B467B5AFF9FFBCCFE51FB33FDF9" author="Vaney" box="[1125,1278,500,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Vaney, C (1906). Note preliminaire sur les Holothuries recueillies par l'expedition antarctique francaise du Dr. Charcot Bulletin de Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 12, 402 - 407." type="journal article" year="1906">Vaney, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFA2FFE51FF39FDC4" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arnaudi">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFA2FFE51FF39FDC4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. arnaudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a large (
<quantity id="2A4B9B527B5AFF9FFEDEFDBFFE02FDC3" box="[375,463,538,564]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
), cylindrical species with pseudobaskets;
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFC14FDBFFB80FDC4" box="[957,1101,538,563]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFC14FDBFFB80FDC4" box="[957,1101,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has lantern-like baskets and spheres dorsally and perforated plates ventrally; whereas
<taxonomicName id="2AB34D347B5AFF9FFC96FDE4FC12FDAD" box="[831,991,577,602]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Psolidae" genus="Psolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrochirotida" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="DFC7EAA57B5AFF9FFC96FDE4FC12FDAD" box="[831,991,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="41">P. granulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has irregular plates dorsally and oval perforated plates with tubercles ventrally, and no anal valves. The remaining Antarctic-Subantarctic species are all characterized by equal-sized marginal tubefeet.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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