266 lines
35 KiB
XML
266 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="843FC67C055ED92CDA45D686F44E0CE8" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c9eb6df8-884d-4ab7-a470-95e6831f536d" ID-PMC="PMC5027644" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-613-1" ID-PubMed="27667928" ID-ZooBank="0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-613-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 613" ModsDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" checkinTime="1472587903591" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa & Panha, Somsak" docDate="2016" docId="26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 613: 1-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 613" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309" docTitle="Sus barbatus Mueller 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFE0FFDCF21FE33DFFCFFFB3FFF4FF93" masterDocTitle="The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1701315463447" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6F4F911076139B04A8B5BC2B48CA055C">The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EFE7BF3105E3BCFBB204AB533FF56AAF">Suraprasit, Kantapon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BA3BDD4878C965A9EC532E8475C6C099">Jaeger, Jean-Jacques</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9775BFD8EF9AB7161233197CA63E17C0">Chaimanee, Yaowalak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDA17730BB03CC4971DAA88537DA7656">Chavasseau, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="835B7E31C38CCE19A9FA91E6E1B3209A">Yamee, Chotima</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="148516201A997D10379214460A9FA64F">Tian, Pannipa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67FA4F68346CB03E54C0821A61573533">Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="363A3F6A4B284916A893CA0D2D97B07E">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="51D3E56CB1D1D9E459F41A93290DAAB2">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B123E3426AD21C4847DF7C6ADA3C0D5A">613</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="5668B9025F122AB1436C88F761AAC629">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="C3CE3A25A3B954ABCF9B8702BCE3F2B1" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6851CD5CF57DACC21CDF1535FBB9A7FE" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-613-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="164B06984A2A56D833EA76B0E6C2789E" type="ZooBank">0FDE9BAB3DD4402DB6E1177639C32D43</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127859857" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="CD0593831325F64175EDCD0A7445DD7E" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8A68230C493DE425CA2604C5B2A30DD4" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Taxon classification Animalia Artiodactyla Suidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="95480EDE8CDDFA702FE484FCBFFEB52C" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E69402BAA035111DB76F35227FE92B03" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="A613AECAC2080A897EE5C998253913F2" ID-CoL="53HGG" authority="Mueller, 1838" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">
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Sus barbatus
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<normalizedToken id="78E3FFF6C2E5547E62A21F8B1DEB46C7" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1838
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FF7819E5589DD35B0FFB87E8EAE4230A" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="921AD34033266A392C3A95C7296F8EE6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Referred material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="82CF3C67F0509C3608FC304E4E217DE8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A left maxillary fragment with P3-M2, DMR-KS-05-04-19-2; two left M2-DMR-KS-05-04-19-5 and DMR-KS-05-03-18-23 (posterior portion); two right M3-DMR-KS-05-04-03-4 and DMR-KS-05-04-19-4 (anterior portion); two mandible with two tooth rows-DMR-KS-05-03-15-1 (right: i1, i2, c1, p2, and p3 and left: i1, i2, c1, and p2-m2) and DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 (right: i1, i2, c1, and p1-m3 and left: i1, i2, c1, and p1-p4); a left posterior fragment of m3, DMR-KS-05-04-19-3; a right humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-8.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5FCCAE1C1E7789F9FB8A504130E7E418" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7BE228A5D36BD1DF40DAC555F81449EC" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4BC9A2D47EC8635C68CC5E36AD45CE37" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Upper dentition: DMR-KS-05-04-19-2 is a maxillary tooth row preserving a slightly worn P3 to M2 (Fig. 13A). The P3 and P4 show
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<taxonomicName id="F283704548A628CC3EF15A3C151AD91A" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sus</taxonomicName>
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-like patterns with distinctly pre- and poststyles on the buccal side. On the P3, the paracone is well-developed and the postcrista projects posterobuccally. On the P4, three main cusps (protocone, paracone, and metacone) are distinct and the protofossa is present. Upper molars are unworn to slightly worn and exhibit distinct main (protocone, paracone, metacone, tetracone, and pentacone) and accessory (tetrapreconule, pentapreconule, and ectoconule) cusps. The posterior cingulum on the M2 is more developed than on the M1 (Fig. 13
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<normalizedToken id="622228ED2707397BAE9A37A2F98753A6" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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). The M3 (DMR-KS-05-04-03-4: Fig. 13D) is unworn and subtriangular in outline and has a distinct anterior cingulum, pentacone, and pentapreconule and bulky accessory cusps. Another M3 (DMR-KS-05-04-19-4) does not preserve a posterior part but has well-developed main cusps, anterior cingulum, median valley, tetrapreconule, and ectoconule (Fig. 13E). The cheek teeth of DMR-KS-05-04-19-4 are larger than those of DMR-KS-05-04-03-4.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="F3CB1345A9161FA2DA6642BFC06001F9" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<paragraph id="C25B210FAF01E313329A4CA67537FA6E" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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Figure 13. Remains of
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<taxonomicName id="0214317E95CBFF60EF6AABE492BB3AFA" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
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from Khok Sung: A DMR-KS-05-04-19-2, a left upper cheek tooth row in occlusal view B DMR-KS-05-04-19-5, a left M2 C DMR-KS-05-03-18-23, a left fragmentary M2 D DMR-KS-05-04-03-4, a right M3; (E) DMR-KS-05-04-19-4, a right M3
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<normalizedToken id="4E25E5F8E11372999B999C7891A09C4D" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-15-1, a mandible in occlusal (F) and lateral (G) views
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<normalizedToken id="CA464B56F4270C3E373CF2F0E2165245" originalValue="H–I">H-I</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-04-19-1, a mandible in occlusal (H) and lateral (I) views J DMR-KS-05-04-19-3, a left fragmentary m3
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<normalizedToken id="55521377872AEAB64F5E0CD0829F9F77" originalValue="K–N">K-N</normalizedToken>
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DMR-KS-05-03-26-8, a right humerus in proximal (K), posterior (L), anterior (M), and distal (N) views. Cross-sections of canines are given. All isolated teeth are shown in occlusal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="1F8E006BA421C0DA31CA12AB0B798861" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mandible and lower dentition: DMR-KS-05-03-15-1 is incomplete, lacking the body and ascending ramus, broken posterior to the right p3 and to the left m2 (Fig. 13F, G) (for measurements, see Appendix 3). The mandible is inflated. The small mental foramen is present below the diastema between p1 and p2. Only the i3 and p1 are missing. The left p2 is not aligned along the cheek tooth row due to the deformation. The specimen DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 preserves a complete symphysis and a right body with the tooth row. The ramus is broken away (Fig. 13H, I). The mandibular body is successively inflated. The mental foramina are situated below the diastema between p1 and p2. For the specimen DMR-KS-05-04-19-1, the teeth are complete and moderately to heavily worn but the third incisors are missing.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C2F82A494C49D56D25B425F9067E64A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<pageBreakToken id="4B8BCF1F02A6C8777F317FC55E26D47D" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">Lower</pageBreakToken>
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incisors show a chisel-like appearance with long roots. The i2 is larger than the i1. Lower canines are slender and pointed, and curve backward. The lower canines of the mandible DMR-KS-05-03-15-1 belong to a male individual because of a more sharply triangular section (
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<bibRefCitation id="2CC3887CD976F8C9D6D4DD4ACD5731D8" author="Hillson, S" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" title="Teeth (2 nd edition) - Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology" year="2005">Hillson 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) (Fig. 13F). The mandible DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 possesses a female canine characterized by more rounded cross-sections and well-developed roots (
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<bibRefCitation id="9E9A043FE289CBBF5A68775E17398B9E" author="Hillson, S" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" title="Teeth (2 nd edition) - Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology" year="2005">Hillson 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) (Fig. 13H). The lower canines of the male specimen are more laterally inclined (about 30° from the cheek teeth) than those of the female individual (about 15°). The cross-section outlines of male canines (DMR-KS-05-03-15-1) are of the
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<normalizedToken id="B16BCEFB2A388CF906CF3A8882A45936" originalValue="“verrucosic”">"verrucosic"</normalizedToken>
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type in which the posterior side is narrower than the labial one (Fig. 13F). All lower cheek teeth exhibit bunodont patterns with accessory tubercles, like in
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<taxonomicName id="16CF6D79CD7B82F2AF69C099254DE1DB" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sus</taxonomicName>
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. The lower cheek teeth increase in size from anteriorly to posteriorly (Tab. 10). Lower premolars are slightly to moderately worn. The p1 is unicuspid. Other premolars are tricuspid. All cuspids are sharp. The highest cuspid on the premolars is the metaconid. Lower molars are moderately to heavily worn and rectangular in outline (Fig. 13
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<normalizedToken id="607237DB9A19062923AEDB5CF34CCC5C" originalValue="F–J">F-J</normalizedToken>
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). The lower molars show complex occlusal patterns with well-developed main cuspids (protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, and pentaconid) and a bulky median column (hypopreconulid). The m2 is much larger and has a more developed posterior cingulid than the m1 (Fig. 13F, H). The m3 (DMR-KS-05-04-19-1) is elongated posteriorly (Fig. 13H). It has a well-developed talonid with bulky main and accessory cuspids (pentaconid, pentapreconulid, hexaconid, heptaconid). Another isolated posterior fragment (talonid) of the m3 (DMR-KS-05-04-19-3) is also elongated, as long as that of DMR-KS-05-04-19-1. This specimen exhibits smooth occlusal surfaces with wear and well developed main and accessory cuspids (Fig. 13J). The m3 is longer than the combination of m1 and m2 (Tab. 10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="25971EE73CCBB2097ED4F298832F3E9B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Postcranial bone: DMR-KS-05-03-26-8 is a complete humerus (Fig. 13
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<normalizedToken id="578DE3C798139585E3577F3A3C510253" originalValue="K–N">K-N</normalizedToken>
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), characterized by its prominent tubercle slightly overhanging the large bicipital groove (Fig. 13K), proximal part becoming wider than long (Fig. 13K), mesially flat and laterally compressed shaft, distinct deltoid ridge starting at the mid-shaft (Fig. 13L, M), large supinator ridge and supratrochlear foramen (Fig. 13M), shallow musculo-spiral groove (Fig. 13N), and small deltoid tuberosity (Fig. 13N). The size and morphology of the humerus DMR-KS-05-03-26-8 resemble those of recent
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<taxonomicName id="6B77120225EBAFA373A450A017DF03B1" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
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(for measurements, see Appendix 1).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E7F66B57D2BA80BCC83DCABAECFA40E8" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="C219828B348B1A7CDF15BC5C604A695E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Taxonomic remarks and comparisons.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="798DE2A095A0B420108794B879EFA8B9" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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We compare our material to some Pleistocene Southeast Asian suid species, although only two distinct suid species,
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<taxonomicName id="33102CD87317294C769278F88827D0A5" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4F63CFA36884ADED43AE20ED92359D1F" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
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, are known from many Pleistocene localities of mainland Southeast Asia. The sizes of the Khok Sung material are obviously larger than those of Pleistocene and extant Indonesian suids (
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<taxonomicName id="C7EED7A3B4E8E6BDA26B4282D8CF4E47" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus brachygnathus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachygnathus">Sus brachygnathus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E47EE3B2EBE169B0F7FFF06D73CB734F" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus macrognathus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrognathus">Sus macrognathus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="551D0FCD963C5435C206A92DEF1FA1F2" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus verrucosus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">Sus verrucosus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="036B705FA6B02B302CFBD7ABF89AA2A5" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus celebensis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sus celebensis</taxonomicName>
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) (Tab. 10). The Khok Sung suid material is comparable in size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8ECADA0DEC04844EA26E25C5044008C" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8955060642D88B785403F00AFA7B944A" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two suid mandibles from Khok Sung also show some distinctive taxonomic characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FB93EC8FC9D48283011C924F2BFE0A6" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDC049804A72A4529D217CA2DE3357FE" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, the mandible is not laterally enlarged or swollen and the diastema from p1 to p2 is longer than from c1 to
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="3BBFA5CE5B2BE12FFD15AF8A7CD4E198" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">p</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1, which are only characteristics of some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4A35817C4905A4F93C7E4325AF8D838" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sus</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58D4C62534FC4426E910BDF8D86035BA" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E8FE97069897117F1E14C56FF6E7A1" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus celebensis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sus celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6AEC4C7818376D5984E6ABEDF663449" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="139547E31C9AE74FB640C074C136ED04" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="163 - 191" title="Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01277.x" volume="120" year="1997">Groves 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lower premolar rows on the mandibles are aligned along the mandible, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9971D4129674D5957713CDB9B52121A" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus verrucosus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verrucosus">Sus verrucosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="802EB0A3858237D3A833D34603DFC8AF" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus celebensis" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Sus celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the premolar rows diverge anteriorly (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B870214D77F059BAA8BAD6537C1D5417" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="163 - 191" title="Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01277.x" volume="120" year="1997">Groves 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BBB76AA60379D651E5BC58B47E8BD8CF" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
However, it is difficult to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DB44BAD5AA07FDF06C787C51D0243F3" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B33E713795F3D50CFB39DA4D21FC26A7" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
only based on the cheek teeth because both species overlap in size (Tab. 10) and show almost similar dental patterns. The main differential characters between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7695EDEBACC017306344F8FE00A23E5D" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C09F7871B87892CB3400BD06AF97FD8F" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are defined on the basis of the shape of lower canines in male individuals, whether the outline of the cross-section is of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D6B88ABB930961D3E0E16F4998ABA41D" originalValue="“scrofic”">"scrofic"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(i.e. the posterior side is wider than the labial one (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E341171B7B4C280006AC4C17EA08EC79" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
)) or
|
||
<normalizedToken id="917556C21EF71D35DB30B2235815E041" originalValue="“verrucosic”">"verrucosic"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6EB7489404EC523DDDBC8D2C356AE59" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) type (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AC240B58BAD49598291828C96C6D717C" author="Badoux, DM" journalOrPublisher="Uitgeversmij v / h Kemink & Zoon NV, Utrecht" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" title="Fossil mammals from two fissure deposits at Punung (Java)." year="1959">Badoux 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="047FFB7962847AAA8A942CF49EA41613" author="Hardjasasmita, HS" journalOrPublisher="Scripta geologica" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 68" title="Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Suidae (Mammalia) in Indonesia." volume="85" year="1987">Hardjasasmita 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, this distinctive feature is demonstrated by the lower male canine index (the width of labial surface as a percentage of the width of posterior surface) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9982950153CAE5B6BAFD2A30BC65E534" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Ancestors for the pigs: taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sus." volumeTitle="Technical Bulletin" year="1981">Groves 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6FFAAFE64402DC0855FB971269D1A11F" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="163 - 191" title="Taxonomy of wild pigs (Sus) of the Philippines." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01277.x" volume="120" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The canine index ranges from 61.5 to 109.1 for recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82B95DBC8A45B6A3900E39016F7EF83B" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and from 105.6 to 144.4 for extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6E265FA1CE1FC449FF8ABF227B55D89" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0CD3D55F718F22523B07BA9D9D75625C" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Ancestors for the pigs: taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sus." volumeTitle="Technical Bulletin" year="1981">Groves 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table. 1). The lower canines of the male mandible DMR-KS-05-03-15-1 show the verrucosic type with the canine index of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4222639FDE56D5A5D8011CAE80785F08" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for the detailed calculation see Tab. 11). We also provide the canine index of the female specimen DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 in Tab. 11. A minor distinctive character between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="838EDF922AF06B9334E4DCFC9DDF68A4" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF211B05DF718C609E047E0E83497E30" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differences of the posterior accessory median cuspid (pentapreconulid) on the talonid. The pentapreconulid on the m3 is small or absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="428960C73F8D82BE85B61DC946398CEA" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF22977937D93148A1602A5B8C6A8F8" author="Badoux, DM" journalOrPublisher="Uitgeversmij v / h Kemink & Zoon NV, Utrecht" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" title="Fossil mammals from two fissure deposits at Punung (Java)." year="1959">Badoux 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For other molar characters,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D01E11E8B6242684CD6AEC8014987A0" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows more complex patterns with accessory tubercles and more rugose enamel than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F22776164058176389A1D3419CCE388" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A40803DC017124A788F72741CE9B8BF" author="Tougard, C" journalOrPublisher="University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" title="Les faunes de grands mammiferes du Pleistocene moyen terminal de Thailande dans leur cadre phylogenetique, paleoecologique et biochronologique." year="1998">Tougard 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E1E504BB56584993664B76F5937211B5" author="Bacon, AM" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="315 - 332" title="The Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Tam Hang karstic deposit, northern Laos: new data and evolutionary hypothesis." url="10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.024" volume="245" year="2011">Bacon et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the latter character is useless to make a distinction between both suid species according to our observations on the recent material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4909B29D992290E5F9DC36ECF30076ED" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The enamel surfaces of the molars in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A9DD52F8AFB29561DF293092DDDB8DC" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often smooth or even sometimes smoother than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E87A8BDEF465E20FC4AEB9C050ABE902" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus scrofa" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">Sus scrofa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7652333216C6CBA94D8F0B1F124F740D" ID-Table-UUID="7652333216C6CBA94D8F0B1F124F740D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7652333216C6CBA94D8F0B1F124F740D" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="D45E0AA4D94680577A75708445ED16E0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Table 11. Measurements (in millimeters) of lower canines of Khok Sung
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C78C1C08943770FB7E6097F34D17E8E7" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The canine index is expressed by the following formula: labial surface*100/posterior surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7C0323140570194F0F8741AB3AE5C56" author="Groves, CP" journalOrPublisher="Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" title="Ancestors for the pigs: taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sus." volumeTitle="Technical Bulletin" year="1981">Groves 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5C7B7F9A902DF3DA95CC0E5B6FA591" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<table id="9596C6645352976C68F8EC6A7266DBEE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<tr id="60660C830925347D61376687391E7E15" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="BED292B1ED38F73EB61ACB88941E5D47" colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="2">Specimen no.</th>
|
||
<th id="1B6AF757500F0F4CDE0440DB38A12800" colspan="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Widths</th>
|
||
<th id="6CC7D4E569E46308609FBEF9D2F51E98" colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="2">Canine index</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="267656431F6375351F91CB5467FE3ECE" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<th id="D4A62E8690EAC3866513B6065C090DF0" colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">anterolingual surface</th>
|
||
<th id="50F721D1402415941A2DDB3006646DEE" colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">posterior surface</th>
|
||
<th id="FD55D47408F0C15331783D0FAED92262" colspan="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">labial surface</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B1EBD5386AA129EF937F0BC511F7EA8E" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The female mandible (DMR-KS-05-04-19-1) and other isolated teeth are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B2917E2DE92FE2A19A8EFD4C92B5550" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to those described features. We also suggest that Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0BD2E21A6F13438261F05AB5A03B5131" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sus barbatus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barbatus">Sus barbatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably shows evidence of sexual size dimorphism because the female specimen DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 is markedly smaller than the male specimen DMR-KS-05-03-15-1, as seen in the recent population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |