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<document id="4E1D7732FA4BA0C77C2AEAC0BFE5619B" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.505.1.6" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5425268" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630393972247" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Naya, Tomonori &amp; Mizuno, Kiyohide" docDate="2021" docId="637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.505.1.6.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 505 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.505.1.6" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Sarcophagodes duodecima Naya &amp; Mizuno 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="9F46547FFFCF0C719B1EFFFABB0E7466" masterDocTitle="Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov., a new small araphid fossil diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Lower to Middle Pleistocene sediments of Japan" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="85" pageNumber="88" updateTime="1699259602858" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="D6ED2B4DD73F2BCE1CE79ABCB5F6CE07">Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov., a new small araphid fossil diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Lower to Middle Pleistocene sediments of Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3A6E1EDE9800C0073FF19A13F6E3EDB">Naya, Tomonori</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5255C6058CAD8E21AAC3AC29F0290DA0" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5444-5254</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6A36D6F4253C20FF8E50B4072C50CA03">t-naya @ aist. go. jp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5444 - 5254</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0B1767855F227B66F01DB713273B85E4" type="email">t-naya@aist.go.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A7C27D66894825AD6D9D386C310C4C01">Mizuno, Kiyohide</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E074AAF0E262A7A88E06D687CAEBF937" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7933-1659</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="96F96A10C6EBF9C187E3282AC5E1FCC1">k 4 - mizuno @ aist. go. jp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7933 - 1659</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BCFDE3EA18781393C0451F556F6211CE" type="email">k4-mizuno@aist.go.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="43B53E49489AB4F1201BE4C3E7EAE2BF">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0277091A8E3F71D1AE758BA930848590">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="41BEC202BF4E3B79753CD114BD33D9D4">2021-05-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5483838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5483838" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<subSubSection id="A3CCCE9AFFCC0C729B96F9B7BF0C7201" box="[136,1026,1613,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFCC0C729B96F9B7BF0C7201" blockId="3.[136,1026,1613,1640]" box="[136,1026,1613,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<heading id="B0212A7DFFCC0C729B96F9B7BF0C7201" bold="true" box="[136,1026,1613,1640]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCC0C729B96F9B7BF0C7201" bold="true" box="[136,1026,1613,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFCC0C729B96F9B7B90C720E" authority="Naya" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[136,514,1613,1640]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCC0C729B96F9B7BAB3720E" bold="true" box="[136,445,1613,1640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Sarcophagodes duodecima</emphasis>
Naya
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCC0C729917F9B4B951720E" bold="true" box="[521,607,1614,1640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C291FC78FFCC0C729917F9B4B951720E" box="[521,607,1614,1640]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(LM:
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C7299B0F9B7B82E7201" box="[686,800,1613,1639]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 3–18</figureCitation>
, SEM:
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729867F9B7B8F47201" box="[889,1018,1613,1639]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 3–24" captionStart-1="FIGURES 25–30" captionStart-2="FIGURES 31–35" captionStartId-0="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionStartId-1="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionStartId-2="6.[136,243,1147,1169]" captionTargetBox-0="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetBox-1="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1372,199,1114]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetId-1="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetId-2="figure-26@6.[151,1436,190,1123]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." captionText-1="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." captionText-2="FIGURES 31–35. SEM internal views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality, sample 180327-2 D2. 31–33. Valves of different sizes and large internal openings of striae are visible. Note that rimoportulae are not present. 34, 35. Close-up of both apices of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 33, showing the apical pore fields composed of small round pores, uniseriate row of areolae, and volae. Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 34, 35), 1 µm (Figs 31–33)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425278" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5425278/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 19–35</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3CCCE9AFFCC0C729B96F974B86C7C4A" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" type="description">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFCC0C729B96F974B86C7C4A" blockId="3.[136,1452,1678,2092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCC0C729B96F974BA1C72CE" bold="true" box="[136,274,1678,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Description</emphasis>
:—In LM, frustule rectangular in girdle view with round corners (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C7298E5F974BF7372CE" box="[1019,1149,1678,1704]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 17, 18</figureCitation>
), attached at valve face by interlocking spines (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729A71F94BBAB272AA" box="[367,444,1713,1740]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig.17</figureCitation>
). The larger valves are heteroplar clavate (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C7298BEF94BBF6272AD" box="[928,1132,1713,1740]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 4, 5, 7, 9, 10</figureCitation>
) or isopolar elliptic (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729E42F94BBBBA7288" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 3, 6, 8</figureCitation>
) and the smaller valves isopolar elliptic (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729991F92EB81C7289" box="[655,786,1748,1775]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 11–16</figureCitation>
). Sternum widely lanceolate (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F78F92EBFE57288" box="[1126,1259,1748,1774]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 12, 19</figureCitation>
). Striae alternate and robust (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729A11F90DBA6D7374" box="[271,355,1783,1810]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Length 3–16 µm, width 2.5–3 µm, and striae density
<quantity id="2C2E30F4FFCC0C7298CBF902BF257377" box="[981,1067,1783,1810]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" unit="in" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 in</quantity>
10 µm. In SEM, striae uniseriate, composed of up to three areolae on the valve face and two to four on the mantle (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F13F8E1BF837353" box="[1037,1165,1819,1845]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 19–22</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F86F8E1BFED7350" box="[1176,1251,1819,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">25–30</figureCitation>
). Areolae apically reniform at the ends of each stria, otherwise rectangular with rounded corners (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F1BF8C4BF50733E" box="[1029,1118,1854,1880]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F74F8C4BFD3733E" box="[1130,1245,1854,1881]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">25–27, 29</figureCitation>
), occluded by one or multiple profusely branched volae with stalk-like rod extending from vimines (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F37F89BBF8F731D" box="[1065,1153,1889,1915]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 21</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F91F89BBE0D731D" box="[1167,1283,1889,1915]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">26, 27, 30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729E0FF89BBE3E731A" box="[1297,1328,1889,1916]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–35" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1147,1169]" captionTargetBox="[151,1372,199,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[151,1436,190,1123]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 31–35. SEM internal views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality, sample 180327-2 D2. 31–33. Valves of different sizes and large internal openings of striae are visible. Note that rimoportulae are not present. 34, 35. Close-up of both apices of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 33, showing the apical pore fields composed of small round pores, uniseriate row of areolae, and volae. Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 34, 35), 1 µm (Figs 31–33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425278/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">35</figureCitation>
). Marginal spines solid, spatulate (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729A94F87EBAD473F8" box="[394,474,1924,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) or conical (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C72997BF87EB9B673F8" box="[613,696,1924,1950]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
), interrupting the striae on the thickened vimen at valve face-mantle junction (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729BEAF85DBA4273A4" box="[244,332,1959,1986]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 19</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729A47F85DBAAA73A4" box="[345,420,1959,1986]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">25–30</figureCitation>
). Apical pore field present at both poles, consisting of multiple round pores present at both poles (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729BCCF831BA277383" box="[210,297,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 30</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729A2BF831BA707380" box="[309,382,1995,2022]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–35" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1147,1169]" captionTargetBox="[151,1372,199,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[151,1436,190,1123]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 31–35. SEM internal views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality, sample 180327-2 D2. 31–33. Valves of different sizes and large internal openings of striae are visible. Note that rimoportulae are not present. 34, 35. Close-up of both apices of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 33, showing the apical pore fields composed of small round pores, uniseriate row of areolae, and volae. Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 34, 35), 1 µm (Figs 31–33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425278/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">34, 35</figureCitation>
). Cingulum formed of up to eight wide open copulae (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C7298FFF831BF377383" box="[993,1081,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729F5AF831BF807383" box="[1092,1166,1995,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">29, 30</figureCitation>
). Valvocopula wider than other copulae. Edge of pars interior of valvocopula undulate (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729829F814B8857C6E" box="[823,907,2030,2056]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). Fringed structure observed at the end of copula (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729B8EF7E8BBEA7C4A" box="[144,228,2066,2092]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Mantle plaques present (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729915F7E8B96C7C4A" box="[523,610,2066,2092]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figs 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFCC0C729973F7E8B9837C4A" box="[621,653,2066,2092]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">29</figureCitation>
). No rimoportulae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="BFA9CD99FFCB0C759B96F914BAE37C43" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" startId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" targetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFCB0C759B96F914BAE37C43" blockId="4.[136,1452,1774,2085]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCB0C759B96F914BA3E7362" bold="true" box="[136,304,1774,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">FIGURES 3–24.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCB0C759A29F915B9837362" box="[311,653,1775,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFCB0C759A29F915B9357362" authority="Naya &amp; Mizuno, 2021" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[311,571,1775,1796]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima" status="sp. nov.">Sarcophagodes duodecima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C291FC78FFCB0C75995DF915B9837362" box="[579,653,1775,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BFA9CD99FFCA0C749B96F95ABF9A730D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" startId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" targetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFCA0C749B96F95ABF9A730D" blockId="5.[136,1452,1696,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCA0C749B96F95ABA3872D3" bold="true" box="[136,310,1696,1718]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">FIGURES 25–30</emphasis>
. SEM external views of
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFCA0C749937F95AB87372D0" box="[553,893,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFCA0C749937F95AB82272D3" authority="Naya &amp; Mizuno, 2021" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[553,812,1696,1717]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima" status="sp. nov.">Sarcophagodes duodecima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C291FC78FFCA0C74982DF95BB87372D0" box="[819,893,1697,1718]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BFA9CD99FFC90C779B96FB81B99E709B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5425278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" startId="6.[136,243,1147,1169]" targetBox="[151,1372,199,1114]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFC90C779B96FB81B99E709B" blockId="6.[136,1452,1147,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779B96FB81BA3470F6" bold="true" box="[136,314,1147,1169]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">FIGURES 31–35.</emphasis>
SEM internal views of
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779901FB81B87F70F7" box="[543,881,1147,1169]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFC90C779901FB81B82F70F6" authority="Naya &amp; Mizuno, 2021" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[543,801,1147,1168]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima" status="sp. nov.">Sarcophagodes duodecima</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C291FC78FFC90C779839FB86B87F70F7" box="[807,881,1148,1169]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from the type locality, sample 180327-2 D2. 31–33. Valves of different sizes and large internal openings of striae are visible. Note that rimoportulae are not present. 34, 35. Close-up of both apices of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 33, showing the apical pore fields composed of small round pores, uniseriate row of areolae, and volae. Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 34, 35), 1 µm (Figs 31–33).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="A3CCCE9AFFC90C779BA3FAD6B9A171D5" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFC90C779BA3FAD6B9A171D5" blockId="6.[136,1452,1324,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779BA3FAD6BBF67120" bold="true" box="[189,248,1324,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Type</emphasis>
:—
<materialsCitation id="5BBE974CFFC90C779A07FAD6B9A171D5" collectingDate="2018-03-27" collectionCode="T" collectorName="Naya &amp; Y. Horiuchi &amp; Micropaleontology Collection &amp; Science &amp; Tsukuba &amp; Japan &amp; England Finder M" country="Japan" county="Higashiomi" latitude="33.725002" location="Lower" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.67226" municipality="Himeshima village" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oita" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="93C1DD81FFC90C779A07FAD6BA7A7120" box="[281,372,1324,1350]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">JAPAN</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCounty id="0208E59DFFC90C779A9CFAD6B9067120" box="[386,520,1324,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Higashiomi</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="291253F3FFC90C779908FAD6B9C67120" box="[534,712,1324,1350]" country="Japan" name="Oita" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Oita Prefecture</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="0B0D076BFFC90C7799C8FAD6B8BE7120" box="[726,944,1324,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Himeshima village</collectingMunicipality>
, from siliceous silt of the
<location id="EE09CBCAFFC90C779FF9FAD6BE3E7120" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394:EE09CBCAFFC90C779FF9FAD6BE3E7120" box="[1255,1328,1324,1350]" country="Japan" county="Higashiomi" latitude="33.725002" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.67226" municipality="Himeshima village" name="Lower" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" stateProvince="Oita">Lower</location>
to
<location id="EE09CBCAFFC90C779E44FAD6BAEE710C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394:EE09CBCAFFC90C779E44FAD6BAEE710C" country="Japan" county="Higashiomi" latitude="33.725002" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.67226" municipality="Himeshima village" name="Middle Pleistocene Karato Formation" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" stateProvince="Oita">Middle Pleistocene Karato Formation</location>
, sample 180327–2 D3,
<geoCoordinate id="8EE2FBD6FFC90C7799E8FAABB893710C" box="[758,925,1360,1388]" degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" precision="1" seconds="30.0" value="33.725002">33°43′30.0″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8EE2FBD6FFC90C7798B6FAABBF54710C" box="[936,1114,1360,1388]" degrees="131" direction="east" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" precision="1" seconds="20.1" value="131.67226">131°40′20.1″ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779F77FAABBA1D71E8" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<collectionCode id="8DC705D4FFC90C779F77FAABBF74710C" box="[1129,1146,1361,1386]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">T</collectionCode>
.
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779F96FAABBFCD710C" box="[1160,1219,1361,1386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Naya</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779E1CFAABBE8B710C" box="[1282,1413,1360,1386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Y. Horiuchi</collectorName>
<date id="9F68BBD1FFC90C779E91FAAABA1D71E8" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" value="2018-03-27">
<collectingDate id="8F2C4239FFC90C779E91FAAABA1D71E8" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" value="2018-03-27">27 March 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="346D23B3FFC90C779A3AFA8EBA8271E8" box="[292,396,1396,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: slide MPC-44141=
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C77996AFA8EB9CB71E8" box="[628,709,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
,
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C7799CDFA8EBF2571E8" box="[723,1067,1396,1422]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Micropaleontology Collection</collectorName>
,
<location id="EE09CBCAFFC90C779F26FA8EBE7771E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:637F2C07FFCC0C779B96F9B7BF447394:EE09CBCAFFC90C779F26FA8EBE7771E8" box="[1080,1401,1396,1422]" country="Japan" county="Higashiomi" latitude="33.725002" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="131.67226" municipality="Himeshima village" name="National Museum of Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" stateProvince="Oita">National Museum of Nature</location>
and
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779B96FA62BBEC71D4" box="[136,226,1432,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Science</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779BF3FA62BA4071D4" box="[237,334,1432,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Tsukuba</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779A47FA62BA9271D4" box="[345,412,1432,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="4623F8C7FFC90C779AB9FA62B97B71D5" box="[423,629,1432,1459]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">England Finder M</collectorName>
35/0)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3CCCE9AFFC90C779BA3FA46BE307358" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFC90C779BA3FA46B9F77278" blockId="6.[136,1452,1324,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779BA3FA46BA3071B0" bold="true" box="[189,318,1468,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Etymology</emphasis>
:—Duodecim, Latin = twelfth, after a myth of Himeshima Island, where the
<typeStatus id="346D23B3FFC90C779FE8FA46BE2871B0" box="[1270,1318,1468,1494]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
locality is situated. According to the Kojiki, the oldest extant chronicle in
<collectingCountry id="93C1DD81FFC90C77986CFA1AB8BC719C" box="[882,946,1504,1530]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8F47E0E0FFC90C7798DAFA1ABF51719D" author="Kurano, K." box="[964,1119,1504,1531]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" refId="ref5359" refString="Kurano, K. (revision and annotation). (1963) Kojiki. Iwanami Shoten Publishers, Tokyo, 382 pp. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="1963">Kurano 1963</bibRefCitation>
), Himeshima Island was the twelfth island in the Japanese archipelago to be created.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFC90C779BA3F9DDBE307358" blockId="6.[136,1452,1324,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779BA3F9DDBA5F7227" bold="true" box="[189,337,1575,1601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Observation</emphasis>
:—The isopolar valves are observed in the entire size range of the species, whereas the heteropolar valves are recognized in only approximately half of the larger valves (&gt;10 µm). However, due to the small proportion of the larger valves, few heteropolar valves occurred in the analyzed samples (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779F10F98ABE0572EC" box="[1038,1291,1648,1675]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779E07F98ABE3772EC" box="[1305,1337,1648,1674]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">30</figureCitation>
). Vimines are thickened at the valve-face mantle junction (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C7799B8F96EB82472C9" box="[678,810,1684,1711]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 26–27</figureCitation>
). Each thickened vimen can be observed as a distinct bar crossing the middle of the stria in internal view under SEM (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C77983FF942B87872B4" box="[801,886,1720,1746]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 24</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C77989FF942B8C672B4" box="[897,968,1720,1746]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–35" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1147,1169]" captionTargetBox="[151,1372,199,1114]" captionTargetId="figure-26@6.[151,1436,190,1123]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 31–35. SEM internal views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality, sample 180327-2 D2. 31–33. Valves of different sizes and large internal openings of striae are visible. Note that rimoportulae are not present. 34, 35. Close-up of both apices of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 33, showing the apical pore fields composed of small round pores, uniseriate row of areolae, and volae. Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 34, 35), 1 µm (Figs 31–33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425278/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">32, 33</figureCitation>
); the vimines are also visible vaguely under LM (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779BDCF926BA5F7290" box="[194,337,1756,1783]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 5, 6, 11</figureCitation>
). A reduced apical pore field is observed at both poles, consisting of multiple round pores. In most specimens, the apical pore field could not be observed in external view, and could be seen only at the foot pole of the heteropolar valve (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779A45F8DEBAA17358" box="[347,431,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
). Mantle plaques are arranged along the external rim of the mantle (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779FB6F8DEBE087358" box="[1192,1286,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–24" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1774,1796]" captionTargetBox="[200,1396,196,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[189,1398,190,1750]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3–24. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. 3–18. LM images. Figs 3, 4, 7–9, 11–18 sample 180327-2 D3 (type material, Fig. 12 corresponds to the holotype); Figs 5, 6, 10, sample 13HMO3. 19–24. SEM images, sample 180327-2 D3 (type material). 19. An entire valve showing valve outline, valve face, spatulate marginal spines at the valve face–mantle junction (indicated by arrow), mantle, and parts of the girdle band. 20. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, open copulae, and mantle plaques (indicated by arrow). 21. Close-up of external valve of Fig. 20 showing fringed structure (indicated by arrow) observed at the end of copula. 22. Close-up of girdle view showing conical marginal spines. 23. Entire girdle view showing valvocopula. Undulate edge of the pars interior (indicated by arrows). 24. Internal view showing large internal openings of striae, with thickened vimines at the valve-face mantle junction (indicated by arrows) observed as distinct bars crossing the middle of the stria. Scale bars = 10 µm (Figs 3–18), 0.5 µm (Figs 21, 22), 1 µm (Figs 19, 20, 24), 2 µm (Fig. 23)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425274/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs. 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779E0FF8DEBE3F7358" box="[1297,1329,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURES 25–30" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1696,1718]" captionTargetBox="[162,1383,282,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[151,1436,274,1672]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 25–30. SEM external views of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the type locality. Figs 25–28, sample 180327-2 D2; Figs 29, 30, sample 13HMO1. 25. Valve outline and widely lanceolate axial area. 26, 27. Close-up of the specimen in Fig. 25 showing each apex, apically reniform areolae at the ends of striae, rectangular areolae with rounded corners at the midway of the striae, and profusely branched volae extending from vimines. 28. Larger valve. 29. Girdle view showing mantle areolae, marginal spines at the valve face– mantle junction, mantle plaques, and open copulae. 30. Oblique view showing the apical pore field at the foot pole composed of multiple round pores (indicated by arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 µm (Figs 26, 27), 1 µm (Figs 25, 29, 30), 2 µm (Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425276" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425276/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A3CCCE9AFFC90C779BA3F8BDBF447394" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="EB699D11FFC90C779BA3F8BDBF447394" blockId="6.[136,1452,1324,2035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779BA3F8BDB92D7304" bold="true" box="[189,547,1863,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Distribution and geologic age</emphasis>
:—Thus far,
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFC90C7799A6F8B2B85C7304" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[696,850,1864,1890]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C7799A6F8B2B85C7304" box="[696,850,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">S. duodecima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found at two localities in
<collectingCountry id="93C1DD81FFC90C779FE8F8B2BE377304" box="[1270,1337,1864,1890]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
. The
<typeStatus id="346D23B3FFC90C779E65F8B2BEA57304" box="[1403,1451,1864,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">type</typeStatus>
locality of the species is in the Karato Formation on Himeshima Island, western
<collectingCountry id="93C1DD81FFC90C779F3BF896BF6673E0" box="[1061,1128,1900,1926]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
. The age of these sediments is inferred to be ca. 0.78 Ma. The other locality is in the Lower Pleistocene Bushi Formation in Iruma City,
<collectingRegion id="291253F3FFC90C779E4FF86ABBF073A8" country="Japan" name="Saitama" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Saitama Prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="93C1DD81FFC90C779A40F84EBA9073A8" box="[350,414,1972,1998]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779AB1F84EBAFF73A8" box="[431,497,1972,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[321,1279,197,1153]" captionTargetId="figure-26@2.[246,1342,184,1166]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the Karato Formation in Himeshima Island, Oita Prefecture, western Japan (the type locality of Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov), the Bushi Formation in Saitama Prefecture, central Japan, and the Osaka Group in the Kinki district, central Japan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425270" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425270/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="2CD6E692FFC90C779914F84EB9AD73A8" authorityName="Naya &amp; Mizuno" authorityYear="2021" box="[522,675,1972,1998]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Fragilariaceae" genus="Sarcophagodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fragilariales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="duodecima">
<emphasis id="D9A24103FFC90C779914F84EB9AD73A8" box="[522,675,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">S. duodecima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the M1 and M2 marine beds in the Bushi Formation (
<figureCitation id="73ED8194FFC90C779E64F84EBBDC7395" captionStart="FIGURES 36–45" captionStartId="9.[136,243,1041,1063]" captionTargetBox="[156,1378,246,1005]" captionTargetId="figure-35@9.[151,1436,245,1017]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 36–45. Sarcophagodes duodecima sp. nov. from the Lower Pleistocene Bushi Formation. Figs 36–42. LM images; Figs 43–45. SEM images. 43. Internal view showing valve outline, with large openings of striae. 44. External view showing valve outline, uniseriate row of areolae. 45. Close-up of Fig. 44 showing apical part of the valve, areolae occluded by branched volae with stalk-like rod extending from vimines. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs 36–42), 0.5 µm (Fig. 45), 1 µm (Figs 43, 44)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5425280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5425280/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Figs 36–45</figureCitation>
); the age of these beds is estimated to be 2.5–2.4 Ma (
<bibRefCitation id="8F47E0E0FFC90C77982EF822BF307394" author="Naya, T. &amp; Mizuno, K." box="[816,1086,2008,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" pagination="183 - 204" refId="ref6213" refString="Naya, T. &amp; Mizuno, K. (2020) A re-examination of stratigraphy and age of the Lower Pleistocene Bushi Formation in the Kaji Hills, western Kanto Plain, central Japan. The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 126: 183 - 204. [in Japanese with English abstract] https: // doi. org / 10.5575 / geosoc. 2020.0005" type="journal article" year="2020">Naya and Mizuno 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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