423 lines
54 KiB
XML
423 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="20955934EA6BDB610F5B7C354F5E4977" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c81249cc-265d-41cd-809d-74da9f8324d6" ID-PMC="PMC6656982" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-67" ID-PubMed="31363344" ID-ZooBank="128BC1830A6A423488931CBD2D2AF962" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 860" ModsDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia – Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" checkinTime="1562310429444" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 67-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.33597" docTitle="Chromoplexaura marki Kuekenthal 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FC39FFCAFFF7185C9E0D0A1A2F0D8028" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1701315585746" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E16330EEC03F7CED2424CC2349D9FE70">A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part II: Species of Holaxonia, families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D4295753011E5198EBD6F13ADFC15D19">Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="11F06AB4EB14046269C55C69A4A0B651">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525354" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E340EF0AF4A18683E4BED2AF6928600" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection id="073183E3C16C34554CD7DBB969FEDDF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="24ACC5330B62D82D06E4EBB00B20FF60" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="FDAC3E65C35A5EF67053C89682A41981" ID-CoL="5YJ4R" authority="Kuekenthal, 1913" authorityName="Kuekenthal" authorityYear="1913" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
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Chromoplexaura marki (
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<normalizedToken id="29A028878FFBD31982A51DE6945371D8" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1913)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figures 28, 29A, B, 30A, B, 31
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<normalizedToken id="14B94C89ECB0FD9ABEB6F1804B8B88CE" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 32A, B, 33A, B, 34
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<normalizedToken id="0F015B9DABAA6579F1A30D7CFD0811F1" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 35
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<normalizedToken id="4083B5B7FF92F154372508FAB243959E" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 36, 37A1-37, 4, B1,, 3, 38
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<normalizedToken id="D32547DFB224545656E93BC29B8D0867" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F8D4B2644F92B5B40D7331CD6BEBD586" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="702E24C1EE85D447B48A5D6C3E7294B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="18A96C923765AC2CD639B16B91DA6483" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="D3C3DC5014BBB9942A4D10C6F3C7CD49" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1913: 266-269; text figs G, H, J, K, pl 8 fig. 11; 1924: 93-94.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9AD4E9DE1A0DCFB46AA0A5F42D72D3D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="0ACE6F91892AA0D1897CBBAEBDF758B4" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="B22CB32CF6E4E0C10AF7A13FE6316DE4" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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, 1913):
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<bibRefCitation id="C7648F0524504F2534B90CB38239E6CB" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
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: 36-39; figs 12-17.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D89F3C004DAD4972E43162C705F7085E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="512D49A2136563FE0AA16A176C479493" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE6B344FF1F0BF9BE8062F3FFB5186C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">For the original specimen, USA, Southern California, 64-616 m. (Identification cannot be confirmed.) For proposed Neotype, collected in Northeastern Pacific, USA, California, Monterey County, Monterey, BLM Reference Station 360 (Burch #40128), ~22 m; coll. T Burch, 18 August 1940.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C1478C1EE2FC17A56A07248496A4A57E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph id="A3EEC0AC166540C6B3C3F1958A72124C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3601C11015EE1A1978A1F7F1D60CB476" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Repository for the original type specimen unknown. Proposed Neotype (designated here), SBMNH 423060 [dry].</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6844C0F08CC351B3F330FCF14EA5FF96" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E0DEB3C02BB79D9180FAAA78334FD71E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="41134F22634F49EA2C69D7430B4F8FB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">~60 lots (see Appendix 1: List of material examined).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9587A567EC8A3DE1ADA7C7DFE79D4F75" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9A02A93B596ED7A1AB8AD94460C04E36" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B9BC2B6F265F40D9457B4615E9DAB679" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Colony (Figures 28, 29A, 30A, 31A, 32A, 33A) shape can be a wide, broad, moderate to sparsely branched fan, typically in one plane or simple, unbranched; initial branching lateral, progressing to branches that tend to project more up than out; sometimes projecting/winding more in a
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<normalizedToken id="D6D81A88C4AA3FF99C3BCBFB8C46E589" originalValue="“front”">"front"</normalizedToken>
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or
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<normalizedToken id="E5E45EE76F146FB8DFD4F0178B50D8EC" originalValue="“back”">"back"</normalizedToken>
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direction; with broader membranous base; main branches can divide repeatedly, all secondary branches off larger ones having same diameter; round in cross-section; distal ends often slightly swollen; see Figures 29B, 30B, 31B, C (See Remarks below for further discussion of overall colony shape). Axis proteinaceous, generally well calcified, not very flexible, with hollow core. Color of axis variable between white, yellowish, and light brown. Color of living colony base, stem and branches bright coral red (orange-red), bright red, or dark red; red color enhanced by color of the sclerites, which are a bright, pale, transparent red. Polyps are (pale) yellow-colored when living; (
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<bibRefCitation id="F52823EA05321C9C2F67F77D5206286D" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
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stated the color of
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<taxonomicName id="164756BA5B0AAFA8E8B492B98CF01FC5" lsidName="E. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">E. marki</taxonomicName>
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to be coral-red, with the living polyps yellowish white). When polyps visible in preserved specimens, they appeared white/cream. Coenenchyme moderately thick, rising in wall of polyp as eight very short folds. Polyps sit ~2.0 mm distant; polyps ~2.0 mm high, 1.0 mm broad, when extended; polyps fully retractile into coenenchyme surface, forming very low, rounded bumps (
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<normalizedToken id="713CA51EF15D60015123A53568D727F4" originalValue="“polyp-mound”">"polyp-mound"</normalizedToken>
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); aperture suggestive of a goblet/chalice shape; fortification of polyps weak.
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<bibRefCitation id="744C2ECEBFDD717CD14E3AB8DBDF6749" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
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<normalizedToken id="A00DF92ADF974F890E7308ACD7A1193B" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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(1913
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</bibRefCitation>
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a) stated that there are no calyces in this species, or at least are so negligible as to be virtually nonexistent (in describing
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<taxonomicName id="9759346CEADB4DB007A5D431FA5B5194" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, he indicated that there should be two transverse rings of large sclerites, one over folds in the polyp head and a second just below insertion of the tentacles). Sclerites of polyp body red, while sclerites of tentacles smaller, colorless, transparent, but of similar form. Occasionally, tentacle sclerites can be a bent spindle (Figures 34
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<normalizedToken id="E45D316CF959A620D27B42DB878EB8A6" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 35
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<normalizedToken id="51757F8FD332EE47786D237EF4C7E192" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 36, 37A1-4, B1-3, 38
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<normalizedToken id="5A4FFAEB493B4A99622959EE74F801D2" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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). Found initially in a specimen identified as this species (USNM 51500) was a sclerite form that was not clearly featured in sclerite descriptions for the genus, or other known species (Figures 34
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<normalizedToken id="05ED8F995DF2828A639E0E2995E6C217" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 35C, 36, 37A1, B1, 38B): in outer surface of branch coenenchyme lie sclerites whose basic form is a thick spindle, but on these sit two or more belts of very big, jagged warts. Through the development of these large warts, the spindle can have a contour that is nearly oval (these might be the tuberculate spheroids mentioned in original description; apparently a key sclerite form, for the genus
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<taxonomicName id="1FE31B132C664E4D203A5E70C4324E38" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
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, at least) to a distinct diamond shape. Occasionally, one can find on both ends of these spindles, dense triangular caps (Figure 34
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<normalizedToken id="E835D03AB25562FC18BDBDF8FC1A8D83" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 35C, 36, 37A1, B1, 38B) separated by a smooth, usually thin, median waist, so that in this case, the term double spindle (double-head) could apply; these are characteristic and conspicuous of multiple specimens examined, and henceforth referred to as the double-dunce cap. Size of these outer spindles fluctuated considerably, with smallest only 0.05 mm in length, but often bigger (~0.2 mm). Those deeper into coenenchyme of branches had similar form, but warts were more rounded (Figures 35B, 37A3, B3, 38C). All of the more superficial sclerites are red, making the strong bright red color of the colony fairly pronounced.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="73EA187DEDA42248CF71CF20E3A35654" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="231A232F611F5903110CA85487215249" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Figure 28. In situ image of what appears to be
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<taxonomicName id="84D397BFDB6C92342A140565EEA82A98" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, DSCN5297. Colony seen off Oregon coast. Without initial examination of sclerites, originally thought to be
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<taxonomicName id="17B1BD9C5D4ED5429B69BFD66016516E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
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; examination of sclerites aligned it with
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<taxonomicName id="D08B2857838C6A471DE1D456025F71F0" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
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. There can be remarkable similarity in external gross appearance between the two species. Image courtesy of Peter Etnoyer, NOAA, 2010.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="E732103E355FC3B255B6D73D3AD9DE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="F4DB60FADDBEB902D9B85D6FE8B91B46" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Figure 29.
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<taxonomicName id="74DB6FDD460A3A6CB2BF7D507004A50A" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 423060 (Neotype). A This specimen, measuring 24-26 cm at greatest length, bears two different types of barnacle, a species that appears to be that of an acorn barnacle (forming the galls on this specimen), and clusters of a barnacle species that appears to be a
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<normalizedToken id="32E831FC8144144B12A362A9DEE5A130" originalValue="“Lepas-type.”">"Lepas-type."</normalizedToken>
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The sclerites from this colony aligned with known specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="A29E68ABC5E65615174FA50ECEF8D494" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
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B Branch tips at greater magnification.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="D24AEF454C898E1192CA4AD8DE096DEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="78E6115E82620E77A4FF92C91D05B52F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Figure 30.
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<taxonomicName id="235EADF9239D84C46FD7B85DD3CBDB39" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 423062. A Specimen (whole colony). Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms. Colony measures ~16 cm
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<normalizedToken id="64675BBBB44BD5B402FD53F0A78685AD" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10 cm B Close up, branches and branch tips, clearly showing bright red-orange color and distinctly white polyps of the species
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<taxonomicName id="70AAF626057443E1EB4A04DAE37AE735" lsidName="C. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">C. marki</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="44FC3604AECE66B2A8D876BB93805DBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="FB056376AF8A190F93228063A5E21BCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Figure 31.
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<taxonomicName id="1F388CDE8967C01EBC89861D29E8A8E7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 423072. A Colony with coenenchyme of a bright orange-red color with conspicuous white polyps. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms. Specimen measures ~15.5 cm
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<normalizedToken id="D15029E5C8DF4B9240820033066DCA4C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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≤2 cm B Branch close-up, showing conspicuous white polyps C Close up of branch tip.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="5F767F5C5178DDFD6C2221AD64F63F6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<paragraph id="36E239AFA79EE5B7E9C7AB16BA382D12" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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Figure 32.
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<taxonomicName id="78102F05835EE8505AA0CEB533ACB240" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
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, SBMNH 265948. A Very small colony, 4.0 cm in length, excluding mass at base, which appears to be a sponge. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms B Close up of extended polyps on single branch, each measuring ≤ 1.0 mm in height.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FFAC785B964F5975C270CB1108DFA4A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0FE06082794E11821D1DA0C743738C44" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC3C3A78C982AA78A5DD8E0B896B1936" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Species named in honor of EL Mark of Harvard University.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FA104CC1BFBCA2DFD6ED9BE14B7F2771" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF93A33FA6F59C7472818C56B13DEBFD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A7F9D75B536545539804AB99231BC33" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">MBARI (seen in a hall display, Summer 2008) referred to this species (and to any species from northern California appearing as a "red whip") as "Red licorice gorgonian".</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C938CCEB2B42499E114E0C6A4A4B6BE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BF6D74B7F4047359618E9359C29AC373" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF433B263CC1A6E3B2ED43234735CE9E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Southern California; littoral and coast-abyssal (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F0FECE3979108E652F9458B9DE991E97" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1924, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3004DE8FBF128FA7D7F9F9D0037F057D" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8639F8BDEDCE444BFE971EB71684B5F" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the species living in deep water, taken with a dredge; specimens were collected off the Oregon coast, and are either in the Oceanography Department of Oregon State University, or in the personal collection of FP Belcik.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F0B034031628EB7EB810398BE4AE9FA" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported numerous collection points, at stations near San Nicolas Island, and for stations near Point
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CFAB9D75A660E9FBF7986365727DB840" originalValue="Piños">Pinos</normalizedToken>
|
||
Lighthouse, Monterey Bay. Likely, range extends from southern California to waters off Washington coast. There is the possibility that the species extends further north, to Alaska; further examinations of specimens from that area are in progress.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C1F3566FDC89B1341AD95E35F1308BF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="66584A94E5EDDA415388702ECEA6B43C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="83C806D78AAA6FAB8F23899B437718B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">An unidentified, anecdotal comment indicated that this form is seen in the assemblage of organisms found at the head of Carmel Submarine Canyon, located offshore at San Jose Creek Beach, near Carmel, California; considered part of a deep-water assemblage that begins to appear at depths between 21-30 m, where turbulence is minimal and fine sediments accumulate on surface irregularities of rock walls. Between 30-61 m, the fauna appears to change very little, suggesting that many of these deep-water forms extend to greater depths.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0AF159F71B70D56878233624970DBE2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The neotype designated here (SBMNH 423060, Figure 29) bears on several branches, enlargements that are in actuality gall-like growths, containing epizoic barnacles of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AF288614B634EDC81DF938625083745" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Conopea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopea" order="Sessilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Conopea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07BFB6A046038FFC4606E9D2D84568E2" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Conopea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Conopea galeata" order="Sessilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galeata">Conopea galeata</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This is a consistent, common obligate commensal barnacle of gorgonians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="649BFF8EA58A34B41BC48434AFA3E13B" author="Langstroth, L" journalOrPublisher="University of California and Monterey Bay Aquarium, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="A Living Bay: The Underwater World of Monterey Bay. Series in Marine Conservation, 2." year="2000">Langstroth and Langstroth 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On SBMNH 423069 (previously SBMNH 40612), a large cluster of commensal acorn barnacles was seen, on bare-axis portions of the branches. Another specimen, SBMNH 423078, had attached to its bare axis something having, in general appearance, the wooly, cotton-like spittle-bug mass that insects are known to produce on plant stems. Conspicuous brittle stars are intertwined on branches on the specimen from off Newport, Oregon, SBMNH 423073.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="66497BEBF17C7430EFF921292C32EE58" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="442CF3A3E95C6DDDC78C49EF95BDDE91" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 33.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="984A6E43306EF726FED56EA6A583ADD0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SBMNH 265935. A Two colonies, larger of the two (only 7.0 cm tall) with conspicuous brittle star attached. Sclerites did not always consistently match sclerites seen in the species, illustrating variable nature of sclerite forms B Close up of branch tip, showing placement of calyces, color of polyp body and tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="505548AD27F710D2DFE1743204B3275C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="C01CB9A99645776DF19CC01F38FC879C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 34.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="722F95B99672F6A794037F2457347BEB" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SBMNH 423060, light microscopy arrays. A 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D289F74D4B31506A991F534F5CE45A91" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification. Note in particular the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FDBD095D7CE2BF90F1AD238D7059E22A" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">"triangular-capped"</normalizedToken>
|
||
spindle designated with arrow. This sclerite form is never seen in specimens from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DBAFE44C7D4A1367FA99DCB8EE03685" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(some species in genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40281BC06A6798207F45697E9C599123" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
|
||
can look superficially like this species in overall colony form) B Additional image at 4
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E955D7FB4E218A4A1E768787950FF8EF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification of sclerites, illustrating further examples of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6B8748458824466F93BC2963292D12E1" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">"triangular-capped"</normalizedToken>
|
||
spindles appearing commonly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C52F212F6EA5632308E30964B8A0AC5" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
C 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="07539484EAA2EADAB82BEED2B9DD24DA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification of sclerites, showing variety, with particularly clear example of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5EC9E25352EA660BA444862CE79E6F38" originalValue="“triangular-capped”">"triangular-capped"</normalizedToken>
|
||
spindle, indicated with arrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8D06E4E2743BA6009FB0A28B2013FCAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="4AE947A27A2F07433DFAC98462F63FD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 35.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79783B091B2938E99D919AF1C5D197F7" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SBMNH 423060, SEM image. A Anthocodial sclerites B Small coenenchymal forms C Larger, distinctive "double dunce-cap" spindles D Odd spindle E Still smaller coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA96864DFF64D0BCA9F881F052FF6098" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(figs 14-17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="768EAB67570CA18F6D6CE08CFBAEC37C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="654F3FB2E6A32D4073C320075B0C3024" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 36.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="690775BBEDA9D694181FC1A7A00BE817" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SBMNH 423062, light microscopy array of sclerites, 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57FB56631274099E331963741F9D2AFF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnification. Two sclerites, marked with arrows, are those that define the species (compare with those shown in Figure 34). The large central sclerite, just to left of image center, is> 100
|
||
<normalizedToken id="53AB8D3C1CB08E19BF2A3FC8C41756A9" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length, while non-capped spindles measure 100-130
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AEB83E9F86434E59E80E0F8A3CF8824D" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7D889CC36FF5A24479BB6F0F0A31B2D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="90B41597BC4B80F72EA53692F004B427" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6176D5EC6795E0F7D52021D1833837F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="10A18485827D2B224BF1B665EEEF6E85" author="Cordeiro, R" journalOrPublisher="American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" url="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=724230" year="2018 f">Cordeiro et al. (2018f)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13AD60FFBDE5B37C13764292DF917FB3" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the only species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72C2D38FF056A70FE8AF0CD516A034EC" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chromoplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the WoRMS Database.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AF96DEFE45F49209F5DCC0B5098959CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20C49568A0E1BFF177110B45F617BF6B" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BEA8FCF68BA4CF7DFA56F2814A99A020" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a) had initially suggested that this species may equal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="909A020D26B96D6D652D61E825749392" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Psammogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutting, 1909) but later stated that characteristics of this species were completely different. The separation of these two species is reflected in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E48609AD83D45687D4A492ABC8396613" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="147F586C70B6631DB7667A46BDE4B0BC" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1924)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with separate descriptions for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B97665F05E8F4BA315E4ED57C24C08E1" lsidName="E. marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki">E. marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0996D61C1E346DDF6A99CEB9F3822D19" lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="arbuscula">P. arbuscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
(syn.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87472E837B9814B5512CD825326ACD6D" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Echinogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinogorgia arbuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arbuscula">Echinogorgia arbuscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC5208953F4363F59D19C11CA12D2F06" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Bayer (1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a), in his description of the two genera in question,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="370AA7752D8B3BBAD779685572E9EBD1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1869 (colony in one plane) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="01BB6E5E2CBAEEF36CEFB6FC2E2AFF10" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Psammogorgia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1868 (colony bushy), indicated some slight overlap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4DDB7C5E82430AB111E0D5BFF9BFB88A" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B5B156ADC9BABA796C7E9DE425D5EEC3" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DE4380697E1303D3AFAEE02B635D254C" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a; 1924) noted that prior to the discovery of this species, other species in the genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C349E53645E427205774ACBA045FFC1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
) had only been found in the area of East Asia, from Japan to Singapore and West Australia. It appeared that this was the first red-colored member seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C46308CF42979A836277259FE23BDFA9" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
and was the first of the genus from the west coast of North America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E84CA5E33E608FE94EEE830DAED208CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
In overall colony shape, some branching occurs; however, more often colony is a single, or rarely branched, stem; any branching from base results in a single or very scarcely branched
|
||
<normalizedToken id="280E1CA9F6148234EDEF308961DAC69F" originalValue="“whip.”">"whip."</normalizedToken>
|
||
This would have been unique to this eastern Pacific species, along with its obvious, predominantly red sclerites, if it were truly in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6B8E2C3DEBD16B2AC668D906B2F2B37" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in most species of the genus, the sclerites are colorless); hence the need for the establishment of the new genus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A10E5A26577A2EB868CF06CA81D48655" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In general colony color and shape, it would be quite easy to simply assume that this organism is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="39EA3CF4B859408C8C1432A11A10D09A" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia chilensis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chilensis">Leptogorgia chilensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but an examination of sclerites reveals the distinct differences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="93046679AA252682694D423D943D93D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Cairns et al. (2003) had this species listed as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F97234AB88FBD11E29979CA5FAF231C" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptogorgia caryi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caryi">Leptogorgia caryi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1868; as noted previously, this is not the case. According to unpublished notes by Bayer,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85363A9C16DFCE5BA772EF236DE20962" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
might have been synonymous with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E18B371AAFB39153A95D5CDFB20E8E6" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Psammogorgia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E3D4F3947631397F5EFAEF707D2A91E" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A possible synonymy was considered, with both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F806E5776F765BA6C7446469745FEB00" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutting, 1909), and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A414B20241F670FB90542A97F427271A" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nutting, 1909). After examinations of multiple samples of what has been labeled as this species and those labeled as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C4A74D68B0D9049EC744E57F80E73C2" lsidName="S. spauldingi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi">S. spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE190B509A313E7247ABAF4EFF88EEE8" lsidName="S. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="simplex">S. simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, if any synonymy were to exist, it would be that between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62BF8BDFC8215A82042D095CFA3A6326" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47337F99B0CDABF1D8CB5B16641FEF74" lsidName="S. spauldingi." pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi.">S. spauldingi.</taxonomicName>
|
||
With the very obvious large, broad spindles, the double-dunce sclerite, I consider this a separate species, but it does exhibit a strong superficial similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D5A09F768EFA623AC8A2FE315F13CAC" lsidName="S. spauldingi" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spauldingi">S. spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and there are some shared sclerite forms. An initial conclusion arrived at some years ago (regarding synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="185E52F91E5130A3BEB999ADBC4725F1" lsidName="S. spaulding" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="spaulding">S. spaulding</taxonomicName>
|
||
), seemed to have support with the discovery of a comment made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="879CE18AC7BE67D0F853B78EF00E7F6D" author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1026 - 1036" title="Adelogorgiatelones, a New Species of Gorgonacean Coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Galapagos Islands." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/890" volume="91" year="1979">Bayer (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. While the statement was an unexpected one to find in this particular article, finding it was noteworthy. It read "The colonies of A(delogorgia)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAECA87A2B1D8445DFA698C81F50F82B" genus="Holaxonia" lsidName="Holaxonia telones" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="telones">telones</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in general aspect to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43C31CDAE2690B73CE288128619E9A51" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Euplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9D63BBAAA3E1C59917000B56B17C208" originalValue="Kükenkthal">Kuekenkthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CAE605973CD49403C814CDECECDAEF1" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia abuscula" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abuscula">Psammogorgia abuscula</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu Nutting, not Verrill) and the closely related (if not identical)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7328D83671BDD413E7252B027F98E811" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Psammogorgia spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutting, both of which have longer and less sinuous branches." However, no anthocodial rods in the form of a fingerbiscuit, a key characteristic sclerite of species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="318B6164C39032FCC0C3B111DC7E5A8C" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, have been found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C1EB35622DAC15E203BE02E7B963C6D" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, and the initial conclusion was dismissed. A further discussion of California "red whip" diversity follows below and correlations are discussed in Part III of this collection review, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1363FFF4C6E4A6C44E689028F090ACD0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia spauldingi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spauldingi">Swiftia cf. spauldingi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but also in the description for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFC7727F77F6C9C2C3F02DA4A3E47DF0" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="30A1622FF0127F8F90ADBF85675BFA68" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
An examination of several specimens (collected by P Etnoyer on a West Coast Survey for NOAA, in the Fall of 2010) was done at
|
||
<normalizedToken id="57704C4C9901809083BF9B9F0589138F" originalValue="Etnoyer’s">Etnoyer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
request. Made available were actual specimens, along with several in situ shots. In digital images, the little-branched colonies were a dirty brick-red or pink (Figure 28); coloring was seen in both extended polyps and throughout branch coenenchyme. An initial diagnosis of the specimens via still images was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C17AA9FD8D70D322744514B5C469662" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, upon physical examination, the polyps themselves were actually white (indicating that only the tentacles were the pinkish color of the coenenchyme) and an examination of the sclerites revealed the large, broad double-dunce spindles so characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA92F8AEBB86C94EA51DDCC1F3D66542" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If one were to see a colony with little branching, having an overall dirty brick-red to pink color, and did not dissect out a polyp to reveal their white color, or examine the sclerites, an erroneous identification could be made. These specimens presented something of a quandary. Superficially, they looked very much like confirmed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D527B79FB0763FE05CEFCEA520FEB8EA" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, yet the sclerites revealed something different. There is a possibility that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F418D908893B5521136185A545047AD3" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
has color variants, with one looking very much like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E18D37622C98A4A3E75F727E34E5E219" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, specimens previously identified in various museum collections as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="112DD027D1F9B423CF70D5F57FF096B4" lsidName="C. (E.) marki" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="marki" subGenus="E.">C. (E.) marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not belong to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD21F0BD53E189E006071C571FF9C648" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chromoplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
at all if double-dunce sclerites are not found, but finger-biscuit rods are.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F179B01514C566D0F13D772D7647E00F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
MBARI has encountered many single or few-branched whips in their investigations. Many of these specimens have been recorded in video and in still photography; a few have actually been collected. A number of principal investigators identify many of these distinct whips as being this species (in genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D3813B8177F33F9756F9CCB1C8474CF" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Euplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Euplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B3DCB2A2D0C76ACB1426535401AC616" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Chromoplexaura</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, some of those identified as this species may actually be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5E512B614881D9BB3F0E80C1562F6DA" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia simplex" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="simplex">Swiftia simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in overall shape very comparable, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="482703A61276E4EAAE1A25C5202C1A9A" lsidName="S. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="simplex">S. simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the color leans to a dull brick red rather than the usual bright red hue, and polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CAFA311D41F512D1246314B0B7DFC638" lsidName="S. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="simplex">S. simplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
are always the same color as the coenenchyme, not the "....white, cream or yellow" polyps described for this species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="293644846953643EB5915571AAD7927B" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 270" title="Ueber die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718" volume="35" year="1913">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E62F43A6DE289B3F2D9EF5F9CF5D7CB5" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, 1924),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="822158B4AE84C56E921FD9F8AE797CD9" author="Johnson, ME" journalOrPublisher="MacMillan and Company, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" title="Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast." year="1927">Johnson and Snook (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or Williams (2013). Collection of an array of these
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2D7E0577C4324955938439445D53512D" originalValue="“whips”">"whips"</normalizedToken>
|
||
when encountered, along with examination of their sclerites and molecular testing of tissue could help to clear up any confusion surrounding these red whip species; in collaboration with E Berntson, M Everett and their colleagues at Northwest Fisheries Science Center (Port Orchard and Seattle, Washington), those needed examinations are currently being conducted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="85DDC749D0E380557997925BC5182D22" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="4113AD6DFCB9F4ADA08BA685767178A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 37.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8DFA0F7014ABCD36C614187E3D60EC" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SEM images. A SBMNH 423061 A1 Double dunce-cap forms A2 Slightly smaller double dunce-cap forms A3 Coenenchymal sclerites A4 Anthocodial form B SBMNH 423072 B1 Double dunce-cap sclerites B2 Elongated spindles from coenenchyme B3 Coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="895630C9D311CAF7B17343D590ABEB2D" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(figs 14-17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="8403F7775B66F45F2ECB2DC90B4ADC92" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="13AEC93007B5586F7697F6139AA2A23D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Figure 38.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F938FF7EE4BBBAA728880101C33417B5" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Chromoplexaura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chromoplexaura marki" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">Chromoplexaura marki</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SEM images, representative forms. SBMNH 265937. A Anthocodial form B Typical double-dunce-cap C Smaller (developing?) double dunce-cap
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7FBBAF8A494CC056962484E066BCBEFC" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
Coenenchymal sclerites. Images match variety shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69A51F4CA93A04CD88EFE2DEE1AF2734" author="Williams, GC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="15 - 42" title="New taxa and revisionary systematics of alcyonacean octocorals from the Pacific Coast of North America (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.283.4803" volume="283" year="2013 a">Williams 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(figs 14-17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |