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<document id="982E75BAD5C72982E89959B2F4D40532" ID-CLB-Dataset="38706" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4128.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="553faca2-0799-4bbe-8b54-92960421d9c9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271800" ID-ZooBank="B4D2CD84-8994-4CEF-B647-3539C16B6502" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467029901498" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Frank H. Hennemann, Oskar V. Conle &amp; Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert" docDate="2016" docId="387F3068D335FF9FFF27E863211C1DA8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4128.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4128 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hesperophasmatini" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="C4464810D321FF84FFB0EE5724681D4F" masterDocTitle="Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)" masterLastPageNumber="211" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698664117947" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="965F5B2D6D0CC06E378778960C83F67C">Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XVI: Revision of Haplopodini Günther, 1953 (rev. stat.), with notes on the subfamily Cladomorphinae Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and the descriptions of a new tribe, four new genera and nine new species (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A6F179FF488ED70D66204CAD9BE6CF6A">Frank H. Hennemann</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="439CA47D3E2A3959C8F4581585E99531">Oskar V. Conle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1AA7F4E993421717950FB04015818A9">Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="44FEBAFE83DA03D2E552AA9699005716">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9E9A6DA7BA3B0A3DD5C854D56CD0FCDD">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D5798E1A9398FB4531F0AB14C5C8733A">4128</mods:number>
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<treatment id="387F3068D335FF9FFF27E863211C1DA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6084906" ID-GBIF-Taxon="121067773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6084906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:387F3068D335FF9FFF27E863211C1DA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/387F3068D335FF9FFF27E863211C1DA8" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<subSection id="D9599895D335FF9EFF27E86326001C2B" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D335FF90FF27E86326BA1B02" box="[151,722,1588,1613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E86326BA1B02" blockId="20.[151,722,1588,1649]" box="[151,722,1588,1613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading id="EB213612D335FF90FF27E86326BA1B02" bold="true" box="[151,722,1588,1613]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD335FF90FF27E86326BA1B02" bold="true" box="[151,722,1588,1613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
4.2.4.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FF6DE86325AE1B02" box="[221,454,1588,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FE7DE86326BA1B02" author="Bradley" box="[461,722,1588,1613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D335FF90FF27E80F25EA1B3E" box="[151,386,1624,1649]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E80F25EA1B3E" blockId="20.[151,722,1588,1649]" box="[151,386,1624,1649]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD335FF90FF2FE80F254F1B3E" box="[159,295,1624,1649]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 20 – 23" captionStart-1="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStart-2="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId-0="21.[151,264,1808,1830]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionStartId-2="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1434,195,1778]" captionTargetBox-1="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetBox-2="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1435,195,1787]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetId-2="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="26" captionText-0="FIGURES 20 – 23. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 20. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) ♀: captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - 39]; 21. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903 ♂: captive reared from Puerto Rico, Luquillo Experimental Forest [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 22. Hesperophasma planulum (Westwood, 1859) ♂: Dominican Republic, Province Barahona [USNM]; 23. Hesperophasma planulum (Westwood, 1859) ♀: Dominican Republic [MNCN]." captionText-1="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." captionText-2="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/271804/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 20–35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD335FF90FE82E80E25121B3E" box="[306,378,1625,1649]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">47–48</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D335FF90FF27E8F726121BF9" box="[151,634,1696,1718]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E8F726121BF9" blockId="20.[151,634,1696,1718]" box="[151,634,1696,1718]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD335FF90FF27E8F725721BF9" bold="true" box="[151,282,1696,1718]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Type-genus:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FE91E8F7261E1BF9" authority="Rehn, 1901: 271" authorityName="Rehn" authorityPageNumber="271" authorityYear="1901" box="[289,630,1696,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD335FF90FE91E8F725AD1BF9" box="[289,453,1696,1718]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hesperophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FE7BE8F7262B1BF9" author="Rehn" box="[459,579,1696,1718]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. (1901) Some necessary changes and corrections in names of Orthoptera. Canadian Entomologist, 33, 271 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33271 - 10" type="journal article" year="1901">Rehn, 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 271
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D335FF90FF27E889260B1AE3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E889265C1A5D" blockId="20.[151,930,1758,1964]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FF27E88925331BBB" box="[151,347,1758,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FED1E889262E1BBB" author="Bradley" box="[353,582,1758,1780]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 188 (in part).
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FF27E8AB25BC1A5D" authority="Karny, 1923: 237" authorityName="Karny" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,468,1788,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladoxerinae">
Cladoxerinae
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FE94E8AA25CC1A5D" author="Karny" box="[292,420,1788,1810]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Karny, H. H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Treubia, 3, 230 - 242." type="journal article" year="1923">Karny, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</taxonomicName>
(in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E94C26281A1F" blockId="20.[151,930,1758,1964]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FF27E94C255F1A7E" ID-CoL="8PS3P" box="[151,311,1819,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapheromerini">Diapheromerini</taxonomicName>
“
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FEF9E94C25D81A7E" ID-CoL="8NPQX" box="[329,432,1819,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" genus="Clonistria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD335FF90FEF9E94C25D81A7E" box="[329,432,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Clonistria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group”
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FDB4E94B26F11A7E" author="Zompro" box="[516,665,1819,1841]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Zompro, O. (2001) A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The New World genera of the stick insect subfamily Diapheromeridae: Diapheromerinae = Heteronemiidae: Heteronemiinae sensu Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 108 (1), 189 - 255. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 79626" type="journal article" year="2001">Zompro, 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 228 (in part). Haplopodini
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FEACE96D25D81A1F" author="Gunther" box="[284,432,1850,1872]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 557 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E90F26C91AC2" blockId="20.[151,930,1758,1964]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD335FF90FF27E90F25411A21" ID-CoL="8QQMX" box="[151,297,1880,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phibalosomini">Phibalosomini</taxonomicName>
(Sectio V: Phibalosomata),
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FDF5E90F277A1A21" author="Redtenbacher" box="[581,786,1880,1902]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 399 (in part). Phibalosominae, Shelford, 1908: 343, 355 (in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED335FF90FF27E9C1260B1AE3" blockId="20.[151,930,1758,1964]" box="[151,611,1942,1964]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Phibalosomatinae,
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD335FF90FEE7E9C025881AE3" author="Moxey" box="[343,480,1942,1964]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 44 (in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E4A9D1F6D334FF91FF27E94721E91ACD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271804/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1434,195,1778]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="B069817ED334FF91FF27E94721E91ACD" blockId="21.[151,1436,1808,1922]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FF27E947253C1A69" bold="true" box="[151,340,1808,1830]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURES 20–23.</emphasis>
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD334FF91FE26E94726321A69" box="[406,602,1808,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977.
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FCFFE94727071A69" bold="true" box="[847,879,1808,1830]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD334FF91FCC5E946208E1A69" authority="Saussure, 1868" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1868" box="[885,1254,1808,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerini">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FCC5E946205D1A69" box="[885,1077,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lamponius guerini</emphasis>
(Saussure, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
♀: captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084-39];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FD7CE97826841A0A" bold="true" box="[716,748,1839,1861]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD334FF91FD42E96720001A0A" authority="Rehn, 1903" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1903" box="[754,1128,1839,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FD42E96727871A0A" box="[754,1007,1840,1861]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Lamponius portoricensis</emphasis>
Rehn, 1903
</taxonomicName>
♂: captive reared from Puerto Rico, Luquillo Experimental Forest [coll. FH, No. 0467-6];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FCB7E919274F1A2B" bold="true" box="[775,807,1870,1892]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD334FF91FC80E91921681A2B" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[816,1280,1870,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planulum">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FC80E91920541A2B" box="[816,1084,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hesperophasma planulum</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
♂: Dominican Republic, Province Barahona [USNM];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FD9EE93B26261ACD" bold="true" box="[558,590,1900,1922]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD334FF91FDE4E93B20761ACD" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[596,1054,1900,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planulum">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD334FF91FDE4E93B27351ACD" box="[596,861,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Hesperophasma planulum</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
♀: Dominican Republic [MNCN].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A9D1F6D337FF92FF27EADE25711839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="B069817ED337FF92FF27EADE25711839" blockId="22.[151,1436,1161,1398]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FF27EADE253C19D0" bold="true" box="[151,340,1161,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURES 24–30.</emphasis>
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FE27EADE263319D0" box="[407,603,1161,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977.
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FCE2EADE271A19D0" bold="true" box="[850,882,1161,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FCC8EADD208219D0" authority="Saussure, 1868" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1868" box="[888,1258,1161,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerini">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FCC8EADD205119D0" box="[888,1081,1162,1183]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lamponius guerini</emphasis>
(Saussure, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084-E];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FC16EAFF27AE19F1" bold="true" box="[934,966,1192,1214]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FC7CEAFE211819F1" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[972,1392,1192,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FC7CEAFE20C219F1" box="[972,1194,1193,1214]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Agamemnon cornutus</emphasis>
(Burmeister, 1838)
</taxonomicName>
egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589-E];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FC6CEA9027931992" bold="true" box="[988,1019,1223,1245]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FBB2EA9021F41992" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[1026,1436,1223,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FBB2EA9020A31992" box="[1026,1227,1223,1245]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhynchacris ornata</emphasis>
Redtenbacher, 1908
</taxonomicName>
egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134-E];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FB98EAB2202019B4" bold="true" box="[1064,1096,1253,1275]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FBFEEAB024BA1855" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scythrus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FBFEEAB0217519B4" box="[1102,1309,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hypocyrtus scythrus</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638-E];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FB1CEB5320A31855" bold="true" box="[1196,1227,1284,1306]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FB63EB53250E1876" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FB63EB5321F41855" box="[1235,1436,1284,1306]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhynchacris ornata</emphasis>
Redtenbacher, 1908
</taxonomicName>
♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134-12];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FBB9EB7420411876" bold="true" box="[1033,1065,1315,1337]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">29.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FB84EB7320F21876" box="[1076,1178,1316,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FB84EB7320F21876" box="[1076,1178,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">R. ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134-12];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FDBEEB1526461817" bold="true" box="[526,558,1346,1368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FD84EB1427AC1817" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[564,964,1346,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scythrus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FD84EB14276C1817" box="[564,772,1346,1368]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hypocyrtus scythrus</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638-1].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D337FF93FF27EBF727B61F57" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B069817ED337FF92FF27EBF721FE1BB2" blockId="22.[151,1437,1440,2005]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FF27EBF725A918F6" bold="true" box="[151,449,1440,1465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Differentiation (
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D337FF92FEE6EBF725DA18F6" box="[342,434,1440,1465]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="31.[151,239,535,558]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,592,1908]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Haplopodini, Pterinoxylini n. trib. and Hesperophasmatini." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D33EFF9BFF27EC4020591F61" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D33EFF9BFF27EC4020591F61">Table 2</tableCitation>
):
</emphasis>
Close relation to Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FC92EBF7271C18F6" bold="true" box="[802,884,1440,1465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">n. trib.</emphasis>
and Haplopodini is obvious and a detailed but as yet provisional differentiation from these two tribes is presented in
<tableCitation id="FD54B4C5D337FF92FC70EB9320741892" box="[960,1052,1476,1501]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="31.[151,239,535,558]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,592,1908]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Haplopodini, Pterinoxylini n. trib. and Hesperophasmatini." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E4A9D1F6D33EFF9BFF27EC4020591F61" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="E4A9D1F6D33EFF9BFF27EC4020591F61">Table 2</tableCitation>
. These three tribes are likely to represent a monophyletic clade that differs from
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FD72EBBF27151B4E" box="[706,893,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FC34EBBE207B1B4F" box="[900,1043,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">sensu stricto</emphasis>
by a number of characters (→ see above). The differentiation can at this point only be provisional and deserves considerably more research, since the authors have at hand several as yet undescribed genera and species that would need to be incorporated for providing a sufficient and satisfying differential diagnosis (→ see comments below). Eggs of the currently known genera readily differ from both these tribes by the distinct hairy structures of the capsule and operculum (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD337FF92FAD4E82F24891BFA" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 24–27</figureCitation>
), but eggs of some of the as yet undescribed taxa have almost entirely smooth capsules. A character that is unique within this clade and the entire
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FDF5E89727681B96" box="[581,768,1728,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
is the secondary beak-like ovipositor in ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FAA0E89625421BB2" authority="Moxey, 1971" authorityName="Moxey" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FAA0E89621F41B97" box="[1296,1436,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Agamemnon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD337FF92FF27E8B225421BB2" author="Moxey" box="[151,298,1765,1789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FEEFE8B326BA1BB2" authority="Redtenbacher, 1906" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1906" box="[351,722,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FEEFE8B325831BB2" box="[351,491,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
Redtenbacher, 1906
</taxonomicName>
, which is formed by an elongated subgenital plate and epiproct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED337FF93FF77E95F274E1C2A" blockId="22.[151,1437,1440,2005]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The most obvious characters that distinguish
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FD6AE95F27DA1A6E" box="[730,946,1800,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
from Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FB2BE95F20981A6E" bold="true" box="[1179,1264,1800,1825]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">n. trib.</emphasis>
are: the much smaller size (body lengths: ♀♀ 33.0–94.0 mm, ♂♂ 24.5–90.0 mm); more robust and stocky body (♀♀ in particular); rather rectangular cross-section of the profemora (distinctly triangular with the anterodorsal strongly raised in Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FE18E92325971AC2" bold="true" box="[424,511,1908,1933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">n. trib.</emphasis>
); not broadly expanded and lamellate dorsal carinae of the protibiae and not displaced medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora of both sexes. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF92FB3DE9CF210D1AFE" box="[1165,1381,1944,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
lack developed tegmina or alae in ♀♀ and at best have very small and scale-like rudiments of alae in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD337FF93FAABE9EA25161DFF" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" order="Phasmida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD337FF92FAABE9EA21F41A9B" box="[1307,1436,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FF27EEC025161DFF" author="Redtenbacher" box="[151,382,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Males are either apterous, brachypterous or have fully developed alae. The presence of sensory areas on the probasisternum and/or profurcasternum (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD336FF93FCEEEEEB278F1D9B" box="[862,999,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 28–30</figureCitation>
) is shared with Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FAF0EEEB21FD1D9A" bold="true" box="[1344,1429,188,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n. trib.</emphasis>
, which is likely to be a synapomorphy of Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FCB4EE88273F1DB7" bold="true" box="[772,855,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">n. trib.</emphasis>
+
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FCC7EE88203B1DB7" box="[887,1107,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. This would support a sistergroup relationship between these two tribes and distinguishes both from their possible sister-group, the Haplopodini (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD336FF93FE86EF7025F31C0F" box="[310,411,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
). The lack of a gula In
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD06EF7027E61C0F" box="[694,910,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
might be an autapomorphy but this deserves evaluation since this character is shared with Haplopodini.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED336FF93FF77EF2727B61F57" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
From Haplopodini members of this tribe at once differ by: the generally more robust body and shorter legs (♀♀ in particular); presence of rough sensory areas on the probasisternum and/or profurcasternum (exception
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27EFEE25C91C9F" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,417,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FF27EFEE257C1C9F" box="[151,276,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lamponius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FE93EFE025C91C9F" author="Stal" box="[291,417,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); generally more elongate antennomeres, and more rectangular cross-section of the profemora (± triangular in Haplopodini). Males of the currently known genera furthermore differ by being mostly brown or grey, while those of Haplopodini are often very colourful insects.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D336FF9CFF77EC7320A519A7" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B069817ED336FF93FF77EC7320EE1E77" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FF77EC7325391F72" bold="true" box="[199,337,548,573]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Comments:</emphasis>
No detailed and definite diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD4DEC7327BD1F72" box="[765,981,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
is presented here, since it appears as yet premature. The authors have at hand a large number of new species and even new genera mostly from Hispaniola, whose description will be the subject of forthcoming publications. Several of these new taxa exhibit characters, which deserve comprehensive examination and evaluation and will change our present view of current
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27ECE325071F82" box="[151,367,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
in various aspects. Hence, any diagnosis would now only be preliminary and cause more confusion instead of supporting the actual systematic position and clarifying the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27ECAB25071E5A" box="[151,367,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FDC4ECAB275A1E5A" box="[628,818,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
. Some morphological features of the seven currently recognized genera however warrant a more detailed discussion, which is presented below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED336FF93FF77ED13278D195F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FF77ED1326671E13" author="Bradley" box="[199,527,836,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79 (2), 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil (1977: 188)</bibRefCitation>
established
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD2EED13271E1E12" box="[670,886,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
to replace Haplopodini
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FB3FED13215D1E12" author="Gunther" box="[1167,1333,836,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FAF2ED1225731ECF" author="Zompro" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 135)</bibRefCitation>
removed the genera
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FDB8ED3027F91ECF" authority="Rehn &amp; Hebard, 1938" authorityName="Rehn &amp; Hebard" authorityYear="1938" box="[520,913,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Aploploides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FDB8ED3026E51ECF" box="[520,653,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Aploploides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FD26ED3027F91ECF" author="Rehn" box="[662,913,871,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. &amp; Hebard, M. (1938) New genera and species of West Indian Mantidae and Phasmidae (Orthoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 64, 33 - 55, pls. 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1938">Rehn &amp; Hebard, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC2EED3020BD1ECF" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[926,1237,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Haplopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FC2EED3020631ECF" box="[926,1035,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Haplopus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FBA3ED3020BD1ECF" author="Burmeister" box="[1043,1237,871,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. II. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 553 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FABCED30257B1EEA" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Diapherodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FABCED3021F41ECF" box="[1292,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diapherodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FF27EDDB257B1EEA" author="Gray" box="[151,275,908,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Gray, G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp." type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and erroneously placed them in the tribe
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD52EDDB273B1EEA" box="[738,851,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cranidiini">Cranidiini</taxonomicName>
(→ 4.2.3). The genera
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FBE8EDDB21F01EEB" authority="Rehn, 1901" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1901" box="[1112,1432,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FBE8EDDB21651EEA" box="[1112,1293,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hesperophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FAA4EDDB21F01EEB" author="Rehn" box="[1300,1432,908,933]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. (1901) Some necessary changes and corrections in names of Orthoptera. Canadian Entomologist, 33, 271 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33271 - 10" type="journal article" year="1901">Rehn, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27EDE625CD1E87" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,421,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FF27EDE6257C1E87" box="[151,276,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lamponius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FE95EDF825CD1E87" author="Stal" box="[293,421,943,968]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE0BEDF8272C1E87" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[443,836,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FE0BEDF8262F1E87" box="[443,583,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FDE9EDF8272C1E87" author="Redtenbacher" box="[601,836,943,968]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC21EDE620D71E87" authority="Moxey, 1971" authorityName="Moxey" authorityYear="1971" box="[913,1215,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Taraxippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FC21EDE620661E87" box="[913,1038,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Taraxippus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FB90EDE720D71E87" author="Moxey" box="[1056,1215,944,968]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were retained in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27ED8325071EA2" box="[151,367,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FE12ED8226FA1EA3" author="Zompro" box="[418,658,980,1004]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
, who however omitted
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC19ED8320B11EA3" authority="Moxey, 1971" authorityName="Moxey" authorityYear="1971" box="[937,1241,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FC19ED83205D1EA4" box="[937,1077,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Agamemnon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FBF1ED8220B11EA3" author="Moxey" box="[1089,1241,980,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and erroneously synonymised
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE82EDAE26F0195F" authority="Redtenabcher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenabcher" authorityYear="1908" box="[306,664,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FE82EDAE25DB195F" box="[306,435,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
Redtenabcher, 1908
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD68EDAE273C195F" box="[728,852,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FD68EDAE273C195F" box="[728,852,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lamponius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED336FF93FF77EA4B20141837" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Examination has shown the monotypical genus
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD46EA4B200C197B" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[758,1124,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Laciphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FD46EA4B271D197A" box="[758,885,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Laciphorus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FC31EA4B200C197B" author="Redtenbacher" box="[897,1124,1052,1077]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FAACEA4B26291917" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 351" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="351" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Laciphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobulatus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FAACEA4B24971917" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Laciphorus lobulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FEA1EA6826681917" author="Redtenbacher" box="[273,512,1087,1112]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 351
</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED336FF93FD14EA1726B01918" box="[676,728,1088,1111]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Peru</collectingCountry>
is not a member of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC4CEA6820BC1917" box="[1020,1236,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
but belongs in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27EA3325361932" box="[151,350,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diapheromerinae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FEDBEA3326771932" box="[363,543,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapheromerini">Diapheromerini</taxonomicName>
, hence is here removed from
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FCCCEA33203C1932" box="[892,1108,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(→ 8.3). A redescription of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27EAD0257F19EF" box="[151,279,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Laciphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FF27EAD0257F19EF" box="[151,279,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Laciphorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a discussion of its systematic position within
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC32EAD0205B19EF" box="[898,1075,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Diapheromeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapheromerini">Diapheromerini</taxonomicName>
by the authors is in progress (Hennemann &amp; Conle, in preparation). The monotypical
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FCD4EAFA2005198B" authority="Kirby, 1904" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1904" box="[868,1133,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Tersomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FCD4EAFA27A3198B" box="[868,971,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tersomia</emphasis>
Kirby, 1904
</taxonomicName>
(Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FA84EAFA25CD19A7" authority="Kirby, 1904" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Tersomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FA84EAFA257019A7" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tersomia brasiliensis</emphasis>
Kirby, 1904
</taxonomicName>
) from
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED336FF93FE42EA98265E19A7" box="[498,566,1231,1256]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Brazil</collectingCountry>
is obviously misplaced and here removed from
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FBE2EA98214619A7" box="[1106,1326,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. Females, the only sex known, are large and very slender, typically stick-like insects with a long, spatulate subgenital plate, a very short median segment, very long and slender, unarmed legs and a pair of horns between the eyes. These features as well as the remarkably short antennae, which consist of no more than 23 segments, and morphology of the genitalia place
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FED9EB3625B81837" box="[361,464,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Tersomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FED9EB3625B81837" box="[361,464,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tersomia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE44EB0826C31837" box="[500,683,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Heteronemiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heteronemiidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD06EB0827051837" box="[694,877,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Heteronemiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteronemiinae">Heteronemiinae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FCC8EB08207D1837" box="[888,1045,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Heteronemiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Paraleptyniini">Paraleptyniini</taxonomicName>
(→ 8.3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED336FF9CFF77EBD326891C9F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,1328]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Although lacking an area apicalis,
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FDEEEBD2272218D3" author="Zompro" box="[606,842,1412,1436]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
transferred
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC68EBD320D818D2" box="[984,1200,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
from the anareolate
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27EBF02541188F" box="[151,297,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE85EBF02598188F" box="[309,496,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
to the areolate
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD12EBF027EC188F" box="[674,900,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC20EBF02055188F" box="[912,1085,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
. The author stated they simply represented derived
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FECBEB9B264018AA" box="[379,552,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
, in which the area apicalis is reduced, and postulated
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FB36EB9B213618AA" box="[1158,1374,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
were a subordinate taxon of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE11EBB826261B47" box="[417,590,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
. However, the very few features on which
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FBF0EBA721411B47" author="Zompro" box="[1088,1321,1520,1544]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
based his action appear arbitrary (e.g. “eggs bullet-shaped”, “interodorsal carina of the protibiae lamelliform” and “mid- and hind legs agree completely”). Indeed, some
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD31E86027311B1F" box="[641,857,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
resemble certain representatives of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FB5BE86021F11B1F" box="[1259,1433,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27E80B25471B3A" box="[151,303,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
at first glance, but presuming a close relation between these two tribes mostly based on convergences such as a similar general resemblance, basally curved and compressed profemora (a character widely distributed throughout the entire
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE25E8F326411BF2" box="[405,553,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmatodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Phasmatodea</taxonomicName>
and also typical for all members of the family
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FBD0E8F320851BF2" box="[1120,1261,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
and subfamily
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27E890253A1BAF" box="[151,338,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
respectively) and trapezoidal meso- and metafemora is the result of superficial examination. The fact that
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF4DE8BB25FD1A4A" box="[253,405,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FE6AE8BB273E1A4B" authority="Audinet-Serville, 1838" authorityName="Audinet-Serville" authorityYear="1838" box="[474,854,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Creoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FE6AE8BB26231A4A" box="[474,587,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Creoxylus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FDE4E8BB273E1A4B" author="Audinet-Serville" box="[596,854,1772,1797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1838) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres. Vol. 18. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 776 pp." type="book" year="1838">Audinet-Serville, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC30E8BB20AB1A4B" authority="Zompro, 2004" authorityName="Zompro" authorityYear="2004" box="[896,1219,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Xylospinodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FC30E8BB207E1A4A" box="[896,1046,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Xylospinodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FBAEE8BA20AB1A4B" author="Zompro" box="[1054,1219,1772,1796]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) of similar habitus occur in geographically close regions or even in the same habitats as certain
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FC47E95820A71A67" box="[1015,1231,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FAA0E95821F41A67" box="[1296,1436,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD336FF93FAA0E95821F41A67" box="[1296,1436,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Central
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED336FF93FEBCE96325071A02" box="[268,367,1844,1869]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">America</collectingCountry>
) is not at all surprising. It merely shows the “similar resemblance” discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD336FF93FB42E96224A21A3F" author="Zompro" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
are convergent developments caused by similar or identical evolutional pressure in the common habitats of these taxa. Detailed examination and comparison of several representatives from both groups undertaken in the course of this work have revealed numerous morphological characters of the insects and eggs that clearly separate
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FF27E99325071A92" box="[151,367,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
not only from
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FD92E99326A41A92" box="[546,716,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
but from the entire family
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD336FF93FBBBE99320831A92" box="[1035,1259,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
. This is clearly supported by phylogenetic studies based on external morphology (Bradler, 2009: 99) and molecular data (
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFA8FEEC025751D9B" author="Whiting" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Whiting, M. F., Bradler, S. &amp; Maxwell, T. (2003) Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects. Nature, 421, 264 - 267. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 01313" type="journal article" year="2003">
Whiting
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF27EEEA24B91D9A" box="[151,209,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
, 2003
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFE9AEEEB267D1D9B" author="Buckley" box="[298,533,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D. &amp; Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055 - 1062. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552" type="journal article" year="2009">
Buckley
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFE20EEEA25A21D9A" box="[400,458,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFD92EEEB27781D9B" author="Buckley" box="[546,784,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D., Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Bradler, S. (2010) The phylogenetic placement and biogeographical origins of the New Zealand stick insects (Phasmatodea). Systematic Entomology, 35, 207 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009.00505. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Buckley
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFD39EEEA26AB1D9A" box="[649,707,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). Bradler (2009: 99) furthermore stated that he could not find any synapomorphies that
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE5FEEB6268E1DB7" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[495,742,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFE5FEEB626041DB7" box="[495,620,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lamponius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFDC4EE88268E1DB7" author="Stal" box="[628,742,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(the only genus of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFC75EE8820F51DB7" box="[965,1181,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
this author examined) had in common with genera of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE47EF5326C81C52" box="[503,672,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
and that none of the apomorphies of the family
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB0FEF5321F41C52" box="[1215,1436,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
were present in this
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE3CEF70260C1C0F" box="[396,612,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
genus. Consequently, Zompro's placement of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB38EF7021081C0F" box="[1160,1376,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
as a subordinate taxon of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE39EF1B26021C2A" box="[393,618,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFDC7EF1B27491C2A" box="[631,801,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
cannot be supported and the tribe is here re-transferred back to
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF4DEF3825D31CC7" box="[253,443,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
, where it was originally placed by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFCC0EF38200E1CC7" author="Gunther" box="[880,1126,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 557)</bibRefCitation>
. In fact, close relation to Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFE9FEFC325E91CE2" bold="true" box="[303,385,404,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n. trib.</emphasis>
and Haplopodini is obvious and the most important characters that support the position within
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27EFE0253A1C9F" box="[151,338,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
are discussed in more detail below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9CFF77EF8B27B31FCA" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF77EF8B25F71CBA" box="[199,415,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
is a principally Antillean taxon, with only two genera represented in Central
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFA8CEF8B21F41CBA" box="[1340,1436,476,501]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF10EC5626651F57" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[160,525,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF10EC5625491F57" box="[160,289,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFE9BEFA826651F57" author="Redtenbacher" box="[299,525,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFDFBEFA827A01F57" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[587,968,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFDFBEFA826BF1F57" box="[587,727,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFD52EFA827A01F57" author="Redtenbacher" box="[738,968,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). The vast number of taxa is distributed througout the West Indies and as yet only a fraction of the tribe's true diversity is known. The authors have at hand numerous new species and genera mostly from Hispaniola, which multiply the number of currently known taxa. No representatives of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFED4EC3B26541FCA" box="[356,572,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
are so far known from
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFCF3EC3B27BE1FCA" box="[835,982,620,645]" name="Bahamas" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9CFF77ECD820A519A7" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The northernmost distributed representative of this tribe, the Central American
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFBE9ECC620B21FE7" box="[1113,1242,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFBE9ECC620B21FE7" box="[1113,1242,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deserves special mention, since the genital morphology of ♂♂ differs considerably from that of all other members of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27EC80251B1FBF" box="[151,371,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. While there is a well-developed and sclerotized vomer (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD339FF9CFBAEEC8020C21FBF" box="[1054,1194,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs. 31–33</figureCitation>
) in ♂♂ of all other currently known genera, it is strongly reduced or missing and concealed by the paraprocts (= sternum XI) in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27ED7625701E77" box="[151,280,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF27ED7625701E77" box="[151,280,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFE97ED7727741E77" author="Hennemann" box="[295,796,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2012) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XIV: revisions of the Central American genera Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 and Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Xerosomatinae: Hesperophasmatini). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 21 (1), 65 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.021.0106" type="journal article" year="2012">
Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2012: 66, see
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD339FF9CFD77ED4827741E77" box="[711,796,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, the anal segment is much more tectiform than in the other genera and has the interior portions of the posterior margin facing each other and armed with prominent in-curving spines (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD339FF9CFE4FED3026351ECF" box="[511,605,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). In all other genera, which do have a well-developed vomer, the posteromedian portion is merely incised and interiorly set with a variable number of small denticles. These striking genital differences are particularly remarkable, since the ♀♀ genitalia perfectly match with those of other
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27ED8325071EA2" box="[151,367,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
as does the insect and egg-morphology. Despite these striking differences of the external ♂♂ genital morphology and other obvious distinguishing features
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFCC9EDAF2002195F" author="Zompro" box="[889,1130,1016,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 140)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously synonymised
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27EA4A2570197B" box="[151,280,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF27EA4A2570197B" box="[151,280,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the exclusively Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFDCFEA4A2693197B" box="[639,763,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFDCFEA4A2693197B" box="[639,763,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lamponius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This misinterpretation was corrected by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFB7AEA4B21F0197B" author="Eilmus" box="[1226,1432,1052,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Eilmus, S. (2009) Hypocyrtus vittatus (Westwood, 1859) - Biologie, Haltung und Zucht. Arthropoda, 17 (1), 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="2009">Eilmus (2009: 30)</bibRefCitation>
, who re-established
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFEC9EA1626691917" box="[377,513,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFEC9EA1625961917" box="[377,510,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypocyrtus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This was confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFC94EA17201B1917" author="Hennemann" box="[804,1139,1087,1112]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2012) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XIV: revisions of the Central American genera Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 and Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Xerosomatinae: Hesperophasmatini). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 21 (1), 65 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.021.0106" type="journal article" year="2012">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, who provided a detailed revision of the genus at the species-level. The Central American
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFCD6EA33279A1932" box="[870,1010,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFCD6EA33279A1932" box="[870,1010,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Antillean
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB0FEA3321231934" box="[1215,1355,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFB0FEA3321231934" box="[1215,1355,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Agamemnon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only two genera whose ♀♀ exhibit a beak-like secondary ovipositor, that is formed by the elongated subgenital plate and an elongated epiproct. The eggs of both genera are more elongate and bullet-shaped than those of other genera and instead of simply being dropped to the ground are laid into a substrate (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD339FF9CFB87EA9820A919A7" box="[1079,1217,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figs. 25–26</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D339FF9CFF77EAA32617187F" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9CFF77EAA32617187F" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF77EAA3250A1842" bold="true" box="[199,354,1268,1293]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution:</emphasis>
West Indies (excluding
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFD30EAA326801842" box="[640,744,1268,1293]" name="Bahamas" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
) and Central
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFC3BEAA327861842" box="[907,1006,1268,1293]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
, ranging from Central
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFB4BEAA321381842" box="[1275,1360,1268,1293]" name="Mexico" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mexico</collectingCountry>
as far south as the northern portions of
<collectingCountry id="C8C1C1EED339FF9CFDB9EB402613187F" box="[521,635,1303,1328]" name="Colombia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Colombia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D339FF9EFF27EB0826001C2B" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9CFF27EB08273918D2" blockId="24.[151,1437,1375,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Below is a more detailed discussion of certain important characters, which distinguish and clearly exclude
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27EBD3250718D2" box="[151,367,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE04EBD326FD18D2" box="[436,661,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFD2FEBD3272518D2" box="[671,845,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9CFF77EBF021E31B3A" blockId="24.[151,1437,1375,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF77EBF025F0188F" bold="true" box="[199,408,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1. Area apicalis:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFE17EBFF26F4188F" author="Zompro" box="[423,668,1448,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
stated that
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFC85EBF02065188F" box="[821,1037,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
strikingly “resemble” species of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27EB9B252D18AA" box="[151,325,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFEFFEB9B258218AA" box="[335,490,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
, and that the lack of an area apicalis on the tibiae was the only significant difference between these two tribes. The author postulated the area apicalis was merely reduced and hence interpreted the lack of this structure as an autapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFDD4E84327281B62" box="[612,832,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
. However, as not only
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFBFAE843209E1B62" box="[1098,1270,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
, but the entire family
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF56E86025AB1B1F" box="[230,451,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
have a distinct area apicalis on all three tibiae and there are no transitions between these two extremes,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFE8BE80B267B1B3A" box="[315,531,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
is, based solely on this feature, most unlikely to belong in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB17E80B21E01B3A" box="[1191,1416,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED339FF9DFF77E828276A1DB7" blockId="24.[151,1437,1375,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFF77E82825DB1BD7" bold="true" box="[199,435,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">2. Genitalia (♀♀):</emphasis>
The genitalia of ♀♀ of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFCB3E82827B31BD7" box="[771,987,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
differ fundamentally from those of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27E8F325291BF2" box="[151,321,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
by having a distinctly keeled, scoop-like subgenital plate, which is tapered towards the apex and ± distinctly projects over the apex of the abdomen. Two genera (
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFC38E89F207C1B90" box="[904,1044,1736,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFC38E89F207C1B90" box="[904,1044,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Agamemnon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFBE5E89020891BAF" box="[1109,1249,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFBE5E89020891BAF" box="[1109,1249,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) even have the epiproct conspicuously elongated to form a beak-like secondary ovipositor together with the elongated subgenital plate. Very different specializations of the ♀ ovipositor are observed in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFC6BE95820E01A67" box="[987,1160,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
. The subgenital plate is either strongly reduced, very small and scale-shaped (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFC90E96320571A02" authority="Stal, 1875" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1875" box="[800,1087,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Acanthoclonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFC90E96327AC1A02" box="[800,964,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Acanthoclonia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9CFC7BE96320571A02" author="Stal" box="[971,1087,1844,1869]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFBF9E96321F81A03" authority="Uvarov, 1940" authorityName="Uvarov" authorityYear="1940" box="[1097,1424,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Metriophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFBF9E96320851A02" box="[1097,1261,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Metriophasma</emphasis>
Uvarov, 1940
</taxonomicName>
), or slender, ± tube-like and down-curving with the lower gonapophyses enlarged and sclerotized (e.g. certain species of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFEAAE92B25E21ADA" box="[282,394,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Creoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD339FF9CFEAAE92B25E21ADA" box="[282,394,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Creoxylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) forming a conspicuous derived appendicular ovipositor. The gonoplacs are lacking in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFF27E9F7251A1AF6" box="[151,370,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
, while they are present and often conspicuously enlarged in representatives of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB42E9F7251C1A93" authority="(Bradler, 2009: 99)" baseAuthorityName="Bradler" baseAuthorityPageNumber="99" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae (Bradler, 2009: 99)</taxonomicName>
. All mentioned features do not at all support the treatment of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD339FF9CFB8CE993217C1A92" box="[1084,1300,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD339FF9DFAF2E99225751DFF" author="Zompro" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
. Instead, the elongated subgenital plate and lack of gonoplacs are shared with Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFAACEEC021051DFF" bold="true" box="[1308,1389,151,176]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n. trib.</emphasis>
and Haplopodini and hence clearly prove the very close relation to these two tribes, which together form a supposedly monophyletic clade within
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFE78EE8826EB1DB7" box="[456,643,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cladomorphinae">Cladomorphinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFD22EE88269D1DB7" box="[658,757,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED338FF9DFF7DEF5325D31F83" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF7DEF5325CC1C52" bold="true" box="[205,420,260,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">3. Genitalia (♂♂):</emphasis>
Also the genital morphology of ♂♂ of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFCEEEF53205E1C52" box="[862,1078,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
differs fundamentally from that of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF06EF70253A1C0F" box="[182,338,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFECDEF70267D1C0F" box="[381,533,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
the anal segment is more or less distinctly tectiform and has the posteromedian portion sub-fissately divided with the bounding lips facing each other, labiately thickened and on their interior surfaces with several small in-curving teeth. The vomer is strongly reduced and missing (see Bradler, 2009: 99, figs. 22b–d). In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFE0BEFC326FB1CE2" box="[443,659,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
have the anal segment flattened and the thorn-pads at the posterior margin directed downward. The vomer is well developed, sclerotized and appearing as a roundly triangular plate usually with a single, prominent hook-like apex (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFD0CEF8B272C1CBB" box="[700,836,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 31–33</figureCitation>
, also see Bradler, 2009: 99, fig. 22a). An exception is represented by
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFEF5EC5625AE1F57" box="[325,454,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFEF5EC5625AE1F57" box="[325,454,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
whose genital morphology resembles members of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFBBEEFA820CE1F57" box="[1038,1190,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
by the tectiform anal segment and reduced vomer (see above,
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFD06EC7327251F72" box="[694,845,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 36" captionStartId="26.[151,264,1331,1353]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[152,1435,411,1309]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 36. Tribes Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂. 31. Lamponius portoricensis Rehn, 1903: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467 - 6]; 32. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589 - 6]; 33. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 32]; 34. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 35. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859): caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 7]; 36. Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588 - 7]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 34–35</figureCitation>
). However this genus perfectly matches with
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27EC1025071F2F" box="[151,367,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
in every other aspect. These striking morphological differences of the genitalia also do not support the systematic placement of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFDFBEC3B274B1FCA" box="[587,803,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFC63EC3A20AD1FCB" author="Zompro" box="[979,1221,620,644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
, but instead show remarkable affinity to Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFD84ECD826E01FE7" bold="true" box="[564,648,655,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n. trib.</emphasis>
and Haplopodini and confirm the close relation to these three tribes here suggested (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFEFCECE325C71F83" box="[332,431,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 409" captionStartId="210.[151,264,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@210.[151,1436,193,1499]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="FIGURES 409. Possible relationships within the subfamily Cladomorphinae sensu lato. The tree shown above is merely meant to visualise the possible relationships here suggested. It does not restrict to defining apomorphies for each clade or taxon, but also uses key-features that are helpful for distinction. Hence, it should not be interpreted as a strict phylogenetic cladogramm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 409</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED338FF9DFF77EC80251C1B63" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF77EC8025FB1FBF" bold="true" box="[199,403,727,752]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">4. Sensory areas:</emphasis>
Most of the currently known genera of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFCEBEC80205B1FBF" box="[859,1075,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(exceptions are
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB5FEC8E21041FBF" box="[1263,1388,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFB5FEC8E21041FBF" box="[1263,1388,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lamponius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27ECAA257C1E5B" box="[151,276,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Taraxippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF27ECAA257C1E5B" box="[151,276,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Taraxippus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) possess a large and well developed sensory area on the profurcasternum, an important feature completely neglected and overlooked by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFDDAED7727731E77" author="Zompro" box="[618,795,800,824]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. Sometimes, two further much smaller sensory areas are present near the exavations of the procoxae on the probasisternum (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFC0EED1320221E12" box="[958,1098,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFC0EED1320221E12" box="[958,1098,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFBE8ED1320C41E13" box="[1112,1196,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
). The sensory area of the profurcasternum is often very large, slightly convex and may cover a considerable part of the segments surface (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFF2FEDDB25401EEB" box="[159,296,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 28, 30</figureCitation>
). It is formed by a cluster of small granules or wart-like humps, each of which bears 1–5 hollow, tubelike spines or papillate evaginations. The sensory areas on the probasisternum of e.g.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB27EDF8214B1E87" box="[1175,1315,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFB27EDF8214B1E87" box="[1175,1315,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much smaller, consist of a single hump-like swelling and usually have the papillate evaginations relatively longer. In
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27EDAE257C195F" box="[151,276,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF27EDAE257C195F" box="[151,276,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lamponius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these swellings of the probasisternum are present but lack the evaginations seen in
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB64EDA02108195F" box="[1236,1376,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFB64EDA02108195F" box="[1236,1376,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The function of these sensory areas is as yet unknown, but most certainly they serve as tactile or olfactory organs, since the live insects are frequently observed rubbing their prosternum on various surfaces, such as twigs or foliage of the host plant. In addition to several other common features the presence of sensory areas on the profurcasternum and probasisternum support close relation to Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFCA6EAD0270519EF" bold="true" box="[790,877,1159,1184]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n. trib.</emphasis>
, which corresponds to the results presented by Bradler (2009) and
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFECEEAFB2610198B" box="[382,632,1196,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D. &amp; Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055 - 1062. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552" type="journal article">
Buckley
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFE56EAFA264B198A" box="[486,547,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
(→ 4.2.5). In Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFC75EAFB2072198A" bold="true" box="[965,1050,1196,1221]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n. trib.</emphasis>
however the sensory area of the profurcasternum is rather small, elliptical and strongly convex and the evaginations are considerably shorter than in members of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFE95EAA326681842" box="[293,512,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
, being roughly cone-shaped with a deep central pit. Similar sensory areas may be present on the profurcasternum of certain members of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFC97EB4027D7187F" box="[807,959,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
(e.g. some species of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB64EB40211F187F" box="[1236,1399,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Acanthoclonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFB64EB40211F187F" box="[1236,1399,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acanthoclonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27EB6B2560181A" box="[151,264,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Creoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF27EB6B2560181A" box="[151,264,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Creoxylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), while there are never sensory areas on the probasisternum. The sensory areas on the profurcasternum of certain Xerosomatini-members are however rather different in structure and in contrast to
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB74EB0821F41837" box="[1220,1436,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
cover almost the complete surface of the segment, being formed by a cluster of densely arranged small, wart-like swellings, which lack any kind of evaginations or papillate structures. The different structure of the sensory areas do also not support the position of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFD95EB9B269518AA" box="[549,765,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
supposed by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFC2AEB9A20EC18AB" author="Zompro" box="[922,1156,1484,1508]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
. An ultrastructural study of these sensory areas is necessary for any broader discussion on their function or importance for phylogeny (Bradler, 2009: 32).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED338FF9EFF77E86026001C2B" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD338FF9DFF77E86025D21B1F" bold="true" box="[199,442,1591,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">5. Egg-morphology:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFE75E86F26DC1B1F" author="Zompro" box="[453,692,1592,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
stated the eggs of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFC2EE860201E1B1F" box="[926,1142,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFB07E86021F11B1F" box="[1207,1433,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudophasmatidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27E80B25291B3A" box="[151,321,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
were similar in the aspect that they are “bullet-shaped”, and the micropylar plate is small, placed roughly in the “centre of the capsule” [certainly meaning centre of the dorsal egg surface] and projects from the capsule surface. These observations are surprising since eggs of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFCC2E8F320621BF2" box="[882,1034,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerosomatini">Xerosomatini</taxonomicName>
are never “bullet-shaped” as stated by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD338FF9DFF0DE89F25C01BAF" author="Zompro" box="[189,424,1736,1760]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
but ± ovoid. Eggs of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFD1FE89027EF1BAF" box="[687,903,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
are variable in shape, ranging from distinctly elongate and bullet-like with the polar-area more or less decidedly tapered over ovoid to almost spherical. In
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFF27E95825291A67" box="[151,321,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
the capsule surface is merely covered by ± distinctly raised, net-like structures, while the capsule surface and operculum are to a variable degree covered with conspicuous hairy structures in all currently known genera of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFEB9E90025891A3F" box="[265,481,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFE41E90026141A3F" box="[497,636,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 30" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1161,1183]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,202,1140]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[152,1435,195,1140]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 30. Tribe Hesperophasmatini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977. 24. Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Guadeloupe, Bassé Terre [coll. FH, No. 0084 - E]; 25. Agamemnon cornutus (Burmeister, 1838) egg (dorsal view): captive reared from Virgin Islands, Tortola [coll. FH, No. 0589 - E]; 26. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 egg (dorsal view): captive reared from S-Costa Rica, Prov. Limón [coll. FH, No. 0134 - E]; 27. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) egg (dorsolateral view): captive reared from Mexico, Veracruz, Tuxtlas [coll. FH, No. 0638 - E]; 28. Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908 ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 29. R. ornata ♀: left sensory area of prosternum [coll. FH, No. 0134 - 12]; 30. Hypocyrtus scythrus (Westwood, 1859) ♀: sensory-area of profurcasternum [coll. FH, No. 0638 - 1]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271805/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 24–27</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFD3FE90027511A3F" box="[655,825,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
have a small, roughly circular to elliptical micropylar plate, which distinctly projects from the capsule surface and is open internally with a rather narrow posteromedial gap and a distinct median line (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD338FF9DFDBAE9F726081AF6" box="[522,608,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 51</figureCitation>
). In contrast, the micropylar plate of
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD338FF9DFBA8E9F720981AF6" box="[1048,1264,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
never projects considerably from the capsule surface, is relatively larger and variable in shape, being slightly transverse and shield-shaped to distinctly longer than wide with the
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD49EEC027381DFF" box="[761,848,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anterior">anterior</taxonomicName>
end narrowed and the posterior portion broadened. Internally the plate is open with a wide, triangular notch but without a median line (
<figureCitation id="28ED9DFBD33BFF9EFBEDEEEB20801D9B" box="[1117,1256,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 51" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1468,1490]" captionTargetBox="[251,1332,200,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[246,1340,193,1446]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 51. Internal micropylar plates of Cladomorphinae and Xerosomatinae. 45. Tribe Haplopodini: Haplopus micropterus (St. Fargeau &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825); 46. Tribe Pterinoxylini n. trib.: Pterinoxylus crassus Kirby, 1889; 47. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Lamponius guerini (Saussure, 1868); 48. Tribe Hesperophasmatini: Rhynchacris ornata Redtenbacher, 1908; 49. Tribe Cranidiini: Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838); 50. Tribe Cladomorphini: Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861); 51. Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Xerosomatini: Creoxylus spinosus (Fabricius, 1793)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271808/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 47–48</figureCitation>
). Consequently, also the egg-morphology does not support the relation between
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFCD7EE8820571DB7" box="[871,1087,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFBC8EE88214A1DB7" box="[1144,1314,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xerosomatinae">Xerosomatinae</taxonomicName>
postulated by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFF09EF5225C81C53" author="Zompro" box="[185,416,260,284]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Zompro, O. (2004) A key to the stick-insect genera of the &quot; Areolatae &quot; of the New World, with description of several new taxa. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39 (2), 133 - 144. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520412331333783" type="journal article" year="2004">Zompro (2004: 139)</bibRefCitation>
. Instead, the lack of a median line is shared with Pterinoxylini
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFBEAEF5320C31C52" bold="true" box="[1114,1195,260,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">n. trib.</emphasis>
and Haplopodini and also confirms the close relation to these two tribes revealed in the present study and also suggested by the results of Bradler (2009) and
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFEC3EF1B260C1C2B" box="[371,612,332,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Buckley, T. R., Attanayake, D. &amp; Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055 - 1062. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.1552" type="journal article">
Buckley
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFE67EF1A26671C2A" box="[471,527,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<caption id="E4A9D1F6D33BFF9EFF27EB6426A918AD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271806/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[152,1432,411,1309]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27EB6426A918AD" blockId="26.[151,1436,1331,1506]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF27EB64253C1806" bold="true" box="[151,340,1331,1353]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURES 31–36.</emphasis>
Tribes
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFE10EB64260C1806" box="[416,612,1331,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperophasmatini">Hesperophasmatini</taxonomicName>
Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977 and Pterinoxylini n. trib., genitalia of ♂♂.
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFAB5EB64214D1806" bold="true" box="[1285,1317,1331,1353]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">31.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFA9BEB6325F41827" authority="Rehn, 1903" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFA9BEB6325751827" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lamponius portoricensis</emphasis>
Rehn, 1903
</taxonomicName>
: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0467-6];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFC79EB0527811827" bold="true" box="[969,1001,1362,1384]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">32.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFC5FEB0521F11827" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1007,1433,1362,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFC5FEB0520A51827" box="[1007,1229,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Agamemnon cornutus</emphasis>
(Burmeister, 1838)
</taxonomicName>
: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0589-6];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD1FEB2726A718C9" bold="true" box="[687,719,1392,1414]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">33.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD65EB27200718C9" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[725,1135,1392,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD65EB2727F518C8" box="[725,925,1392,1415]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhynchacris ornata</emphasis>
Redtenbacher, 1908
</taxonomicName>
: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0134-32];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFE26EBD825DE18EA" bold="true" box="[406,438,1423,1445]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">34.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFE0DEBC7273A18EA" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[445,850,1423,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scythrus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFE0DEBC726E518EA" box="[445,653,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hypocyrtus scythrus</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638-7];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFACCEBD821F418EA" bold="true" box="[1404,1436,1423,1445]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">35.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF27EBF82646188C" authority="Westwood, 1859" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,558,1453,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scythrus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF27EBF82500188C" box="[151,360,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hypocyrtus scythrus</emphasis>
(Westwood, 1859)
</taxonomicName>
: caudal view of anal segment [coll. FH, No. 0638-7];
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFBEAEBFA2012188C" bold="true" box="[1114,1146,1453,1475]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFB31EBFA24A518AD" authority="Kirby, 1889" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Pterinoxylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFB31EBFA213D188B" box="[1153,1365,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pterinoxylus crassus</emphasis>
Kirby, 1889
</taxonomicName>
: ventral view of anal segment [coll. FH, 0588-7].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="D9599895D33BFF9FFF27E85B211C1DA8" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="F8CCD2F5D33BFF9FFF27E85B211C1DA8" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E85B250E1B6A" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" box="[151,358,1548,1573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="EB213612D33BFF9EFF27E85B250E1B6A" bold="true" box="[151,358,1548,1573]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF27E85B250E1B6A" bold="true" box="[151,358,1548,1573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Genera included:</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E86724971B2D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
1.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF00E86725B01B0A" authority="Moxey, 1971: 71" authorityName="Moxey" authorityPageNumber="71" authorityYear="1971" box="[176,472,1584,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF00E86725401B0A" box="[176,296,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Agamemnon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFE80E86725DB1B0A" author="Moxey" box="[304,435,1584,1605]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 71
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFDDEE867206F1B0A" authority="Moxey, 1971: 75" authorityName="Moxey" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1971" box="[622,1031,1584,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Agamemnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iphimedeia">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFDDEE86727301B0A" box="[622,856,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Agamemnon iphimedeia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFCEFE867278A1B0A" author="Moxey" box="[863,994,1584,1605]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 75
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation of
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFAA5E86721F11B0A" author="Moxey" box="[1301,1433,1584,1605]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 71.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E83C27551BD2" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
2.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF03E83C266A1BCF" authority="Rehn, 1901: 271" authorityName="Rehn" authorityPageNumber="271" authorityYear="1901" box="[179,514,1643,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hesperophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF03E83C25261BCF" box="[179,334,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hesperophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFEE7E83C25A61BCF" author="Rehn" box="[343,462,1643,1664]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Rehn, J. A. G. (1901) Some necessary changes and corrections in names of Orthoptera. Canadian Entomologist, 33, 271 - 272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 33271 - 10" type="journal article" year="1901">Rehn, 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 271
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD2CE83C204D1BCF" authority="Bolivar, 1888: 137" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityPageNumber="137" authorityYear="1888" box="[668,1061,1643,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phantasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD2CE83C27361BCF" box="[668,862,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phantasis saussurei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFCD8E83C279A1BCF" author="Bolivar" box="[872,1010,1643,1664]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Bolivar, I. (1888) Enumeration des Orthopteres de l'ile de Cuba. Memoires de la societe de Zoologie, France, 1, 116 - 164." type="journal article" year="1888">Bolivar, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 137
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation of
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFAD0E83C25771BD2" author="Kirby" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London." type="book" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Kirby, 1904a</bibRefCitation>
: 343. [Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD8FE8DF275F1BD2" authority="Saussure, 1870" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1870" box="[575,823,1672,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phantasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD8FE8DF26F51BD2" box="[575,669,1672,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phantasis</emphasis>
Saussure, 1870
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF51E8F2253B1B97" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
=
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF45E8F2264A1BF5" authority="Saussure, 1870: 188" authorityName="Saussure" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1870" box="[245,546,1701,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phantasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF45E8F2253B1BF5" box="[245,339,1701,1722]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phantasis</emphasis>
Saussure, 1870: 188
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD06E8F2205C1BF5" authority="Bolivar, 1888: 137" authorityName="Bolivar" authorityPageNumber="137" authorityYear="1888" box="[694,1076,1701,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phantasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD06E8F2271D1BF5" box="[694,885,1701,1722]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phantasis saussurei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFCCCE8F2206C1BF5" author="Bolivar" box="[892,1028,1701,1722]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Bolivar, I. (1888) Enumeration des Orthopteres de l'ile de Cuba. Memoires de la societe de Zoologie, France, 1, 116 - 164." type="journal article" year="1888">Bolivar, 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 137
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation of
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFAD0E8F225771B97" author="Kirby" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904 a) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, Vol. 1. British Museum, London." type="book" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Kirby, 1904a</bibRefCitation>
: 343.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E8B727ED1A5D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
3.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF1FE8B7267F1BBA" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 355" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="355" authorityYear="1908" box="[175,535,1760,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF1FE8B725761BBA" box="[175,286,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hypocyrtus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFE94E8B7258F1BBA" author="Redtenbacher" box="[292,487,1760,1781]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 355
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD1BE8B720F11BBA" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 357" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="357" authorityYear="1908" box="[683,1177,1760,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="substrumosus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD1BE8B727CA1BBA" box="[683,930,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hypocyrtus substrumosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFC19E8B720041BBA" author="Redtenbacher" box="[937,1132,1760,1781]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 357
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFB0BE8B725CB1A5D" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Hypocyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="postpositus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFB0BE8B721F41BBA" box="[1211,1436,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Hypocyrtus postpositus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFF51E8AA25CB1A5D" author="Redtenbacher" box="[225,419,1789,1810]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), by subsequent designation of
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFD60E8AA27351A5D" author="Zompro" box="[720,861,1789,1810]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Zompro, O. (2000) Designation of type-species of 13 stick-insect genera described by J. Redtenbacher (Insecta: Orthoptera: Phasmatodea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums, Wien, 102 B, 93 - 96." type="journal article" year="2000">Zompro, 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 95.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E94C250D1A25" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
4.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF1FE94C25CF1A7F" authority="Stal, 1875: 19" authorityName="Stal" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1875" box="[175,423,1819,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF1FE94C25721A7F" box="[175,282,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lamponius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFEAFE94C25EC1A7F" author="Stal" box="[287,388,1819,1840]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Stal, C. (1875) Recensio Orthopterorum III. Revue critique des Orthopteres descrits par Linne, de Geer et Thunberg. P. A. Norstedt &amp; Soner, Stockholm, 105 pp." type="book" year="1875">Stål, 1875</bibRefCitation>
: 19
</taxonomicName>
, 74. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFDEEE94C27821A7F" authority="Saussure, 1868: 64" authorityName="Saussure" authorityPageNumber="64" authorityYear="1868" box="[606,1002,1819,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Heteronemiidae" genus="Pygirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerini">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFDEEE94C27441A7F" box="[606,812,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pygirhynchus guerini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFC82E94C27AF1A7F" author="Saussure" box="[818,967,1819,1840]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Saussure, H. de (1868) Phasmidarum novarum species nonnullae. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, (2) 20, 63 - 70." type="journal article" year="1868">Saussure, 1868</bibRefCitation>
: 64
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy. =
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF44E96F266C1A02" authority="Carl, 1913: 38" authorityName="Carl" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1913" box="[244,516,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Antillophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF44E96F25181A02" box="[244,368,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Antillophilus</emphasis>
Carl, 1913: 38
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD28E96F207E1A02" authority="Carl, 1913: 38" authorityName="Carl" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1913" box="[664,1046,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Antillophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevitarsus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD28E96F27ED1A02" box="[664,901,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Antillophilus brevitarsus</emphasis>
Carl, 1913: 38
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFB88E96F21F01A02" authority="Saussure, 1868" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1868" box="[1080,1432,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Lamponius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guerini">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFB88E96F20861A02" box="[1080,1262,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lamponius guerini</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFB4BE96F21F91A02" author="Saussure" box="[1275,1425,1848,1869]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Saussure, H. de (1868) Phasmidarum novarum species nonnullae. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, (2) 20, 63 - 70." type="journal article" year="1868">Saussure, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33BFF9EFF27E924269C1A8D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1548,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
5.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF1FE92426771AC7" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 354" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1908" box="[175,543,1907,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF1FE924254F1AC7" box="[175,295,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhynchacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFE9CE92425871AC7" author="Redtenbacher" box="[300,495,1907,1928]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 354
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD01E924200E1AC7" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 354" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1908" box="[689,1126,1907,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Rhynchacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD01E92427181AC7" box="[689,880,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhynchacris ornata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFCC5E92420501AC7" author="Redtenbacher" box="[885,1080,1907,1928]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 354
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy. =
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFF44E9C7265B1AEA" authority="Hebard, 1922: 354" authorityName="Hebard" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1922" box="[244,563,1936,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Pseudoceroys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFF44E9C725101AEA" box="[244,376,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pseudoceroys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFECDE9C7266B1AEA" author="Hebard" box="[381,515,1936,1957]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hebard, M. (1922) Studies on the Mantidae and Phasmidae of Panama. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 48, 327 - 362, pls. 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="1922">Hebard, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 354
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33BFF9EFD74E9C720001AEA" authority="Hebard, 1922: 355" authorityName="Hebard" authorityPageNumber="355" authorityYear="1922" box="[708,1128,1936,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Pseudoceroys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harroweri">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33BFF9EFD74E9C727C71AEA" box="[708,943,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pseudoceroys harroweri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFC04E9C720521AEA" author="Hebard" box="[948,1082,1936,1957]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hebard, M. (1922) Studies on the Mantidae and Phasmidae of Panama. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 48, 327 - 362, pls. 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="1922">Hebard, 1922</bibRefCitation>
: 355
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 15: 1–2 by original designation. [Synonymised by
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33BFF9EFE71E9FA26A31A8D" author="Hennemann" box="[449,715,1965,1986]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2012) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XIV: revisions of the Central American genera Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 and Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Xerosomatinae: Hesperophasmatini). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 21 (1), 65 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 034.021.0106" type="journal article" year="2012">Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 81]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33AFF9FFF27EEC026EC1D85" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
6.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33AFF9FFF1FEEC027681DE3" authority="Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez-Gelabert, 2014: 29" authorityName="Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez-Gelabert" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="2014" box="[175,768,151,172]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Tainophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33AFF9FFF1FEEC025471DE3" box="[175,303,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tainophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33AFF9FFE85EEC026B41DE3" author="Conle" box="[309,732,151,172]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Conle, O. V., Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2014) Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XV: A remarkable new stick insect from highly montane habitats of Hispaniola (Pseudophasmatidae: Xerosomatinae: Hesperophasmatini). Novitates Caribaea, 7, 28 - 36." type="journal article" year="2014">Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez-Gelabert, 2014</bibRefCitation>
: 29
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33AFF9FFC22EEC025FE1D85" authority="Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez, Gelabert, 2014: 31" authorityName="Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez, Gelabert" authorityPageNumber="31" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Tainophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33AFF9FFC22EEC020101DE3" box="[914,1144,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Tainophasma monticola</emphasis>
Conle, Hennemann &amp; Perez, Gelabert, 2014: 31
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B069817ED33AFF9FFF27EE85211C1DA8" blockId="27.[151,1436,151,231]" box="[151,1396,210,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
7.
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33AFF9FFF1FEE8525AE1DA8" authority="Moxey, 1971: 67" authorityName="Moxey" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1971" box="[175,454,210,231]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Taraxippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33AFF9FFF1FEE8525721DA8" box="[175,282,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Taraxippus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33AFF9FFE90EE8525CA1DA8" author="Moxey" box="[288,418,210,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 67
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="77D6FAFDD33AFF9FFDE8EE8527AC1DA8" authority="Moxey, 1971: 70" authorityName="Moxey" authorityPageNumber="70" authorityYear="1971" box="[600,964,210,231]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudophasmatidae" genus="Taraxippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paliurus">
<emphasis id="82A25D6CD33AFF9FFDE8EE8527711DA8" box="[600,793,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Taraxippus paliurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33AFF9FFCAFEE8527C91DA8" author="Moxey" box="[799,929,210,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 70
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation of
<bibRefCitation id="D447FC8FD33AFF9FFB7BEE8521251DA8" author="Moxey" box="[1227,1357,210,231]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Moxey, C. F. (1971) Notes on the Phasmatodea of the West Indies: two new genera. Psyche, 78, 67 - 83." type="journal article" year="1971">Moxey, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 67.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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