174 lines
22 KiB
XML
174 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="92D23D3DE3F4B23B6B568733DBDC76B1" ID-CLB-Dataset="305499" ID-DOI="10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8fc26efa-4ffb-4993-bf58-7fb38916b793" ID-ISSN="1777-571X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14225117" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C0E27E25-6719-40FD-A2B8-829B484D6C13" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1732639101882" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Blake, Daniel B. & Lefebvre, Bertrand" docDate="2024" docId="267CF0017937FFFBA27AF8A098F6F84A" docLanguage="en" docName="CRPalevol.23.17.217-239.pdf" docOrigin="Comptes Rendus Palevol 23 (17)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD.1:CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="DACF86F01658A8850E13A63D98C287FD" docStyleName="CRPalevol.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Euaxosida SP. A" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="228" masterDocId="DA458879793CFFF5A662FFF29C26FFA1" masterDocTitle="Ordovician Petraster Billings, 1858 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and early asteroid skeletal differentiation" masterLastPageNumber="239" masterPageNumber="217" pageNumber="226" updateTime="1732750820465" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="34A38DE22823FADFCF4E1424FCF86869">
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<mods:title id="CD2BB4F37F7074BA1E19C193C9038818">Ordovician Petraster Billings, 1858 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and early asteroid skeletal differentiation</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="246EECE7640E2A09D834EE81FBA05DC9" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="796B17DFA05D20AA569C7F5CC7C81F84">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="178070C21EA3B0AA5C5C62B8C1F93CB1">Blake, Daniel B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6FFE113E53717C69919B4DF11193A3AE">Departement of Earth Sciences and Environmental Change, University of Illinois, 3081 NHB, 1301 West Green Street, 61801 Urbana, IL (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0928A3C1A89CA8A3EE2BA2ED0B95524B" type="email">dblake@illinois.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F4533AE3368CBC23F44F4B20BC6B50A2">Lefebvre, Bertrand</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE337769AA9EC24F8A702105F6801507">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre, F- 69622 Villeurbanne (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A58C4B1D768E32830E7954BDF4ABD779" type="email">bertrand.lefebvre@univ-lyon1.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F33F04EE7F482625D1B858B23AFC856B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5C8125B89798B0AA2D7CC8690D5164B9">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CFAF9DAB3EA540AA9CA9161B7825AE11">
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<mods:date id="F13C9D427CEA93D97B06FD80B06F7DC1">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C52FBB22FE3917B24AA44E2EE33B436C">2024-05-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="05F8DE72CA2760C6153F85AF42260B15" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="491C027792AF329CCF2F501D3422A29B">23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B8CBA46BE1374E00B77B575D125E9C32">17</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5A5F7D4AE8931D356738C8CAA9426DE1">217</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="45B6DC463763A1EEA87611B16DE85B77">http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E908DEB551688EE134785E795F114CF9">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6673C202E53158B2FA42C1A5D19449E0" type="CLB-Dataset">305499</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8F38184F6E3AAA831BF916C7BBF318DA" type="DOI">10.5852/cr-palevol2024v23a17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B5919733866DE117093B1CCED2D02D42" type="GBIF-Dataset">8fc26efa-4ffb-4993-bf58-7fb38916b793</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CDC420905FB6B16C83FE0C652CB4CB5A" type="ISSN">1777-571X</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A10142FB67FB2863796E8D275328BF99" type="Zenodo-Dep">14225117</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="267CF0017937FFFBA27AF8A098F6F84A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232131" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247601097" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232131" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:267CF0017937FFFBA27AF8A098F6F84A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/267CF0017937FFFBA27AF8A098F6F84A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" scope_class="Asteroidea" scope_phylum="Echinodermata">
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7937FFFEA27AF8A098E5F8CD" box="[1048,1219,1874,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177937FFFEA27AF8A098E5F8CD" blockId="11.[1048,1219,1874,1932]" box="[1048,1219,1874,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947937FFFEA27AF8A098E5F8CD" ID-CoL="8TZRL" authority="sp. A" authorityName="SP. A" box="[1048,1219,1874,1901]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="234" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Euaxosida sp. A</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7937FFFEA27DF880989AF82D" box="[1055,1212,1906,1932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177937FFFEA27DF880989AF82D" blockId="11.[1048,1219,1874,1932]" box="[1055,1212,1906,1932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">(Fig. 7A1, A2)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7937FFF9A54FF84B9DE2F8B7" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177937FFF9A54FF84B9D55F96B" blockId="11.[813,1456,1976,2027]" lastBlockId="12.[131,776,1556,1738]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7937FFFEA54FF84B9FB7F86E" baselines="1994,1995" box="[813,913,1977,2000]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">
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<collectionCode id="C8C4D9D27937FFFEA54FF84B9FB7F86E" box="[813,913,1977,2000]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">MATERIAL</collectionCode>
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</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7937FFFEA5FBF84C9FDBF86E" baselines="1995" box="[921,1021,1982,1999]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
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. —
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<collectionCode id="C8C4D9D27937FFFEA24EF84B98B9F870" box="[1068,1183,1977,2001]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">UCBL-FSL</collectionCode>
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712909 (coll. Auvray), the oral surface of about one-half of a single specimen consisting of two interbrachia, two arms, and a portion of the disk. Only overall ossicular form survives, the surface texture of remaining ossicles altered and pitted after removal of the secondary rust-colored deposits. Radii of two remaining arms approximately
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<quantity id="692DECF27930FFF9A4DFF9919F2EF9DA" box="[701,776,1635,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
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and
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<quantity id="692DECF27930FFF9A6D6F98C9CD9F934" box="[180,255,1662,1686]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
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; two remaining interradii
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<quantity id="692DECF27930FFF9A46FF98C9E7EF934" box="[525,600,1662,1686]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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and
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<quantity id="692DECF27930FFF9A4ECF98C9EFDF934" box="[654,731,1662,1686]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
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, the distended mouth frame indicating flattening with concomitant increases in radii values.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="FAAA119F7930FFF9A6E6FACB9D1AFA48" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" startId="12.[132,143,1337,1354]" targetBox="[132,1455,213,1294]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A6E6FACB9D1AFA48" blockId="12.[132,1457,1337,1513]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7930FFF9A6E6FACB9CBBFAE8" baselines="1350,1350" box="[132,157,1337,1354]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">FIG</smallCapsWord>
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. 4. —
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947930FFF9A6B1FACB9E92FAEB" authority="Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre, 2016" authorityName="Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre" authorityYear="2016" box="[211,692,1337,1354]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crozonensis">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A6B1FACB9DA0FAEB" box="[211,390,1337,1354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">Petraster crozonensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67930FFF9A7E8FACB9E92FAEB" author="BLAKE D. B. & GUENSBURG T. E. & LEFEBVRE B." box="[394,692,1337,1354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" pagination="161 - 181" refId="ref15073" refString="BLAKE D. B., GUENSBURG T. E. & LEFEBVRE B. 2016. - New Early Paleozoic Asterozoa (Echinodermata) from the Armorican Massif, France, and the Western United States. Annales de Paleontologie 102 (3): 161 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2016.08.002" type="journal article" year="2016">Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre, 2016</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; upper part of Postolonnec Formation (Morgat Member), Middle Ordovician (late Darriwilian); Morgat harbor, Crozon Peninsula (Finistère), France; latex casts:
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A4C3FAA29EF1FAC0" bold="true" box="[673,727,1360,1377]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">A1-A7</emphasis>
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, holotype LPB 15174:
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A5F7FAA29FEDFAC0" bold="true" box="[917,971,1360,1377]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">A1-A3</emphasis>
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, aboral view of remnant, distal intervals of two arms show carinal and marginal series; weakly differentiated series might represent adradialia;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A555FA949F4AFAD6" bold="true" box="[823,876,1382,1399]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">A4-A7</emphasis>
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, oral views, incomplete arm tips not shown, disk disrupted but mouth frame not significantly dilated; MAO, axillaries triangular, no actinals are in evidence in disrupted disk; arms differentially dilated to expose axial, adaxial, and inferomarginal series;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A75EFA669D54FA04" bold="true" box="[316,370,1428,1445]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">B1-B4</emphasis>
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, paratype LPB 15175; specimen twisted and partially inverted, the proximal aboral surface obscured but the more medial ossicles appear irregular in form and aligned in irregular series; identification of superomarginals is uncertain but potentially are small and separated from inferomarginals by intermarginals (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A759FA339D74FA73" bold="true" box="[315,338,1473,1490]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">B1</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057930FFF9A73FFA339DB7FA73" bold="true" box="[349,401,1473,1490]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">arrow</emphasis>
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). The adradial surfaces of the distended axials document an elongate, overlapping shape. Scale bars: A1, A4, B3, 10 mm; A2, A3, A5-B2, B4, 5 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A6E6F9169DE2F8B7" blockId="12.[132,775,1764,1814]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7930FFF9A6E6F9169CC5F95B" baselines="1781,1782" box="[132,227,1764,1787]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Locality" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">
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<collectionCode id="C8C4D9D27930FFF9A6E6F9169CC5F95B" box="[132,227,1764,1787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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</smallCapsWord>
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. — Tarafin Signit,
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<collectingCountry id="D6C201877930FFF9A7C4F9169E27F95A" box="[422,513,1764,1787]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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; middle part of the Lower Ktaoua Formation, early Katian.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7930FFF9A6E6F8A198EEF96D" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A6E6F8A19D33F8CA" blockId="12.[130,775,1875,2028]" box="[132,277,1875,1901]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7930FFF9A6E6F8A19D33F8CA" baselines="1894,1894" box="[132,277,1875,1901]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A6E6F88098EEF96D" blockId="12.[130,775,1875,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[811,1457,1555,1740]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">Disk large, arms triangular, abruptly tapering; interbrachium thought abruptly rounded. Vaulting probably low. Aboral skeleton might consist of small, spicular ossicles.Any madreporite unknown. Specimen margin appearing marked by an ambital framework series of approximately equidimensional, triangular? ossicles. Actinals rectangular, elongate transverse to ambulacral ossicles. Axials known only from incomplete transverse ridges, axials appearing rectangular, podial basins relatively small. Adaxials appearing proportionately small, rectangular, and transversely elongate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7930FFFBA54FF90198F6F84A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="12" pageNumber="227" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A54FF9019FB7F8AA" blockId="12.[811,1456,1779,2027]" box="[813,913,1779,1805]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7930FFF9A54FF9019FB7F8AA" baselines="1798,1798" box="[813,913,1779,1805]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177930FFF9A54FF8E09824F84A" blockId="12.[811,1456,1779,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="227">Ossicular preservation is poor. Arm taper and ossicular arrangement suggest arms are complete. The two remaining arm tips as preserved appear to have been somewhat rounded suggesting some specimen arching in life. Mouth angle ossicles are represented by incomplete ossicular swellings, these dilated as to indicate some specimen flattening with burial.</paragraph>
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<caption id="FAAA119F7931FFF8A6E4F9729FCEF8A3" pageId="13" pageNumber="228" startId="13.[134,143,1664,1681]" targetBox="[132,1455,216,1622]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177931FFF8A6E4F9729FCEF8A3" blockId="13.[132,1457,1664,1794]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">
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<smallCapsWord id="A88CD7CB7931FFF8A6E4F9729CBBF931" baselines="1677,1677" box="[134,157,1664,1681]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">FIG</smallCapsWord>
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. 5. —
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947931FFF8A6B5F9729DCEF930" authority="(Bailey, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Bailey" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[215,488,1664,1681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="13" pageNumber="228" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A6B5F9729D4AF930" box="[215,364,1664,1681]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">Petraster kinahani</emphasis>
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(Bailey, 1878)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Ballymoney Group, Late Ordovician (Sandbian); Wexford County Ireland; latex casts;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A2A3F97298E8F930" bold="true" box="[1217,1230,1664,1681]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">A</emphasis>
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, GSI/I 00073, aboral view, ossicular differences from those of
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A7CBF9659DE4F909" bold="true" box="[425,450,1687,1704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">C1</emphasis>
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in part reflect preservation. Madreporite (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A579F9659F56F909" bold="true" box="[795,880,1687,1704]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">left arrow</emphasis>
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, compare Fig. 2B) bordered laterally by enlarged crescentic ossicles. Identities of arm series lateral to madreporite obscure, midarm arching indicates these are not carinals. Terminal (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A257F95F9864F91F" bold="true" box="[1077,1090,1709,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">A</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A22EF95F9888F91F" bold="true" box="[1100,1198,1709,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">right arrow</emphasis>
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);
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A2DFF95F98ECF91F" bold="true" box="[1213,1226,1709,1726]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">B</emphasis>
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, GSI/I 00084; axials across arm midline at radial channel, it dilated by compaction; groove for transverse water vessel on distal side of transverse ridge; podial basin shared by successive axials;the adaxial “nose” or prominence abuts the axial in the weakly vaulted euaxosidan configuration;
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A583F9299FDFF94D" bold="true" box="[993,1017,1755,1772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">C1</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A261F929983CF94D" bold="true" box="[1027,1050,1755,1772]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">C2</emphasis>
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, GSI/I 00069; aboral views; suggestion of carinal series limited to weak alignment of midarm series (
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A448F9039E67F8A3" bold="true" box="[554,577,1777,1794]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">C2</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A42EF9039EACF8A3" bold="true" box="[588,650,1777,1794]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">arrows</emphasis>
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). Scale bars: A, C1, 10 mm; B, C2, 3 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177931FFFBA6F9F8A098F6F84A" blockId="13.[132,777,1874,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[811,1456,1906,2028]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">
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Both surviving interbrachia exhibit now-disrupted irregular elongate ossicles, at least some directed away from the axials, these suggestive of somasteroid virgals; however, the ossicles do not correspond in number with the axialadaxials, they are not uniform, and orientation of distal ossicles appears irregular (Fig. 7A1). Although uncommon among asteroids, homoplastic ossicular alignment suggestive of virgal series is developed in crown-group
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947931FFF8A326F8619FE2F86D" authority="Verrill, 1879" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="228" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A326F8619988F80D" box="[1348,1454,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">Tremaster</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67931FFF8A54FF8409FE2F86D" author="VERRILL A. E." box="[813,964,1970,1996]" pageId="13" pageNumber="228" pagination="165 - 205" refId="ref18618" refString="VERRILL A. E. 1879. - Notice of recent additions to the marine Invertebrata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new genera and species and critical remarks on others. Part I. Annelida, Gephyraea, Nemertina, Nematoda, Polyzoa, Tunicata, Mollusca, Anthozoa, Echinodermata, Porifera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 2 (76): 165 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.76.165" type="journal article" year="1879">Verrill, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(Fig. 7B1, B2), and Jurassic occurrences similar to that of extant
|
|
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947931FFF8A230F8209898F84A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1106,1214,2002,2027]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="228" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="9CA19D057931FFF8A230F8209898F84A" box="[1106,1214,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="228">Tremaster</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
have been described (
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|
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67932FFFBA6ECF8809D23F82D" author="HESS H." box="[142,261,1906,1932]" pageId="14" pageNumber="229" pagination="681 - 689" refId="ref16163" refString="HESS H. 1981. - Ein neuer Seestern (Mesotremaster zbindeni n. sp.) und andere Echinodermen aus dem mittleren Oxford von Reuchenette (Berner Jura). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 74: 681 - 689." type="journal article" year="1981">Hess 1981</bibRefCitation>
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;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67932FFFBA771F8809E37F82C" author="SMITH A. B. & TRANTER T. H." box="[275,529,1906,1933]" pageId="14" pageNumber="229" pagination="351 - 359" refId="ref17784" refString="SMITH A. B. & TRANTER T. H. 1985. - Protremaster, a new Lower Jurassic genus of asteroid from Antarctica. Geological Magazine 122 (4): 351 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800031794" type="journal article" year="1985">Smith & Tranter 1985</bibRefCitation>
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). Axial shape, including transverse ridge expression, is asteroid-like. Inferred euaxosidan affinities are based on the apparently weak linkage between the axial and adaxial based on ossicular positioning and presence of a pulled-apart and therefore weakly linked axial/adaxial series. A large disk with peripheral marginal series is unusual but occurs elsewhere (Fig. 9D) among Paleozoic asteroids.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |