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<document id="AB18F6D1C13D680C9994235976449C27" ENCODING="Cp1252" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9cb4ad0-93e5-4cb4-bc12-00fedca2b100" ModsDocID="20017" checkinTime="1252781302694" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Wilson, E. O." docDate="2003" docId="4BFA0C254031CF7F9416BDB7D209EFF9" docLanguage="en" docName="20017_flavens_group_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press" docSource="http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=20017" docTitle="Pheidole bilimeki" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="379" masterDocId="F98D6505470580F46DE05FCEDB0DECC1" masterDocTitle="Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." pageNumber="378" updateTime="1701311119207" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B4BB60CC1B48704C339A798698F3FB1C">Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D3715C2D1572EF98AF0546BB69E6EB8">Wilson, E. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="095D51BC26ED9829B6906129852E987A" type="HNS-Pub">20017</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4BFA0C254031CF7F9416BDB7D209EFF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3505382" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100119392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3505382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4BFA0C254031CF7F9416BDB7D209EFF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BFA0C254031CF7F9416BDB7D209EFF9" lastPageNumber="379" pageNumber="378">
<subSubSection id="EC7C74707839BD7DE3EACCD49ED0EFE0" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7F64E8954E31B05229C88348D29758C4" pageNumber="378">
<taxonomicName id="A0C2419B873CA885AEA611F0BBB79109" ID-CoL="4FY8B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
Mayr
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2102AF7F0EA35C21D3F89B6944AB1323" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="DABA29479775BCCCC5B48F39B4193DD4" pageNumber="378">
<taxonomicName id="C73143752527667DFF9F53D1B050FD99" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
Mayr 1870b: 985. Syn:
<taxonomicName id="8AADCDE0444267D2FEE3C07C6F56E02F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii Emery</taxonomicName>
1896g: 76,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F187D9F4FC091514B8DA282A3C73634C">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Costa Rica);
<taxonomicName id="17010A50C229D6D4B030F625BC448F6B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151316" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana deplanata Pergande" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana deplanata Pergande" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="deplanata">Pheidole floridana var. deplanata Pergande</taxonomicName>
1896: 883,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2EE24CCCF9712532C13A1DAA98512FC9">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(provisional);
<taxonomicName id="2AD25FE2C48420CAFE98DD607B253880" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="antoniensis">Pheidole floridana var. antoniensis</taxonomicName>
Forel 190 lj: 364,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B47EC47C35997A3F371A97BA85EE2BC4">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Colombia);
<taxonomicName id="357EFD232437996FFDE7C13AA89A8F4E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232323" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima subsp. annectans" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima subsp. annectans Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="annectans">Pheidole punctatissima subsp. annectans Wheeler</taxonomicName>
1905c: 93,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E6023B9631FB35474DED25968582C2DB">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Bahamas);
<taxonomicName id="1B3BDDC3C75FCD40218D04C7C990C8E1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="venezuelana">Pheidole anastasii var. venezuelana</taxonomicName>
Forel 1905e: 159,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4E955B221186B57A9794C8F221EED259">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Venezuela);
<taxonomicName id="96A783794A08A6807E70564138389EB3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151498" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima insulana Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima insulana Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="insulana">Pheidole punctatissima subsp. insulana Wheeler</taxonomicName>
1905c: 93,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8AF12FFED1CD01AC5EAD35965E2F00F4">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Bahamas);
<taxonomicName id="CB5AC7E4E7DC3B345DBA1B29D1F51AEB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151163" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="johnsoni">Pheidole anastasii var. johnsoni Wheeler</taxonomicName>
1907b: 272,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A4723943053D1AD791E78A06C3CB1F95">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Honduras);
<taxonomicName id="8979476D26D5C42EA0B2956E8650ADA1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="cellarum">Pheidole anastasii var. cellarum</taxonomicName>
Forel 1908c: 55,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5D2A4FA38E4CB7A2C051012292491316">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Costa Rica);
<taxonomicName id="C249E52AC2F13D087586418946E90B20" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151315" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="floridana" subSpecies="ares">Pheidole floridana subsp. ares</taxonomicName>
Forel 1908c: 57,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ECF3E5CFDBAAE8DCA6B01CC58F9FC703">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Costa Rica);
<taxonomicName id="ADBCE7BF5AE22D28DD24EDA2D868532A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="jamaicensis">Pheidole punctatissima subsp. jamaicensis Wheeler</taxonomicName>
1908b: 161,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="AF8021D525782704CDCDC96DF9A5A962">n. syn.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Jamaica). Raised to species level in this monograph:
<taxonomicName id="21092F3E5DC019C4820909B204730135" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:181943" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole sospes Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole sospes Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sospes">sospes</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="436F4F872B7548C6B9CCFAD718892F6C" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="963C040DB9BD20E26010B0A4AC9A25B1" pageNumber="378">Types Naturhist. Mus. Wien.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9A5C2BD7F430E2822A7941A5F23DE357" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="64C7FEC7CBD73D5ABD4AEA793E506849" pageNumber="378">Etymology Eponymous.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="79F4893F0D3F8EC9EC9BD9FF9EEC7B15" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AB12891C1085B3D8F3CDA76907D55325" pageNumber="378">
Diagnosis An abundant, widespread member of the
<taxonomicName id="EE02CD1ECC6C9FE2BC4AB333BE6D7815" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33744" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens Roger" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole flavens Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">flavens</taxonomicName>
group easily distinguished by the following combination of traits. Major: slender body form; humerus very prominent and lobose (see especially in dorsal-oblique view); postpetiole spinose, from above, petiolar node thin and tapered in side view; postpetiolar node low in side view; anterior two-thirds of dorsum of head longitudinally carinulate, not rugoreticulate, and all but the occiput and central piece of the clypeus foveolate and opaque; entire mesosoma and waist foveolate and opaque; anterior half of central strip of first gastral tergite shagreened and opaque. Minor: slender body form; all of body except gastral venter and second to terminal gastral tergites foveolate and opaque; postpetiolar node in side view very depressed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="691377B3157128DF8C84F401EE30672C" type="description">
<paragraph id="2B88C61E11E9BA4DB83BF05A8EB1D004" lastPageNumber="379" pageNumber="378">
Longino (1997) has correctly observed that two forms of this species (or two closely related species) occur in Costa Rica: a rainforest understory form (&quot;
<taxonomicName id="4BDC3D0F2C22DFCA2B04E64D041B7946" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">anastasii</taxonomicName>
&quot;), with yellow minor workers, the occipital borders of which are convex with a weak median impression, and with majors possessing a foveolate occiput; and, coexisting with it in many places, a disturbed-habitat form (&quot; annectans &quot;), with yellow to brown minors, the occipital corners of which are more nearly straight and lack a median impression, and with majors possessing a shining occiput. I have now had the opportunity to examine extensive series from over all the range of
<taxonomicName id="64CD5B920B82D842E61661F823381E95" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, including the types of
<taxonomicName id="AA2B356E5DB4A2CFCA5DC3F381F8D89C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
and all the infraspecific described variants listed in the synonymy. Longino may be correct, that two sibling species exist under
<taxonomicName id="0E6C95DC78CF363347C9789E3D82E03C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, but the variation is complex and its meaning uncertain. Forest series do tend to have majors with mostly foveolate occiputs over all the range, and disturbed-habitat series majors with shiny occiputs, although in both ecotypes there is considerable variation in the width of the shiny strip at or near the extreme occipital border. Both forms exhibit color variation in the minor, tending toward light to dark brown in montane localities. And the variation in the minor occiput is overall subtle and apparently continuous, and poorly correlated with minor head shape or major occipital sculpturation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32018BAD1F88D3FFCAEDE1589EC3BDDF" pageNumber="379">
1 have taken the conservative course in this complicated matter of recognizing only the single species
<taxonomicName id="156F7FCCF064A85301D63090468335F3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, until more detailed collections and field studies are forthcoming. If the division noted by Longino proves to correspond to two distinct species, then the name
<taxonomicName id="C731372948F4274C512FB9C4CA028384" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="86576104A608D91112A6765FE911B1FD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">anastasii</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="12F192A0C9F885867592C07DC6B8270B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151498" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima insulana Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima insulana Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insulana">insulana</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="2535D15831E1F09F1ADF8492CD59ADA7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151315" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ares">ares</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="44700C16A2EF985FC5446AF3275A933E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antoniensis">antoniensis</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="76B82532D8A92573B6B1BA46F551A808" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
) applies to the disturbed-habitat species, and annectans (=
<taxonomicName id="82646DB49D407F71940BF3D8AABA3374" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151163" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnsoni">johnsoni</taxonomicName>
) applies to the forest species. I cannot determine the placement of
<taxonomicName id="BA42B2F4D4E2B5C6E82A6AD03A292DC7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8D9D3FAA45122E389F14574AFA024FD3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venezuelana">venezuelana</taxonomicName>
from my notes, but the relevance to nomenclature is moot. Although
<taxonomicName id="54F871572103CA1A1288265B6ABBC9DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venezuelana">venezuelana</taxonomicName>
was described the same year as annectans (1905), annectans was published at the earlier date (30 June 1905 versus 31 August 1905, for
<taxonomicName id="1499C315A3FAF31B80C307F0479DB291" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venezuelana">venezuelana</taxonomicName>
). All of the infraspecific variation deserves a careful study, with correlative ecological analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2DD36ED042AFC0BC068DFB938B047F49" pageNumber="379">Measurements (mm) Lectotype major: HW 0.90, HL 0.96, SL 0.44, EL 0.12, PW 0.46.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="381405DC3CB4A76B7589DD1D4F301638" pageNumber="379">color Major: body concolorous light brownish yellow; variation among series ranges from mostly yellow to medium brown. Similar variation in minors among series ranges from clear yellow to dark brown. Over most of the range (in both the forest and disturbed-habitat forms) color usually but not always varies with elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7AB6A1F396E362419FCC323EB48D4BEF" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C0998F95C7CC0865F1B3B9F43687DCE7" pageNumber="379">
Range From Nayarit, Veracruz, and Oaxaca in southern and western Mexico, through all of Central America to montane Colombia and Venezuela, and also the greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic) to the Bahamas. Occurs from near sea level variously to 450 m (as in Colombia), 1250 m (Costa Rica), 1450 m (Honduras), and 1100 m (Venezuela, Dominican Republic). Not known from the Lesser Antilles.
<taxonomicName id="7E7B92D09F2A7F0E7301FEE217E2343F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33747" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana Emery" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">P. floridana</taxonomicName>
may represent a northern geographic variant of
<taxonomicName id="851827653158B934883E6D89CF8D9093" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, or an endemic species modified by intergradation with a
<taxonomicName id="B80B5D5ACFD075D60D5DAF699F065801" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
immigrant population (q.v.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="827432E557A76DF4A2A54C01BB37AC4A" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="02688CC75F13231E44DDD0BDB0DE901B" pageNumber="379">
biology
<taxonomicName id="24182E010AF0BFB389BB00B7ED792E76" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, whether a single species as broadly conceived, or two or more sibling species (
<taxonomicName id="25C74FF29552B9BE199ACD7095AC154A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
, annectans) is a specialist on the low arboreal zone of forests and other habitats that offer similar marginal nest sites. As such it is extraordinarily adaptable in its choice of nest sites, and in Costa Rica at least, one of the most abundant of ant species. There, as John T. Longino (1997) has observed, &quot;Nests may be found in almost any kind of cavity or sheltered space, and [the ants] may augment their nest space by building galleries and tunnels with earthen construction. Nests have been observed in cavities in live stems of Cephaelis (Rubiaceae) and Pausandra trianae (Euphorbiaceae), bracts of Ischnosiphon (Marantaceae), clasping petiole bases of Araceae, and the bulbous leaf bases of Tillandsia bulbosa. It is a common opportunist inhabitant of myrmecophytes such as saplings of Cecropia, portions of myrmecophytic Ocotea trees abandoned by
<taxonomicName id="3D84BBDACE0A29753F74195C123B741D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24785" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmelachista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myrmelachista Roger" lsidName-HNS="Myrmelachista Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmelachista</taxonomicName>
, and myrmecophytic Piper species. In every Costa Rican population of myrmecophytic melastomes ... that have been observed (Corcorado, La Selva, Tortuguero), this species has been the most abundant inhabitant... The species also nests in dead sticks and branches on or above the forest floor, and under bark flaps on tree trunks. When nests are in myrmecophytic melastomes, carton galleries may occur on the outside, connecting pouches and extending down the stem to the ground.&quot; In rainforest at the La Selva Biological Station, near Puerto Viejo, 1 found
<taxonomicName id="599E86BD1E440464A81B855CFC78AFEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
to be the most common
<taxonomicName id="34E6D0ACD818AE33A9BCCA195345DD23" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole Westwood" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
a€� in fact virtually the only one a€� in the loose, dry leaf litter that collects in the leafbase baskets of small palms up to two meters or so from the ground.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="37B42873DB299015ACA55E432189F0BF" pageNumber="379">
According to Longino (1997), the colonies are apparently polygynous, and also occupy multiple nests. A colony from Monteverde, Costa Rica, that I maintained in the laboratory proved both prolific and extraordinarily restless, emigrating from one chamber of the nest to another, and even out of the nest into the foraging arena, when disturbed even slightly. Minor worker scouts rapidly recruited large numbers of majors and other minors to baits, which they collected or dragged into the nest with swift dispatch even for a
<taxonomicName id="DEA874ABD740A7DD8E4A6AB4FF38B98F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole Westwood" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
. Large dead insects were hoisted and carried cooperatively.
<taxonomicName id="A039832BB5F73FAF17924D7415D4F2A1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
evidently has a wide breeding season. Winged reproductives have been found in March, August, and December in Costa Rica; August in Honduras and Veracruz; June in Venezuela, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic; and October in Haiti.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8A029FE7F4593F5FDF6C2CAC9179FFC9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0ED3D429F592C86C329E5A6CA76C2556">
figure Upper: major. Lower: minor. COSTA RICA: Costa del Tablazo, 1500 m (syntypes of synonymous
<taxonomicName id="BE8BAF30979F0DA3D9E18A629B284BDF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151315" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ares">P. ares</taxonomicName>
Forel, compared with
<taxonomicName id="E0B1B93E92FE9764D73C1A746AF8A145" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
lectotype). (Type locality: Mexico.) Scale bars = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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