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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="26613" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn &amp; Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum douglasii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48. 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1732687555302" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="1CE032AF89A6C6CC0F9042E348CF97CF">A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97BFAFA61AB9E3DC08C924B0CD541A3A">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CCD33D6EEAAF440FF4EC1D05387FF617">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="01D19D3A46943E0958B13B272574E421">Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330217" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" scope_family="Solanaceae">
<subSubSection id="0A2E3E9425C904CD666DA93D2468DE18" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="359017AAE1B7D2306F3D8B6F5EA5EACA" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<pageBreakToken id="2628963A167DEECC19E9F7291B7F8173" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">4</pageBreakToken>
.
<taxonomicName id="7C894A48AC8710829BAC624C034496D6" ID-CoL="4Y2B6" LSID="C332018F-436C-5187-966A-5D00A914D3B2" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48. 1852" authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48." authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">Solanum douglasii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 48. 1852</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="205F5C1C1FDAD76966898303D28E73EA" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Solanum douglasii Dunal A Habit B detail of adaxial leaf surface C detail of abaxial leaf surface D floral bud E dissected flower F fruiting branch G maturing fruit (A-G Carter et al. 2149). Drawing by R. Wise." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305311" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 12</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2034E4424DD9FAFD0D1E3DCDBBB4322D" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Solanum douglasii Dunal A Habit B young and maturing inflorescences with buds and flowers C flowers at full anthesis D fully mature matte black fruits with appressed calyx lobes (A-D Ochoterena et al. 979). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305312" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">, 13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0CFCCAE17DCCECEB10A9BE6509C36A01" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="D48EB77D3C1A0F4D3CFECC46421FACC8" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="D13101C3E8DE22585A0A71EDCD0DA386" authority="Eschsch." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umbelliferum var. trachycladum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="umbelliferum" variety="trachycladum">
<pageBreakToken id="466406696FDF6EB1D3AAFAD2441F5188" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="start">Solanum</pageBreakToken>
umbelliferum Eschsch. var. trachycladum
</taxonomicName>
Torr., Pacific Railr. Rep. Parke, Bot. 7(3) [preprint]: 17. 1856. Type. United States of America. California: Ventura County, San Buenaventura Ranch, 16 Feb 1855,
<emphasis id="126D7605CAEB8F9E532E4315264E2606" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. Antisell s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00821411]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57D2EE2CE21EAB4B69B1B3950AC247F5" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="2715A3587021EEEA245A04741A60A9D1" authorityName="Parish" authorityYear="1901" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arizonicum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arizonicum">Solanum arizonicum</taxonomicName>
Parish, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, 2: 165. 1901. Type. United States of America. Arizona: Copper Basin,
<emphasis id="92E76B05BC972A1858E17024C2995E5D" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">J.W. Toumey 397</emphasis>
(holotype: US [acc. # 211749, US00027460; isotype: UC n.v.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F1C6133D3EBB4F5871EEB32DF9E61CD" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="1A6B6026A5A15CB0DA83F161C4407801" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum extusviolascens" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="extusviolascens">Solanum extusviolascens</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 7. 1912. Type. Mexico. Sin. loc.,
<emphasis id="084963E7AB1677DC7A9CA8C2C46309B0" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">J.G. Schaffner 654</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9F86E66D547F29F6EA87698B5784919B" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="891A1108FD2540D49A53328D9D9B60B4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">Solanum profundeincisum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 80. 1913. Type. Mexico. Baja California: Guadalupe Island,
<normalizedToken id="8A72219DBEAA1AEC4C6DA660B76C8325" originalValue="cañon">canon</normalizedToken>
near beach, 1875,
<emphasis id="98FA60D2E5BA9B66CE955D6E0C5BA683" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">E. Palmer 61</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: UPS [UPS-V-851402]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001007201], MO [MO-568699, acc. # 5510874], NY [NY00139024, NY00828776], YU [YU065318]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5551E29CC55E5AF49C6E6A8BA0505FA" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B33B9EB26BCEB076476D43EF8A423672" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5AAFFE939CFA205EB2EC447668EA8102" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
United States of America. California: &quot;Nova California&quot;,
<emphasis id="36C59D8B28D74E34C73BB76D7E830547" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D. Douglas s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144189]; isotypes: BM [BM000838093], K [K001159712]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="138BD91B2189369DCF6ECE4EB18F8E19" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph id="F74DB43D7D3D3BF66C195B3E856EC5AA" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B636E4ABBFE4457C03AE6376CE93EA31" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Perennial, subwoody herbs or shrubs, erect to ascending, up to 2 m tall. Stems terete, green or purple-tinged, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate 4-10-celled spreading eglandular trichomes, 0.5-1 mm long; new growth more densely pubescent. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 3
<normalizedToken id="6125D8EC6742D5206BEB4508108CC6C9" originalValue="–10(–">-10(-</normalizedToken>
17) cm long, 1.3
<normalizedToken id="A5D1930D70045E1CA04DC40B291875BB" originalValue="–5(–">-5(-</normalizedToken>
7.5) cm wide, (broadly) ovate to lanceolate, green or marked with purple, green above, paler greyish-green below; adaxial surface moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, these evenly spread along the lamina and veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent than the abaxial surface; primary veins 4-6 pairs, clearly evident abaxially; base abruptly contracted to attenuate, at times asymmetric, decurrent on the petiole; margins sinuate-dentate to toothed, rarely entire; apex acute; petiole 1
<normalizedToken id="34B9C05552744E188646229BCA52D3C4" originalValue="–4(–">-4(-</normalizedToken>
7) cm long, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate like those on stem. Inflorescences 1.5-4.5 cm long, lateral, internodal, unbranched to occasionally forked, with (3
<normalizedToken id="D02681F216524541CEB4D99B10F90F50" originalValue="–)6–">-)6-</normalizedToken>
14 flowers spaced along the rhachis, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle 1.5-4 cm long; pedicels 10-41 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base, spaced ca. 0.5-1 mm apart. Buds ovoid and narrower at the tips, the corolla exserted 1/5 of its length beyond the calyx tube. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, the lobes (1-)1.5-2.9 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide, lanceolate to broadly triangular with obtuse to acute apices, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem. Corolla 13
<normalizedToken id="7FEDABE1BA16D6656D850ABCC876F724" originalValue="–15(–">-15(-</normalizedToken>
20) mm in diameter, stellate, white to lilac with a yellow-green central eye with
<pageBreakToken id="18B3F86BFCDFB30A4F0629408F0AAFE2" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">black</pageBreakToken>
coloration at the base, lobed 1/3 to the base, the lobes 4.5-7 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, sparsely pubescent abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems and leaves but shorter. Stamens equal; filament tube 0.3-1 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.1-0.5(1) mm long, sparsely pubescent with spreading uniseriate 4-6-celled simple trichomes adaxially; anthers (2.5-)3-4.5 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, ellipsoid and slightly tapered towards the tips, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 6.5-7.5 mm long, exserted 1.7-2.3 mm beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 1/2-2/3 from the base; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 6-14 mm in diameter, black at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp matte; fruiting pedicels 8-11 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 1-3 mm apart, spreading to reflexed, dropping with mature fruits, very occasionally remaining on the inflorescence rhachis; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1.2-3 mm long, appressed against the berry. Seeds usually&gt;50 per berry, 1.5-1.9 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal
<pageBreakToken id="FA262CE0FD467C72A75B0AA0A92FC50F" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">cells</pageBreakToken>
pentagonal in outline. Stone cells (2-)6-8 per berry, rather large, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2
<emphasis id="AAA0A48012FE7A345B5CED722C7E324F" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
=2
<normalizedToken id="45DD39B157A0EF53718B965DDB4F346B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
=24 (
<bibRefCitation id="B9F7B542F99C625BD56BBDEB8E0900C5" author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B111" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6003D68E681257D62A6D1E4F7EB9AC97" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, Jr CB" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B109" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="F1591DED2C69B9A4FFD86D4E4E041EA3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
<emphasis id="2AB7463ED387359A2162D6795B615E74" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="426FE5497AAB76B98BB81E1F2DED4F3A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B80" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1982. Epidermal hair morphology in SolanumL.sectionSolanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85(3): 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" title="Epidermal hair morphology in SolanumL. sectionSolanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85 (3): 153 - 167." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" year="1982">Edmonds 1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A7E1C8AD3275DDA6016162F651B62FC9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B81" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="BAE7EFA2BDA956438F0701E59B3CD3C1" author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7BC4CDCBBCBC95CEFF834D1FD16E200C" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B105" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="0654A45EFCE521E2E79A364ADDB5E5DE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
<emphasis id="5AA7E6EA3677D372B3A8FBDCEAD27CB0" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="B5FB61906C71A9CDFCAB83BCFC008E8D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" author="Soria, J" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="245 - 255" refId="B219" refString="Soria, J, Heiser, CB, 1961. A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Economic Botany 15 (3): 245 - 255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" title="A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" volume="15" year="1961">Soria and Heiser 1961</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="FEE2AF206A1CC2D7A953B12D2D24A7B7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
<emphasis id="716DD244F0C2D0F2970AF5068F03E845" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CD8EC34568062E4ED016F71C41D0EFA3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="8D709C581C9A8C21A6F28F76F8C25427" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7293FCBB5AB32DEE9331E322B8B10327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240766" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305311" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="9C89A2149189AC3475BC6A37B9DCC507" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="4872ABA102405A6234D6317BDBB59707" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="61BE5BA22D2CB49786F4DAF816894283" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="F9E8EAF4BF981315C092C35B5B6B82F9" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal
<emphasis id="7B50718E0CE8B75F78780A9FBA29D6CF" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
Habit
<emphasis id="466C2CF4D682C5A742B18838B31F220B" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="3F20CEB7B65DF505F684834E04461A83" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C</emphasis>
detail of abaxial leaf surface
<emphasis id="942506B7D54176BA2630920E325C1472" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
floral bud
<emphasis id="F0032D903BD31DFE9C6D9A516BA40D59" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E</emphasis>
dissected flower
<emphasis id="FEA3AD8AB3DB4B4D3D94317FEAD50FE9" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">F</emphasis>
fruiting branch
<emphasis id="2E9603ACB74FB41D2C73AF9366F1BB62" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">G</emphasis>
maturing fruit (
<emphasis id="A4781A5A9C70D8F3CF6432482271B502" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A-G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E549CFFF06968EF08480B2A2487D5134" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Carter et al. 2149</emphasis>
). Drawing by R. Wise.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0E3D4D66271F4598E9C04D6ECC9CE150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240768" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305312" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="733EEA6A09B8AC8FE6BDA8C32BA6A64A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="20D6047D17137FCDD835F40BBA1D5029" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="0C58DE904613773EE4D05C61704F7226" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="7A94BEEB2DE27D526A8CF6632FD5FECE" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal
<emphasis id="317F7247DDB820C8F8567B7FA7472A79" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
Habit
<emphasis id="4645C1EADBBA0B94B1A286B7AC873042" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
young and maturing inflorescences with buds and flowers
<emphasis id="254970B087D23B1045316451CE5E2660" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C</emphasis>
flowers at full anthesis
<emphasis id="C1D3ECD52BB38AF07FC9D6F324D1D837" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
fully mature matte black fruits with appressed calyx lobes (
<emphasis id="E6D145C8E3330BEB8EB3A0775BD8F36F" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A-D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="0FDFD5A37432979252F1859E3607F036" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ochoterena et al. 979</emphasis>
). Photos by S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EE482973AD269B2C6AA3718DF53CCD6E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A7519B31D670693FF62886D31B6D99C0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6C7A16C7830A42A4BDB97D2AA5966AE3" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
(Figure
<figureCitation id="C113CB730B79FFC55287BF2134262BC6" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Distribution of Solanum douglasii Dunal" figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305313" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">14</figureCitation>
)
<taxonomicName id="B0CC2817E70188DCF1B3B856771674CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="7BA1323EB4F6F5925BAC08C270D61A22" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in North America from California east to Arizona and south to Nicaragua; it is the most common black nightshade in the southwestern United States of America and northern Mexico.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DDB9D20A4B18B7CF560F9D3E8055C8CB" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240770" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305313" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="ABCC16DC8B3F284383F42B23907400CF" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="DDC47132AF828C3B193ACF1D296C15E3" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="9CD8246E05A7B2401DFE0AAE7D357D3A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="1C864D939B6DED315052DC8646B0B9FF" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A44BBB743DF860BCF7B41EC746525FCD" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="4C195E049495421DAD2043C2852C5E31" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E11FAAB74494A68E5E77E563D7F33C63" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Open areas and disturbed habitats in a wide variety of vegetation types, from xerophytic to mesophytic forests and oak-pine woodlands between (sea level-) 600 and 3,400 m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="279CC65BC23A2FD452E924FF02A41A20" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="common names">
<paragraph id="CC9FC55A4678BD3492A3BD7DAD5DFB7C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="42DACDA06C9F49ED5637A3CEF34035A0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
United States of America. Arizona nightshade (
<bibRefCitation id="CBD9AEECEDADB57B58D4F85CAD6BC7BF" author="Martin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B155" refString="Martin, WC, Hutchins, CR, 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A.R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." title="A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A. R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." year="1980">Martin and Hutchins 1980</bibRefCitation>
),
<normalizedToken id="2B2F507A34B53F41C32539ED5B139798" originalValue="Douglas’">Douglas'</normalizedToken>
horse-nettle (
<bibRefCitation id="6A7E7697062B4A7B6A546E6AA6FE1537" author="NatureServe" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://explorer.matureserve.org" refId="B169" refString="NatureServe, 2017. NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available http://explorer.matureserve.org" title="NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available" url="http://explorer.matureserve.org" year="2017">NatureServe 2017</bibRefCitation>
),
<normalizedToken id="6E957EE7FE197EB28E3BA41AAA7CC48D" originalValue="Douglas’s">Douglas's</normalizedToken>
nightshade (
<bibRefCitation id="BBDDC3CE53A51951DE1A8E6A273DB5EF" author="Peck, ME" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B177" refString="Peck, ME, 1941. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." title="A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." year="1941">Peck 1941</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F363E14736AF7B76B3C878467EBD51E5" author="Martin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B155" refString="Martin, WC, Hutchins, CR, 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A.R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." title="A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A. R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." year="1980">Martin and Hutchins 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7755E95B067F548A96C90A9D84AFBCF0" author="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B172" refString="Nee, M, 2012. Solanaceae. In: Baldwin BG, Goldman DH, Keil DJ, Patterson R, Rosetti TJ, Wilken DH (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Solanaceae. In: Baldwin BG, Goldman DH, Keil DJ, Patterson R, Rosetti TJ, Wilken DH (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley." year="2012">Nee 2012</bibRefCitation>
), Greenspot nightshade (
<bibRefCitation id="DAA779A8A321E60511AE93F53137C7B7" author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Mexico. Hierba (yerba) mora (many sources, [Chihuahua] Chichequelite (
<emphasis id="0B9EA3707C22F4282C5969FCCCD8E4CB" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pennington 42</emphasis>
), [Chiapas] Moen (Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="6ECEB5BEBFFCC107B9688A3F0BE93EEF" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Shilom Ton 9185</emphasis>
), Mora wamul (Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="E3CCB11D45512B5879B07043EAD702B9" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<normalizedToken id="14969413A6969A5AE3B9BEED1EB47DBC" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="F4E59C4AF2169C3A60F80D2D4F4F1D1F" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
426
</emphasis>
), [Guerrero] Moradito (
<emphasis id="8EE874FE644FA953F8501275A0D5199A" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kruse 1656</emphasis>
), [Hidalgo] Tomaquilit (
<emphasis id="8D6A3D66AA30EAAB7CF9BFCFAC2CD2AD" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Villa Kumel 53</emphasis>
), [
<normalizedToken id="6A1666A2AC007F59982861666925A01E" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
] Tomatillo (
<emphasis id="F9A576701B8645C5F5425D40A6818114" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
la Cruz
<normalizedToken id="D301C5EBA2800E6026486F703CBC065E" originalValue="Bolaños">Bolanos</normalizedToken>
Adec-12
</emphasis>
), [Oaxaca] Pchfux-yaas (Zapotec,
<emphasis id="8F842832B9025D39B28BE013B3D44C31" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hunn OAX-1547</emphasis>
), Skelemal
<normalizedToken id="84862C104364CFDB6FE912EF0CD040C0" originalValue="ch’aben">ch'aben</normalizedToken>
(Tzeltal,
<emphasis id="E26EC99E9A38BEA2F77FE39C46EC9B9A" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<normalizedToken id="E89D24F5678BD53A61D06FC149EF259A" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="C7BF75BA19E88180D2645166A8241F21" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
326
</emphasis>
), [Puebla] Teconchichi (
<emphasis id="AB78C2321246774A0A240597DA1537BD" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tlapa &amp; Ubierna 105</emphasis>
), [Sonora] Chichicalite (
<emphasis id="D52743993A60FE44420BE9FB676F8F8A" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Guizar N. et al. 4260</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="311EBB1233384AB0925B72E1C1D87AD8" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="uses">
<paragraph id="FACDC34B1A56EEC51C124A1714FAB14B" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23E494C074E999CAC445AD83297E46F2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
United States of America. [California] Leaves used as a potherb (
<normalizedToken id="F99FE57F671B9CA760F56E593BBA8905" originalValue="Luiseño">Luiseno</normalizedToken>
people of Orange County,
<bibRefCitation id="D5D14205A6B9DF1957496D42EF65505D" author="Sparkman, PS" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="187 - 234" publicationUrl="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" refId="B222" refString="Sparkman, PS, 1908. The culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology 8 (4): 187 - 234, https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" title="The culture of the Luiseno Indians." url="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" volume="8" year="1908">Sparkman 1908</bibRefCitation>
); juice of berries used as wash for inflamed eyes and in tattooing or for dye (
<normalizedToken id="FA3AF499829B48B8EFD0745B8A12F248" originalValue="Luiseño">Luiseno</normalizedToken>
people,
<bibRefCitation id="16BAF9ACC8FF0A26C1D3E39CD69310CA" author="Sparkman, PS" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="187 - 234" publicationUrl="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" refId="B222" refString="Sparkman, PS, 1908. The culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology 8 (4): 187 - 234, https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" title="The culture of the Luiseno Indians." url="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" volume="8" year="1908">Sparkman 1908</bibRefCitation>
; Cahuilla people of the Sonoran Desert,
<bibRefCitation id="7445FF970509DB6E1C4DEAEBC89DA34F" author="Bean, JL" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B15" refString="Bean, JL, Saubel, KS, 1972. Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian knowledge and usage of plants. Malki Museum Press, Banning." title="Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian knowledge and usage of plants. Malki Museum Press, Banning." year="1972">Bean and Saubel 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Mexico. Leaves used as a potherb (
<normalizedToken id="20390734CE7AAD97163402B8BB8DB83F" originalValue="“quelite”">&quot;quelite&quot;</normalizedToken>
). See also section on Uses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="36B7D8BB2879AB23750060797AB08C3C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
<paragraph id="D9692E580012C688B6135951448CA7B4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Preliminary conservation status (
<bibRefCitation id="C58C2DA3461E1CFD44556E05E98E2A76" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C4668E4316491CB33E9C26600D7A9DB" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Least Concern (LC).
<taxonomicName id="1D217F0DF1B787952FBCAE34E97F6008" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="5D714931AEAA6A22E30CFF8EC5BCCC19" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread and weedy in the southwestern United States of America and throughout Mexico. For EOO see Table
<tableCitation id="2C2AA25AD71AB819CCDCDC90CEF56B8E" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="53DE3E03EE67B441CFD15B68E8A99A88" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6FD5E8DD995F1076B98289F438BD338D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0184EA0903A4FFF82D5F59F6C3F52D2D" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="5E3D4ADF491C47D6C0591C53EBFB77D9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="B33D3AA7D4B4628B9F1C9CC9B97D4821" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most common west of the Rocky Mountains, along the western coast and southwesternmost United States of America along the Mexican border.
<taxonomicName id="CC9602FB94F89B9ECFF96892A62058B1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis id="608CDF2EE43FC4D12884E2D8F8E21BF8" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the morphologically similar and sympatric
<taxonomicName id="2954FFFBCB6310140948B2BF57721C20" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="A4EED42289E0B7F97AAA74B8A5A52890" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its longer, slightly tapering anthers (greater than 3 mm long and in North America usually 4-4.5 mm long) and the minute free portion of the filaments. Both species are morphologically highly variable and sympatric through much of Mexico and Central America, often growing in the same areas; detailed studies are needed to establish whether interbreeding occurs between particular areas/populations in areas of sympatry. The two species have been put in synonymy by other authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="2B7D1BBB29927CB884D3C30B04E9E2E8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="57AD83C511818872B60BB8437DE424DA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="5401CAFA71154C59A97EB48C5370D1DC" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="737504247283BFA3736DD43A0AC09FF4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B55" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
), but characterised as
<normalizedToken id="948AABFAE2C25F56606C41EA0DE81FEB" originalValue="“ill-defined”">&quot;ill-defined&quot;</normalizedToken>
by others (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="F0697091D4908D6674D9C4AF4FFA5EEB" author="Nee, M" editor="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="285 - 333" refId="B171" refString="Nee, M, 1999. Synopsis of Solanum in the New World. In: Nee, M, Symon, DE, Lester, RN, Jessop, JP, Eds., Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond: 285 - 333" title="Synopsis of Solanum in the New World." volumeTitle="Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization." year="1999">Nee 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="19139D7314E1E3B85A4BDF46DADAE993" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
The description of
<taxonomicName id="87EC22839C0B830155E03740713DB725" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. umbelliferum var. trachycladum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="umbelliferum" variety="trachycladum">S. umbelliferum var. trachycladum</taxonomicName>
cites &quot;Santa Inez and San Buenaventura Ranch&quot; and &quot;Flowers apparently white, about as large as in
<taxonomicName id="02BD5ED89E1D8A56A764B8D84920A196" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis id="EB9CE65A8AB223A000F030D41D22D606" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="366A1B173C32B7B6456D4C8F0A63A5BF" author="Torrey, J" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B242" refString="Torrey, J, 1856. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Botanical report. Pacific Railway Reports 7 (3): 1 - 28" title="Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Botanical report." volume="7" year="1856">Torrey 1856</bibRefCitation>
) with no collector or date. The plants collected in the several expeditions ordered by the United States Government to plan a railway leading across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific were variously described by Asa Gray (Harvard) and John Tor
<pageBreakToken id="587AB7491508C0B721325E0EBA4697AB" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">rey</pageBreakToken>
(New York). Thomas Antisell collected between the Rio Grande River and southern California; his collections are described in Volume VII of the Reports (
<bibRefCitation id="AE68BFE55E1798B17942C8EFF7D5FF24" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" author="Brendel, F" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="25 - 38" refId="B32" refString="Brendel, F, 1880. Historical sketch of the science of botany in North America from 1840 to 1858. American Naturalist 14 (1): 25 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" title="Historical sketch of the science of botany in North America from 1840 to 1858." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" volume="14" year="1880">Brendel 1880</bibRefCitation>
) by Torrey. We have only found a single specimen collected by Antisell and annotated by Torrey with this name; it has the locality &quot;San Buenaventura Ranch/Feb 16/Dr Antisell&quot;. We select this sheet (NY00821411) as the lectotype following
<bibRefCitation id="52AE59E128845BE4835016B4F39B88D3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" pagination="1112 - 1113" refId="B157" refString="McNeill, J, 2014. Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues. Taxon 63 (5): 1112 - 1113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" title="Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" volume="63" year="2014">McNeill (2014)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D940D882F13AF837B031F1B5F61517B4" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
In describing
<taxonomicName id="39D66EEBBA84EDE76DADA246FF783104" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
<emphasis id="E1BED3EF9CF5B3C568F9A7F796364615" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="CDAE228D18059A209AA2A87A78FAE106" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
cited two collections of Edward
<normalizedToken id="B522AD5863CC6965087A89CFE3F121E7" originalValue="Palmer’s">Palmer's</normalizedToken>
from Guadelupe Island,
<emphasis id="52644EBADE95AAF4D9B97A9135D4D324" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 60</emphasis>
pro parte and
<emphasis id="F92800BA69A223870FD67F6F6BC52E3C" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
, both from UPS.
<emphasis id="A28F283E4641D5C997AF98D20195D8CE" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 60</emphasis>
is a mixed collection, some parts of which were used to describe
<taxonomicName id="A3EAFF29FBA7D8FE208066CE13C1ED04" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calvum">
<emphasis id="C4165A2F3924191A16D3649BE028CDDD" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. calvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="A512091A896F5418749EB54412B0A927" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="F31629E03E5E4CFACBB681D59EA21346" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and some as part of the protologue of
<taxonomicName id="2D2A1D23B22CE37D48B086ABC49BE001" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
<emphasis id="F33A10EB872FDE3271FA52B735CB17A8" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The collection
<emphasis id="A1EACA01FCD6BD76D734717CE6154BAE" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
is represented by many duplicates and is not mixed; we select the UPS sheet of
<emphasis id="737893E5E93F11C6EC551AD6E83A9020" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
(UPS-V-851402) cited by
<bibRefCitation id="46CFAF2F8ABD3A55204916163AD0EB48" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="0548EA52A6D9C7C022F8A996CE5532E7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
<emphasis id="FBF8CFA21647C423EED12BFEE111A9EA" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="45910B517C8D15FAEC01617D501F88D2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="9CE339E1A60C59F17678E392A32A798D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="306E587DCC0F1B087FC67EDFB7FEC9C2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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