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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="24459" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.900.46973" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbcc470-6ff9-421a-ab1f-333a912c096c" ID-PMC="PMC6946741" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-900-111" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AC97E0F717D459C3952120A235E8E91B" ID-PubMed="31920426" ID-ZooBank="23EA5A19B3BE403FAA45E0EE56E98C8C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-900-111" checkinTime="1577828486906" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Huang, Si-Yao, Wang, Min &amp; Fan, Xiao-Ling" docDate="2019" docId="5882313B415B5BB3B095920A94DF30F9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 900: 111-127" docOrigin="ZooKeys 900" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.900.46973" docTitle="Psychostrophia nymphidiaria Oberthuer 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="AC97E0F717D459C3952120A235E8E91B" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="AC97E0F717D459C3952120A235E8E91B" masterDocTitle="Notes on the genus Psychostrophia Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Epicopeiidae), with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="114" updateTime="1732761815829" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4061426784B6C59B7C888BBB72427E14">Notes on the genus Psychostrophia Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Epicopeiidae), with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E2446269FA5ABB88EAE2DB0AB816F60E">Huang, Si-Yao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9A50948E1F411CF274631177C7789D7D">Wang, Min</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0CB46828F6F33A37AE328F96DE121473">Fan, Xiao-Ling</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5882313B415B5BB3B095920A94DF30F9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="160998211" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5882313B415B5BB3B095920A94DF30F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5882313B415B5BB3B095920A94DF30F9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" scope_family="Epicopeiidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera">
<subSubSection id="6612C1EE03F5470E431E33C3335768C4" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CD1E5ECD5B85C2F130378A6C95649DC1" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="3A2C90C95C0C99E0CC0D37B7BA72BA69" ID-CoL="4PN3X" LSID="5882313B-415B-5BB3-B095-920A94DF30F9" authority="Oberthuer, 1893" authorityName="Oberthuer" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia nymphidiaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<pageBreakToken id="27F5EE263967A317E81D93DC05AFB2AA" pageId="3" pageNumber="114" start="start">Psychostrophia</pageBreakToken>
nymphidiaria (
<normalizedToken id="4D8C8B8BAC377B89FA3F225F9AEFE52F" originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
, 1893)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="7E4409AD4E687B094BCC8C5419BEDACC" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. Males of Psychostrophia spp. 1 Psychostrophia micronymphidiaria sp. nov., holotype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 001 2 ditto, paratype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 002 3 ditto, paratype, Lushui, Yunnan, PSY 003 4 ditto, paratype, Dali, Yunnan, PSY 004 5 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, PSY 006 6 ditto, Qingyuan, Zhejiang, PSY 008 7 ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, PSY 009 8 ditto, Yingjing, Sichuan, PSY 007. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369106" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">Figs 5-8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C0DE9F3BA7E4B9F9413843C510702939" captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Male genitalia of Psychostrophia spp. 9 Psychostrophia micronymphidiaria sp. nov., holotype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 001 10 ditto, paratype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 002 11 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, PSY 006 12 ditto, Qingyuan, Zhejiang, PSY 008 13 ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, PSY 009 14 ditto, Yingjing, Sichuan, PSY 007. a = male genitalia capsule with juxta removed; b = aedeagus lateral view; c = aedeagus dorsal view; d = juxta. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369107" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">11-14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EEE1D2E83693B7161838EED5D6115173" captionStart="Figures 15–18" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 15 - 18. Adults of Psychostrophia spp. and Stiboges sp. 15, 17 - 18 male 16 female: 15 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, holotype of Stiboges lushanica, Lushan, Sichuan 16 Stiboges elodinia, mislabeled specimen of &quot; holotype &quot; of Stiboges lushanica, Lushan, Sichuan 17 Psychostrophia picaria, Shennongjia, Hubei, PSY 017 18 holotype of Psychostrophia endoi, Xam Neua, Laos, from Inoue (1992). Scale bars: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369108" pageId="3" pageNumber="114">15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0E6F771B8A8E49B835E3142F3974EC27" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="608A5513EC2D31C710BC0D312271AB71" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="0CCA0B52D9B8A049768D5CC7B82529A3" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Abraxas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abraxas nymphidiaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<pageBreakToken id="C102E6B90B0E34933BA9808358FB737B" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" start="start">Abraxas</pageBreakToken>
nymphidiaria
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="2EF8379E7F6697346E30083073CB7CF9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9398" author="Oberthuer, C" journalOrPublisher="Etudes d'entomologie" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="11 - 45" refId="B18" refString="Oberthuer, C, 1893. Lepidopteres d'Asie. Etudes d'entomologie 18: 11 - 45" title="Lepidopteres d'Asie." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9398" volume="18" year="1893">
<normalizedToken id="1E2B4DC544D95A13AAC73FF9B7187CCF" originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
1893
</bibRefCitation>
: 34, pl. 2, fig. 28. [Type locality:
<normalizedToken id="3DBAB99D866A2597988A4B0892FB7C7D" originalValue="“Rencontrée">&quot;Rencontree</normalizedToken>
pendant le voyage de Ta-Tsien-Lou
<normalizedToken id="51344D99B9E219381B2068420C84137A" originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
Mou-Pin&quot; (Road from Kangding to Baoxing)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="01D046B1A121E3219C97D2E1B82E69B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="2A9F64F12FD614642BE34991EBEF2C97" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia nymphidiaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">Psychostrophia nymphidiaria</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="32834DC50CCE0B8CC0B6DAE9AC8F7024" originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
):
<bibRefCitation id="671048813506C2885545D86086C83201" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939708680542" author="Leech, JH" journalOrPublisher="Tyo to Ga" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" refId="B16" refString="Leech, JH, 1897. .https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939708680542" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939708680542" year="1897">Leech 1897</bibRefCitation>
: 189;
<bibRefCitation id="65950A0B06BE7E2C97A3C345B56F3B94" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61923" author="Seitz, A" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Etudes d'entomologie" pageId="13" pageNumber="124" refId="B21" refString="Seitz, A, Seitz, A, 1912. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart.https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61923" title="Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61923" year="1912">Seitz 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 278;
<bibRefCitation id="AF27ACC770185CD0F65FFDE3ABB08D8C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2002.10697355" author="Minet, J" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (NS)" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="463 - 487" refId="B17" refString="Minet, J, 2003. The Epicopeiidae: phylogeny and a redefinition, with the description of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Drepanoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (NS) 38: 463 - 487" title="The Epicopeiidae: phylogeny and a redefinition, with the description of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Drepanoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2002.10697355" volume="38" year="2003">Minet 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 473, 479, fig. 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27ED9363A56E164F006EC2FE086F9EEC" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="EB93F5D800F7E2CE8F863ED0A07364C9" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">Stiboges lushanica</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="AEEF6735FE78257636CB54166CB19476" author="Chou, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="141 - 146" refId="B5" refString="Chou, I, Yuan, XQ, 2001. New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV). Entomotaxonomia 23: 141 - 146" title="New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV)." volume="23" year="2001">Chou and Yuan 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 142, fig. 15, 16. syn. nov. (
<taxonomicName id="23FE99E3AE882DE02E7B218C1076E511" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="920DD617610BA61B0CC30FDE5B43F02A" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7E7C3AFAD4536BF1E0EB15D24F7A9121" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5C7C725D839D5C09AF97065498BD902" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
Photos of holotype of
<taxonomicName id="FBE8C468F6CCF8CA409166BA60F611A8" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="B07F741D6C70AAE8BF0F7903EE063DB1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male, printed label in Chinese &quot;[Sichuan, Lushan, leg. Bing-hong Wang]&quot;/ printed red label
<normalizedToken id="998B6CCAE8F561069203186997766DAF" originalValue="“Holotype”">&quot;Holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
/ red label &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4629E70A6FE48184E57B1C8BCB86E23C" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="B297921576CF403CED9CECC21D8EA81F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Chou et etc., IDENT. IO CHOU&quot; (NWAFU); 1 male, 22.VI.2003, Nanling Mts, Guangdong Province, leg. Min Wang, PSY009 (SCAU); 1 female, 2.VIII.2003, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Prefecture, leg. Min Wang (SCAU); 1 male, 10.V.2018, Luding County, Sichuan Province, leg. Min Wang (SCAU); 1 male, altitude 1700-1900 m, 13.VI.2012, Mt Niba, Yingjing County,
<normalizedToken id="E9A0DB2C368071973BCE0B3552F2F681" originalValue="Ya’an">Ya'an</normalizedToken>
City, Sichuan Province, leg. Xiao-hua Deng &amp; Hou-shuai Wang, PSY007 (SCAU); 1 male, 11.VIII.2016, Shuangxikou Town, Jinyun County, Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province, leg. Shu-qin Ji &amp; Hou-shuai Wang, PSY006 (SCAU); 1 male, 25.
<normalizedToken id="A3A5BECB9762C6BE3CCBB66063F158E0" originalValue="VII–">VII-</normalizedToken>
15.VIII.2018, Qingyuan County, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, leg. Qing-song Wu, PSY008 (SCAU); 1 male, altitude 1500 m, 3. VI. 2019, Guanmenshan, Shennongjia, Yichang City, Hubei Province (SCAU); 2 males, 21.V.2011, Huanggangshan, Mt Wuyi, Fujian Province, leg. Zhen-fu Huang &amp; Qi-tong Huang (SCAU); 2 males, altitude 1300 m, 13.VIII.2014, Mt Tianping, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, leg. Lan-lan Huang, Wan Lu, Qi-tong Huang &amp; Min Wang (SCAU).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6ECE56F6509AA88B3684FE030FD90DF6" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="D5E6AFD896AF3B32680D41EC9719A33B" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C4CB2D2B87149E09889297B51254F911" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
Taxon
<taxonomicName id="0B560248C03BF3D19F6967A80B967063" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="9F7208666206E1AC6D07031A948EACDB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Chou &amp; Yuan, 2001 was described based on two specimens taken in Lushan County,
<normalizedToken id="676A9DA3BE2C9A62BB81139EE352384F" originalValue="Ya’an">Ya'an</normalizedToken>
City in western Sichuan Province.
<bibRefCitation id="DBCCF1F2E199877C1F3F026CEE0C8DEA" author="Kishida, Y" journalOrPublisher="Tyo to Ga" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" refId="B14" refString="Kishida, Y, 2006. ガをチョウと間違えることってあるの? [Is it possible to misidentify a moth as a butterfly?] Yadoriga 208: 1-42. [in Japanese]" title="ガをチョウと 間違えることってあるの? [Is it possible to misidentify a moth as a butterfly?] Yadoriga 208: 1 - 42. [in Japanese]" year="2006">Kishida (2006)</bibRefCitation>
was first to point out that this
<normalizedToken id="BA1B6FF0B3D7FFF66B904532E4F0723F" originalValue="“butterfly”">&quot;butterfly&quot;</normalizedToken>
taxon is conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="E51BF3FDE7B5367BC8DE27BE3EF2C902" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="EA7BAEED8DF55CF9CCD638D9E3F97B9D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but did not synonymize it formally. With the help of Dr Guo-xi Xue and the permission from Dr Xiangqun Yuan, the photographs of the holotype could be examined. The holotype is a male of the oriental swallowtail moth species
<taxonomicName id="D53C9B1250CBAAC0172024277FB9C16E" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="F33698BA4F0B86BAFA6FA1B00C876FE8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the male genitalia were not illustrated, the description by
<bibRefCitation id="2ECA93070DE7D17E983000EE59DCB394" author="Chou, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="141 - 146" refId="B5" refString="Chou, I, Yuan, XQ, 2001. New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV). Entomotaxonomia 23: 141 - 146" title="New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV)." volume="23" year="2001">Chou and Yuan (2001)</bibRefCitation>
as well as the photographs suggest that these individuals are undoubtedly conspecific with this epicopeiid moth species commonly found in that area, rather than a bona species of the riodinid butterfly genus
<taxonomicName id="D470F7E2EF1820D555E97FAABC98696F" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4DEDC73EF1D5C9373074AFA3D982912" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Stiboges</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Butler, 1876. Although their mimicry relationship makes them morphologically similar, one can easily recognize this moth species simply by the filiform antenna. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="09B247EF54A77983CFE4903FDA2558CB" lsidName="S. lushanica" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="3B5F303F4F4B4A3D0CA9B2ADEF798E05" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">S. lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="5813F9C5E5F1C874A5699A21556070F1" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="139C1A73F475B2671C312012DA8D8BAE" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(syn. nov.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB3F1CF07A4D20C075298FFFD9BD0B19" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
Nevertheless, according to Dr Guo-xi Xue and Dr Xiangqun Yuan, there is another specimen also bearing the holotype red label of
<taxonomicName id="F585FABE85A8045CFA1424A73F1B14B7" lsidName="S. lushanica" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="D8E3847D1483C4C4092735D984B9C497" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">S. lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the collection of NWAFU, and this specimen is illustrated here for the first time (
<figureCitation id="FE1C4C0ED6A91F50A55528AD0DAAA5DF" captionStart="Figures 15–18" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 15 - 18. Adults of Psychostrophia spp. and Stiboges sp. 15, 17 - 18 male 16 female: 15 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, holotype of Stiboges lushanica, Lushan, Sichuan 16 Stiboges elodinia, mislabeled specimen of &quot; holotype &quot; of Stiboges lushanica, Lushan, Sichuan 17 Psychostrophia picaria, Shennongjia, Hubei, PSY 017 18 holotype of Psychostrophia endoi, Xam Neua, Laos, from Inoue (1992). Scale bars: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369108" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). The information on the labels is interpreted as follows: &quot;[Sichuan, Lushan, leg. Jing-hua Wang]&quot;/ printed red label
<normalizedToken id="7BED242F112B1F99B078C16FBF5DDF23" originalValue="“Holotype”">&quot;Holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
/ red label &quot;芦山白蚬蝶,
<taxonomicName id="AA101A57CA0C3EA92E712C1044841B5A" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="A706E990FD4681D1692E5FBFC97DE2F2" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Chou et Yuan, IDENT. IO
<pageBreakToken id="164101AF0405479A0F16EB4397AE5331" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" start="start">CHOU</pageBreakToken>
&quot;. This specimen is a female of
<taxonomicName id="3101BE46AA3463264B6CEC7177FDA19A" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges elodinia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elodinia">
<emphasis id="030A4BD5D4EB99343D298D1F4D773F3B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Stiboges elodinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fruhstorfer, 1914 in the opinion of
<bibRefCitation id="74172A050E1410830AD04197A714FEA3" author="Callaghan, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="61 - 82" refId="B4" refString="Callaghan, CJ, 2009. The riodinid butterflies of Vietnam (Lepidoptera). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 63: 61 - 82" title="The riodinid butterflies of Vietnam (Lepidoptera)." volume="63" year="2009">Callaghan (2009)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="C297B22BB7A7EF89262A3E6440088243" author="Chou, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="141 - 146" refId="B5" refString="Chou, I, Yuan, XQ, 2001. New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV). Entomotaxonomia 23: 141 - 146" title="New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV)." volume="23" year="2001">Chou and Yuan (2001)</bibRefCitation>
stated in English that the sex of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="979175F790DFC4304DE1984E9020867B" lsidName="S. lushanica" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="20377FEF63736E72A139200574E93E12" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">S. lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was female, which would suggest that this taxon is a true butterfly. However, the descriptions in both Chinese and English have all clearly expressed that the holotype is conspecific with the male of
<taxonomicName id="B0C6F3EC6B92DA1755114F810975565F" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="A073D5B8907C2D7391DAAAEACBCACB4C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and definitely not a female riodinid butterfly. According to Article 73.1.1 of the Code (
<bibRefCitation id="F5262B1D61AE49210DC71E6049FA1470" author="Huang, SY" journalOrPublisher="International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" refId="B10" refString="1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.4(th Edn.). International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 (th Edn.)." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
), if an author, when establishing a new nominal species-group taxon, states in the original publication that one specimen, and only one, is the holotype, or &quot;the type&quot;, or uses some equivalent expression, that specimen is the holotype fixed by original designation. The specimen of
<taxonomicName id="EBB934925EFB28C12AB72806144585B0" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="6B295DE8F8E5844DE41D4FDAB0560800" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pictured in figure 16 of
<bibRefCitation id="6108465CF4B8402E6FF4375E9BE04590" author="Chou, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="141 - 146" refId="B5" refString="Chou, I, Yuan, XQ, 2001. New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV). Entomotaxonomia 23: 141 - 146" title="New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV)." volume="23" year="2001">Chou and Yuan (2001)</bibRefCitation>
was fixed as the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="ED36C868425F6E78CF29D45585B37658" lsidName="S. lushanica" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="0FEEF86EECD02738AF1E263306BDEE91" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">S. lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since the word
<normalizedToken id="35D2C163574DEB87A2A28437A99E5D32" originalValue="“holotype”">&quot;holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
was plainly used in Chinese in the legend under this figure. The holotype status of that female riodinid butterfly, which was subsequently labeled as the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="C521A3412381D986E03F0A8E298ED0A7" lsidName="S. lushanica" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="8832FA1EA835BA15C20FD0DF3CB063FF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">S. lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is therefore invalid, making the true holotype of this taxon the specimen of
<taxonomicName id="E1623EE93E9119292A740FA6D53F312B" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="BA2E76B118D5ED0C3A56CD3E70CCD03C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shown in figure 16 of
<bibRefCitation id="2564CAF84B8EE68A15FC8BE255FCB5DC" author="Chou, I" journalOrPublisher="Entomotaxonomia" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="141 - 146" refId="B5" refString="Chou, I, Yuan, XQ, 2001. New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV). Entomotaxonomia 23: 141 - 146" title="New species, new subspecies and new record of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China (IV)." volume="23" year="2001">Chou and Yuan (2001)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF7689BB6F83D71F67569D7F2FA1A5D0" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
During the study of the populations of
<taxonomicName id="F9A4D619E94CC265B4F7BF3A361CF367" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="ED8623BD95E712109542A5175695A075" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from various localities, it was found that males vary externally and in their genitalia. The median white zone on the dorsal forewing varies in shape and size, and the genitalia vary in the shape of the valva, length and width of the praesacculus, and the ratio of the aedeagus to the coecum (
<figureCitation id="153B223BDB3E8570EA57BDD658008949" captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. Males of Psychostrophia spp. 1 Psychostrophia micronymphidiaria sp. nov., holotype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 001 2 ditto, paratype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 002 3 ditto, paratype, Lushui, Yunnan, PSY 003 4 ditto, paratype, Dali, Yunnan, PSY 004 5 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, PSY 006 6 ditto, Qingyuan, Zhejiang, PSY 008 7 ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, PSY 009 8 ditto, Yingjing, Sichuan, PSY 007. Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369106" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Figs 5-8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="830D20F111DC8D1C27FCD36226ECBB0B" captionStart="Figures 9–14" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 9 - 14. Male genitalia of Psychostrophia spp. 9 Psychostrophia micronymphidiaria sp. nov., holotype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 001 10 ditto, paratype, Weixi, Yunnan, PSY 002 11 Psychostrophia nymphidiaria, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, PSY 006 12 ditto, Qingyuan, Zhejiang, PSY 008 13 ditto, Nanling, Guangdong, PSY 009 14 ditto, Yingjing, Sichuan, PSY 007. a = male genitalia capsule with juxta removed; b = aedeagus lateral view; c = aedeagus dorsal view; d = juxta. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369107" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">11-14</figureCitation>
). It is possible that cryptic species still exist within
<taxonomicName id="B428F734812CD07A5A3E9D16F55FC215" lsidName="P. nymphidiaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="87D18D9BB13D65478A962ECC909B4AC0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">P. nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu lato, a possibility that deserves a more careful investigation including the examination of more adults and genitalia of both sexes, as well as conducting DNA barcoding in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0A6BD145D02CC9BF3796161066DEDE98" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="60B64C2FDD9705852AFAFEC9F747D375" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9CD84DB390379332A5E2F842578D506" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
China (Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) (
<figureCitation id="6178C85BE5785725D9E25C60921A1B2B" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 25. Distribution map of the genus Psychostrophia. Records of distribution are taken from Inoue (1992), Chou and Yuan (2001), Owada (2011), Huang et al. (2019), An Identification Guide of Japanese Moths Compiled by Everyone http: // www. jpmoth. org, Shiiba Research Forest, Kyushu University http: // www. forest. kyushu-u. ac. jp / miyazaki / index. php, and the present study." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369112" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<caption id="D525551ECE9EC2F5ED41C789FD8E0B7B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/369108" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" start="Figures 15–18" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="F4B766E449F64572CF016B7B69EEA780" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="8C62A8D146452A5BF0A818DF45CE3966" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Figures 15-18.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="99B035DF403247F583B6B326D5F2DF04" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82F57F34256535A720412A9ED7C6F26A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Psychostrophia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and
<taxonomicName id="294C9A743874F40CF3A5035BEF226323" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="01E7540BB4359DFE63C4904819BD2546" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Stiboges</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<emphasis id="DE3C215027DD1D32135CE5B717CA832F" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">15, 17-18</emphasis>
male
<emphasis id="AC784B24DF5943AA7BC308C2FD4135B6" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">16</emphasis>
female:
<emphasis id="3184290C42C1DED0AC4048D91D20DEAD" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">15</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5C914FABEC0AA5581D1137FF81087440" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia nymphidiaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nymphidiaria">
<emphasis id="C9BC8A4944B1E80EA5F42140444A0829" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Psychostrophia nymphidiaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype of
<taxonomicName id="F85B304C6C116B555584F16D29C975C2" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="A9F34638913737FED69F3BDB7664883F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Lushan, Sichuan
<emphasis id="98D3A22879893FB7BBCDA0F1ED14605F" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">16</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1A78A248C22A480B6139CD968D983956" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges elodinia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elodinia">
<emphasis id="658D44AE12710E0DCF1261A5C5BB1F7C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Stiboges elodinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mislabeled specimen of
<normalizedToken id="2840793C2621AFB3F9A4783440E7DB3A" originalValue="“holotype”">&quot;holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
of
<taxonomicName id="F62B66061730307C9F61433FC6D6CA28" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Stiboges" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stiboges lushanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lushanica">
<emphasis id="DCD42F7C7EC34344E9E07BA43895EB6E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Stiboges lushanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Lushan, Sichuan
<emphasis id="8633742642E51E7F8E14BC6EBBE5C8DE" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">17</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="14F58498ED90DCE167EEAECEE2AF5FF7" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia picaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="picaria">
<emphasis id="A64EAAA436C8D83346DD4D2C06971AB9" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Psychostrophia picaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Shennongjia, Hubei, PSY017
<emphasis id="E6E27543C3484DDFFF84CC0B72518C3C" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">18</emphasis>
holotype of
<taxonomicName id="30EA9058FB44DAF531A94BB0FA8AC2DB" class="Insecta" family="Epicopeiidae" genus="Psychostrophia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psychostrophia endoi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endoi">
<emphasis id="DED32D213C0480D21158A2B3C80209E2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Psychostrophia endoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Xam Neua, Laos, from
<bibRefCitation id="92ED1F4D64ED7D08B50896CB62AFC29F" author="Inoue, H" journalOrPublisher="Tyo to Ga" pageId="12" pageNumber="123" pagination="149 - 150" refId="B12" refString="Inoue, H, 1992. A new species of Psychostrophia Butler from Laos (Epiplemidae). Tyo to Ga 43: 149 - 150" title="A new species of Psychostrophia Butler from Laos (Epiplemidae)." volume="43" year="1992">Inoue (1992)</bibRefCitation>
. Scale bars: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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