treatments-xml/data/5F/35/D7/5F35D75E99BE54BE885399BA426EC474.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1ade8e5-350b-4b34-a486-3e46db0f8724" ID-PMC="PMC7669819" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-989-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" ID-PubMed="33223893" ID-ZooBank="8957A11D00984990B073A1999A8AFBC6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-989-1" checkinTime="1604986527064" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Xu, Yu, Zhan, Zifeng &amp; Xu, Kuidong" docDate="2020" docId="5F35D75E99BE54BE885399BA426EC474" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 989: 1-37" docOrigin="ZooKeys 989" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104" docTitle="Chrysogorgia carolinensis Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="A37B30BA-6396-4679-9D39-1FFB51FCCD4D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB" masterDocTitle="Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of five deep-sea golden gorgonians (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169803292" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of five deep-sea golden gorgonians (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Yu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhan, Zifeng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Xu, Kuidong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China &amp; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kxu@qdio.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>989</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>37</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.53104</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-989-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">8957A11D00984990B073A1999A8AFBC6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">0185198E253B50C4BAB71B6BBF0305AB</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168961898" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A37B30BA-6396-4679-9D39-1FFB51FCCD4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F35D75E99BE54BE885399BA426EC474" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="5F35D75E-99BE-54BE-8853-99BA426EC474" authority="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu, 2020" authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis" status="sp. nov.">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles B sclerites at the basal polyp body C sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
; 
<figureCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological comparisons between Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov., Chrysogorgia dendritica Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu, 2020 and Chrysogorgia abludo Pante &amp; Watling, 2012, including detailed morphological measuring data of five specimens of C. dendritica." pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 1</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
MBM286494, station FX-Dive 226 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="38.18" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.636333">10°38.18'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="04.08" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.068">140°04.08'E</geoCoordinate>
), a seamount (tentatively named as M8) located on the Caroline Ridge, depth 1832 m, 14 June 2019. GenBank accession number: MT269889.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
MBM286493, station FX-Dive 224 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.63" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.627167">10°37.63'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.45" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.09084">140°05.45'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1509 m, 12 June 2019. MBM286495, station FX-Dive 227 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.92" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.632">10°37.92'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.62" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.09367">140°05.62'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1709 m. MBM286496, station FX-Dive 227 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.92" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.632">10°37.92'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.62" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.09367">140°05.62'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1706 m, 15 June 2019. MBM286497, station FX-Dive 227 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.90" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.631667">10°37.90'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.62" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.09367">140°05.62'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1695 m, 15 June 2019. MBM286498, station FX-Dive 227 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.68" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.628">10°37.68'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.48" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.09134">140°05.48'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1537m, 15 June 2019. MBM286499, station FX-Dive 227 (
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="37.60" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.626667">10°37.60'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="140" direction="east" minutes="05.43" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="140.0905">140°05.43'E</geoCoordinate>
), depth 1506 m, 15 June 2019. They were all collected from a seamount (tentatively named as M8) located on the Caroline Ridge.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;group A, Spiculosae&quot; with 1/3L branching sequence. Branches subdivided dichotomously, up to sixth order. Polyps only present in the end of terminal branchlets. Polyps large with pitcher shape, up to 8 mm long. Rods and spindles slender and coarse with many warts on surface in the back and base of tentacles. Scales amoeba-shaped, branched toward to any directions, irregularly and alternately arranged at basal polyp body. Scales rare, transversally arranged in coenenchyme.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Specimen of holotype ca. 31 cm long and 14 cm wide excluding the holdfast (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5C</figureCitation>
). Colony bottlebrush-shaped, with branching sequence 1/3L. Stem golden with metallic luster, ca. 1 mm in diameter at base. Branches subdivided dichotomously, up to sixth order, with distance between adjacent branches 6-12 mm long and orthostiche interval 19-35 mm long in measurements from all specimens. Branches up to 6 cm with the first branch internodes 7-15 mm long and terminal branchlets up to 2 cm long. Polyps only present in the end of the terminal branchlets. Polyps large with pitcher shape, some of them contracted and narrow at the base of tentacles, average 5 mm long with the terminal one up to 8 mm long, and 1-3 mm wide (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5B, D, F</figureCitation>
). No polyps in axis internodes.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
External morphology and polyps of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
the holotype 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
close-up branches 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">in situ</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
the holotype after collection 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
two polyps under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
tentacles under a light microscope 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
a single polyp under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
upper part of a polyp under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
basal polyp body under SEM 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
); 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-G</emphasis>
); 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
); 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Rods and spindles slender and coarse with many warts on surface, some of them branched, rarely with one end a little flat, longitudinally arranged in the back of tentacles and usually forming eight distinct columns, and transversally or longitudinally arranged in the base of tentacles, measuring 107-814 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-78 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(length 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width, the same below, Figures 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5E, G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles B sclerites at the basal polyp body C sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
). Rare sclerites extend into pinnules, but mostly pinnules free of sclerites. Scales amoeba-shaped, branched in any directions, irregularly and alternately arranged at the basal polyp body, and measuring 161-483 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14-170 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(Figures 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles B sclerites at the basal polyp body C sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
). Scales rare and elongate, some of them lobed with irregular edges, transversally arranged in coenenchyme, and measuring 139-221 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
29-67 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(Figures 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5I</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sclerites of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles B sclerites at the basal polyp body C sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 μm (all images at the same scale)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473213" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Sclerites of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
sclerites in the back and at the base of tentacles 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
sclerites at the basal polyp body 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
sclerites in coenenchyme. Scale bar: 300 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(all images at the same scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A seamount (tentatively named as M8) located on the Caroline Ridge with a depth range of 1506-1832 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Named after the type locality, the Caroline Ridge, where the species was discovered.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Found only from a seamount located on the Caroline Ridge. Colony attached to a rocky substrate (Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External morphology and polyps of Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov. A the holotype in situ B close-up branches in situ C the holotype after collection D two polyps under a light microscope E tentacles under a light microscope F a single polyp under SEM G upper part of a polyp under SEM H basal polyp body under SEM I coenenchyme under SEM. Scale bars: 10 cm (B); 2 mm (D); 1 mm (E-G); 300 μm (H); 100 μm (I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.989.53104.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473212" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. belongs to the &quot;group A, Spiculosae&quot; with an unusual branching sequence of 1/3L and bottlebrush-shaped colony, which is similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. midas" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="midas">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. midas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cairns, 2018 and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. abludo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="abludo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. abludo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pante &amp; Watling, 2012. However, the new species differs distinctly from these species by the presence of amoeba-shaped scales, which branch toward to any directions at the basal polyp body (vs. absence in both species). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is also similar to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. dendritica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dendritica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. dendritica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 1/3L branching sequence and the conspicuously amoeba-shaped sclerites at the basal polyp body. However, the new species is easily separated by the bottlebrush-shaped colony (vs. tree-shaped), absence of polyps on internodes (vs. presence) and larger polyps up to 8 mm long (vs. no more than 5 mm) (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological comparisons between Chrysogorgia carolinensis sp. nov., Chrysogorgia dendritica Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu, 2020 and Chrysogorgia abludo Pante &amp; Watling, 2012, including detailed morphological measuring data of five specimens of C. dendritica." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/102C03DD724B3F7A2D0CD66B4F032B12" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="102C03DD724B3F7A2D0CD66B4F032B12">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="102C03DD724B3F7A2D0CD66B4F032B12" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/102C03DD724B3F7A2D0CD66B4F032B12" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphological comparisons between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia dendritica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia dendritica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu, 2020 and 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia abludo" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abludo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia abludo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pante &amp; Watling, 2012, including detailed morphological measuring data of five specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. dendritica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dendritica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. dendritica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Characters/species</th>
<th colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia dendritica" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia dendritica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Xu &amp; Zhan &amp; Xu" authorityYear="2020" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia carolinensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia carolinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</th>
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysogorgia abludo" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abludo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chrysogorgia abludo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Specimen</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">holotype</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">MBM286353</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">MBM286442</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">MBM286443</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">MBM286444</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">holotype</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">holotype</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">paratype</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Group type</td>
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">A</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">A</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">A</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Branching sequence</td>
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1/3L</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1/3L</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1/3, 1/4L, irregular</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Axis</td>
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">monopodial, or a little zigzagging</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">sympodial</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">monopodial</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colony shape</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tree-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tree-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bottlebrush-like</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tree-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">a little tree-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bottlebrush-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">bottlebrush-shaped</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">tree-shaped</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Colony height (cm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">57</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">85.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">55</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">110</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">31</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Basal stem width (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">No data</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Interbranch distance (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16-22</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">5-22</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">11-15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">12-24</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">6-12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">4.3-6.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">7.5-15.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Orthostiche interval (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50-55</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50-55</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">37-47</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">36-47</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">44-61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19-35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">No data</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">No data</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">First branch internode (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15-20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">14-22</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">11-20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">9-23</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">20-30</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">7-15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">6.1-11.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Polyps on internodes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2-3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">No data</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Polyps on terminal branchlets</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Polyps height (mm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1.5-2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2-3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3-8, average 5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.8-2.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">0.8-2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Sclerites in coenenchyme (μm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">flat elongate scales often with lobed edges</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
82-200 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-96
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
139-420 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
16-112
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
92-266 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
15-57
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
53-379 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-34
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">elongate scales occasionally with lobed edges</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">small rugged scales with less lobed edges</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Sclerites in body wall (μm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">scales, rods and spindles</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
68-190 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-58 at basal body; 171-516 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-55 in neck
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
100-306 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-72 at basal body; 121-353 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-56 in neck
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
80-229 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
13-82 at basal body; 207-614 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
14-76 in neck
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
39-236 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8-128 at basal body; 137-590 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
12-98 in neck
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">scales, rods and spindles</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">scales and rods</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Sclerites in tentacles (μm)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">scales and rods</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
74-135 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-32
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
105-365 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-45
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
75-429 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10-43
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
93-275 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
24-93
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">rods and spindles</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">rods</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Distribution</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Kocebu Guyot</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">an unnamed seamount adjacent to the Mariana Trench</td>
<td colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">unnamed seamounts on the Caroline Ridge</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">an unnamed seamount on the Caroline Ridge</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">North Atlantic</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">References</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8832" author="Xu, Y" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B35" refString="Xu, Y, Zhan, ZF, Xu, KD, 2020. Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from seamounts in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean. PeerJ 8: e8832. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8832" title="Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia) from seamounts in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean. PeerJ 8: e 8832." url="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8832" year="2020">Xu et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
</td>
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Present study</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Present study</td>
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001354" author="Pante, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="911 - 927" refId="B23" refString="Pante, E, Watling, L, 2012. Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92 (5): 911 - 927, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001354" title="Chrysogorgia from the New England and Corner Seamounts: Atlantic-Pacific connections." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001354" volume="92" year="2012">Pante and Watling 2012</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>