228 lines
34 KiB
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228 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1E2D1967BCCBF1021FD78D5F51CAD3A9">Ordovician Petraster Billings, 1858 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) and early asteroid skeletal differentiation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="59294B81E42652460E97D8F6650B15DC">Blake, Daniel B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="423D85BCFBDA29202B577422DE838228">Departement of Earth Sciences and Environmental Change, University of Illinois, 3081 NHB, 1301 West Green Street, 61801 Urbana, IL (United States)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="4949A7C7486E21595940D64C09BE41FD">Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENSL, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre, F- 69622 Villeurbanne (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="484287151A76E6D5DF70242553701398">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<treatment id="267CF0017935FFFEA5DCFF2A9ED5FE70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232127" ID-GBIF-Taxon="247585613" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14232127" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:267CF0017935FFFEA5DCFF2A9ED5FE70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/267CF0017935FFFEA5DCFF2A9ED5FE70" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" scope_class="Asteroidea" scope_phylum="Echinodermata">
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA5DCFF2A9938FF53" box="[958,1310,215,242]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA5DCFF2A9938FF53" blockId="9.[958,1310,215,274]" box="[958,1310,215,242]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="F522F67B7935FFFCA5DCFF2A9938FF53" box="[958,1310,215,242]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA5DCFF2A9938FF53" authority="(Baily, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[958,1310,215,242]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA5DCFF2A98AEFF53" bold="true" box="[958,1160,215,242]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Petraster kinahani</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA2F4FF2A9930FF53" author="BAILY W. H." box="[1174,1302,216,242]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref14015" refString="BAILY W. H. 1879. - Palaeontological notes, in KINAHAN G. H. (ed.), Explanatory memoir to accompany sheets 169, 170 and 181 of the map of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Alexander Thom (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland for 1878), Dublin: 55 - 60." type="book chapter" year="1879">Baily, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA255FF0A9883FEB3" box="[1079,1189,247,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA255FF0A9883FEB3" blockId="9.[958,1310,215,274]" box="[1079,1189,247,274]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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(
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<figureCitation id="36EE5D927935FFFCA222FF0A98A6FEB3" box="[1088,1152,247,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[134,143,1664,1681]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-268@13.[698,1267,778,1342]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 5. — Petraster kinahani (Bailey, 1878); Ballymoney Group, Late Ordovician (Sandbian); Wexford County Ireland; latex casts; A, GSI/I 00073, aboral view, ossicular differences from those of C1 in part reflect preservation. Madreporite (left arrow, compare Fig. 2B) bordered laterally by enlarged crescentic ossicles. Identities of arm series lateral to madreporite obscure, midarm arching indicates these are not carinals. Terminal (A, right arrow); B, GSI/I 00084; axials across arm midline at radial channel, it dilated by compaction; groove for transverse water vessel on distal side of transverse ridge; podial basin shared by successive axials;the adaxial “nose” or prominence abuts the axial in the weakly vaulted euaxosidan configuration; C1, C2, GSI/I 00069; aboral views; suggestion of carinal series limited to weak alignment of midarm series (C2, arrows). Scale bars: A, C1, 10 mm; B, C2, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531874/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="36EE5D927935FFFCA2ECFF0598BAFEB0" box="[1166,1180,247,273]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1641,1658]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-360@14.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Petraster kinahani (Bailey, 1878); Ballymoney Group, Late Ordovician (Sandbian); Wexford County, Ireland; latex casts: A1-A4, GSI/I00066, oral views; A1, orientation as A2; small axillaries? (short vertical arrows) are immediately adjacent to enlarged IM series, larger more proximal swellings suggest larger axillaries (long inclined arrows). Axials appear to directly abut adaxials (horizontal arrow to upper left) whereas smaller ossicles appear to be intercalated between axials and adaxials (inclined arrow to lower left), see text; A2, IM series extends around interbrachium, like Aerliceaster Blake, Gahn & Guensburg, 2020 without a clearly differentiated axillary marking the series (Fig. 9A2); A3, arm tip, lower axials obscured; A4, disk and proximal arm; B, GSI/I 00074; lateral view, inferomarginal series at edge is well-defined, sides of adaxials exposed distally to right; inset enlarged ossicles on disk (arrow); aboral series of enlarged aligned ossicles and interwoven smaller ossicular series are of problematic identity; series of smaller aligned ossicles on arm to right are thought likely carinals; C, GSI/I 00071; inferomarginal series (arrow) overlies adaxials and weakly exposed axials; identity of series of ossicles of variable sizes aboral to inferomarginals is problematic; D, GSI/I 00088, mouth frame ossicles in dorsal view, ossicles abutting MAO, although weathered, do not appear to be of the dumbbell shape of those of P. caidrami n. sp. (Fig. 2A7). Scale bars: A1, A3, A4, C, 5 mm; A2, B, 10 mm; D, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531878/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA54FFEC39825FE56" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FFEC398E9FEE8" blockId="9.[813,1231,304,329]" box="[813,1231,304,329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8EC566397935FFFCA54FFEC398E9FEE8" box="[813,1231,304,329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA54FFEC398ABFEE9" author="BAILY W. H." box="[813,1165,304,329]" page="56" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1879">
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||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FFEC398ABFEE9" authority="Baily, 1879: 56" authorityName="Baily" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1879" box="[813,1165,304,329]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Palasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FFEC39FC9FEE8" box="[813,1007,305,329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Palasterina kinahani</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA594FEC398ABFEE9" author="BAILY W. H." box="[1014,1165,304,329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="55 - 60" refId="ref14015" refString="BAILY W. H. 1879. - Palaeontological notes, in KINAHAN G. H. (ed.), Explanatory memoir to accompany sheets 169, 170 and 181 of the map of the Geological Survey of Ireland. Alexander Thom (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland for 1878), Dublin: 55 - 60." type="book chapter" year="1879">Baily, 1879: 56</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 6.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FFE939996FE33" blockId="9.[811,1456,352,403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8EC566397935FFFCA54FFE939996FE33" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FFE939FFDFED9" baseAuthorityName="Spencer" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[813,987,352,376]" genus="Uranaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FFE939FFDFED9" box="[813,987,352,376]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Uranaster kinahani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA58FFE929885FED9" author="GREGORY J. W." box="[1005,1187,352,376]" page="348" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1899">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA58FFE929885FED9" author="GREGORY J. W." box="[1005,1187,352,376]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="341 - 354" refId="ref15995" refString="GREGORY J. W. 1899. - On Lindstromaster and the classification of the palaeasterids. Geological Magazine 6 (8): 341 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800142384" type="journal article" year="1899">Gregory 1899: 348</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA2A6FE9299A9FED9" author="SCHONDORF F." box="[1220,1423,352,376]" page="225" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1910">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA2A6FE9299A9FED9" author="SCHONDORF F." box="[1220,1423,352,376]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="206 - 256" refId="ref17629" refString="SCHONDORF F. 1910. - Uber einige " Ophiuriden and Asteriden " des englischen Silur und ihre Bedeutung fur die Systematik palaozoischer Seesterne. Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde in Wiesbaden 63: 206 - 256." type="journal article" year="1910">Schöndorf 1910: 225</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA549FE899FDDFE33" author="SCHUCHERT C." box="[811,1019,378,403]" page="155" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1915">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA549FE899FDDFE33" author="SCHUCHERT C." box="[811,1019,378,403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 311" refId="ref17666" refString="SCHUCHERT C. 1915. - Revision of Paleozoic Stelleroidea with special reference to North American Asteroidea. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum 88: 1 - 311." type="journal article" year="1915">Schuchert 1915: 155</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA240FE8998FAFE33" author="SPENCER W. K." box="[1058,1244,378,403]" page="105" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA240FE8998FAFE33" author="SPENCER W. K." box="[1058,1244,378,403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="57 - 108" refId="ref17875" refString="SPENCER W. K. 1916. - A Monograph of the British Palaeozoic Asterozoa. Part II. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society 69 (335): 57 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1916.12035573" type="journal article" year="1916">Spencer 1916: 105</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
. —
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||
<treatmentCitation id="2F7467067935FFFCA360FE89998AFE33" author="OWEN H. G." box="[1282,1452,378,403]" page="567" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" year="1965">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA360FE89998AFE33" author="OWEN H. G." box="[1282,1452,378,403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="541 - 583" refId="ref17454" refString="OWEN H. G. 1965. - The British Palaeozoic Asterozoa: Table of contents, supplement and index. Palaeontographical Society of London (Monograph; 1964), London: 541 - 583." type="book chapter" year="1965">Owen 1965: 567</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FFE599825FE56" blockId="9.[811,1456,426,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FFE599FF3FE63" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[813,981,426,450]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
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<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FFE599FF3FE63" box="[813,981,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Petraster kinahani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA588FE5898DEFE63" author="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W." box="[1002,1272,426,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" refId="ref18139" refString="SPENCER W. K. & WRIGHT C. W. 1966. - Asterozoans, in MOORE R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3. Vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas, Lawrence: U 4 - U 107." type="journal volume" year="1966">Spencer & Wright 1966: 43</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 43.4. —
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA31AFE599FD0FE7C" author="DEAN SHACKLETON J. D." pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="29 - 114" refId="ref15580" refString="DEAN SHACKLETON J. D. 2005. - Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (1): 29 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477201905001525" type="journal article" year="2005">Dean Shackleton 2005: 91</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 6, figs 5, 6; fig. 12C. —
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<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA361FE379957FE7C" author="BLAKE D. B." box="[1283,1393,453,477]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref14512" refString="BLAKE D. B. 2018. - A history of the Paleozoic Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Bulletins of American Paleontology 394: 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="2018">Blake 2018</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 2, fig. 16; pl. 5, figs 1, 2.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA54FFDFD98D3FD30" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FFDFD98D3FD30" blockId="9.[812,1458,527,657]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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. — Arms proportionately elongate, tapering evenly. Aboral ossicles uniform, equidimensional, closely fitted; carinal, adradialia not definitively recognized; intercalated accessories not recognized. Two enclosed axillaries present, disk actinal field large. Axials rectangular, transverse ridge “L” shaped.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA54FFD5B9996FC9E" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="materials_examined">
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. —
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<materialsCitation id="1EBD4B4A7935FFFCA27FFD5B98A1FD54" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4985316303" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
Latex casts of approximately
|
||
<specimenCount id="B8D38A9E7935FFFCA348FD5A998AFD61" box="[1322,1452,680,704]" count="20" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
|
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, many fragmentary, poorly preserved; Geological Survey of Ireland, Natural History Museum, London.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
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. —
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1EBD4B4A7935FFFCA2E0FCFF998AFC9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4985316305" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
Ballymoney Group (Sandbian; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67935FFFCA52CFCDA9831FC9E" author="DONOVAN S. K. & PAUL C. R. C. & LEWIS D. N." box="[846,1047,807,831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" pagination="202 - 267" refId="ref15858" refString="DONOVAN S. K., PAUL C. R. C. & LEWIS D. N. 1996. - Echinoderms, in HARPER D. A. T. & OWEN A. W. (eds), Fossils of the Upper Ordovician. The Palaeontological Association, Field Guide to Fossils 7: 202 - 267." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Donovan
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA5CDFCDA9FF8FC9E" box="[943,990,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), near Bannow,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6C118FF57935FFFCA2D6FCD5997DFC9E" box="[1204,1371,807,831]" country="Ireland" name="Wexford" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">County Wexford</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D6C201877935FFFCA306FCD5998AFC9E" box="[1380,1452,807,831]" name="Ireland" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFCA54EFC849994F98C" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54EFC849F9BFC2F" blockId="9.[810,1458,886,1582]" box="[812,957,886,912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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||
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FFC649986FACF" blockId="9.[810,1458,886,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FFC649FA5FC0E" baseAuthorityName="Spencer & Wright" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[813,899,918,943]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FFC649FA5FC0E" box="[813,899,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Petraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which arms are relatively elongate, R reaching at least
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA503FC449F54FC6E" box="[865,882,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="692DECF27935FFFCA51AFC479FECFC71" box="[888,970,949,976]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Aboral ossicular series of arms approximately equidimensional and closely fitted; smaller accessories not recognized. Carinal series differentiation suggested by some weak alignment; adradialia not recognized. Madreporite on aboral disk of larger specimens bordered laterally by enlarged, crescentic ossicles. Enlarged, subcircular, aligned ossicles lateral to arm midline recognized as superomarginal, series differentiation weakening on disk. Inferomarginals robust, approximately equidimensional, weakly increasing in size on disk. Intermarginals present but irregularity of size and alignment obscures delineation.Axillaries represented by two approximately elliptical ossicles, the more distal small, abutting inferomarginal series. Actinal definition poorly known, actinals restricted to disk, proximal arms appearing small, equidimensional, irregular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA521FA869994F98C" blockId="9.[810,1458,886,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Axials approximately equidimensional, sequential axials abutted, not overlapping; transverse ridge broadly J-shaped, transverse channel well-defined. MAO pair narrow, circumorals not thought to be dumbbell shaped. Adaxials with prominent “nose” articulating with axial. Adaxials possibly elliptical, longitudinally elongate prominent nose developed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6CF129C7935FFFEA54FF9A19ED5FE70" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FF9A19FB7F9CA" blockId="9.[811,1457,1619,2027]" box="[813,913,1619,1645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
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||
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|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFCA54FF986980AF8CD" blockId="9.[811,1457,1619,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FF9869FC1F92C" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[813,999,1651,1677]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FF9869FC1F92C" box="[813,999,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Petraster kinahani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA2C0F9869965F92C" authorityName="Blake & Lefebvre" authorityYear="2024" box="[1186,1347,1651,1677]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="caidramiensis" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA2C0F9869965F92C" box="[1186,1347,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">P. caidramiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="8792207E7935FFFCA32BF98199A4F92C" box="[1353,1410,1651,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947935FFFCA54FF9619F93F90D" authorityName="Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre" authorityYear="2016" box="[813,949,1683,1708]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="224" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="crozonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057935FFFCA54FF9619F93F90D" box="[813,949,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">P. crozonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by presence of distal abactinal arm ossicles that lack clear differentiation in form or into series; the absence of aboral intercalated granular accessories; the irregular arrangement of proximal superomarginals and intermarginals; the complex, multiossicular oral disk ossicular configuration with two axillaries; and equidimensional abutted axials with a “J”- shaped transverse ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE6A41177935FFFEA521F8809ED5FE70" blockId="9.[811,1457,1619,2027]" lastBlockId="11.[131,778,216,465]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">
|
||
A small ambulacral area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36EE5D927935FFFCA22AF88098BFF82D" box="[1096,1177,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1641,1658]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1600]" captionTargetId="figure-360@14.[698,1267,768,1324]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 6. — Petraster kinahani (Bailey, 1878); Ballymoney Group, Late Ordovician (Sandbian); Wexford County, Ireland; latex casts: A1-A4, GSI/I00066, oral views; A1, orientation as A2; small axillaries? (short vertical arrows) are immediately adjacent to enlarged IM series, larger more proximal swellings suggest larger axillaries (long inclined arrows). Axials appear to directly abut adaxials (horizontal arrow to upper left) whereas smaller ossicles appear to be intercalated between axials and adaxials (inclined arrow to lower left), see text; A2, IM series extends around interbrachium, like Aerliceaster Blake, Gahn & Guensburg, 2020 without a clearly differentiated axillary marking the series (Fig. 9A2); A3, arm tip, lower axials obscured; A4, disk and proximal arm; B, GSI/I 00074; lateral view, inferomarginal series at edge is well-defined, sides of adaxials exposed distally to right; inset enlarged ossicles on disk (arrow); aboral series of enlarged aligned ossicles and interwoven smaller ossicular series are of problematic identity; series of smaller aligned ossicles on arm to right are thought likely carinals; C, GSI/I 00071; inferomarginal series (arrow) overlies adaxials and weakly exposed axials; identity of series of ossicles of variable sizes aboral to inferomarginals is problematic; D, GSI/I 00088, mouth frame ossicles in dorsal view, ossicles abutting MAO, although weathered, do not appear to be of the dumbbell shape of those of P. caidrami n. sp. (Fig. 2A7). Scale bars: A1, A3, A4, C, 5 mm; A2, B, 10 mm; D, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531878/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="36EE5D927935FFFCA2F8F8809885F82D" box="[1178,1187,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[134,144,1411,1428]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1367]" captionTargetId="figure-425@6.[698,1267,746,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 1. — Problematic species of Petraster Billings, 1858: A1, A2, Petraster rigidus (Billings, 1858), generic type species;Trenton Limestone, Late Ordovician (Sandbian-early Katian), 45°026’37”N, 75°026’9”W, Ottawa, Canada; original specimen, holotype GSC 1401; A1, specimen remnant, surfaces of disk ossicles to left appearing largely unaltered, those to right more abraded thereby obscuring original surface appearances; A2, specimen wetted, axillary of interbrachium to left is triangular, possible second axillary (lower left arrow) immediately distal of MAO pair at base of single actinal series. Ossicles to right interbrachium altered but appearance unlike those to left interbrachium, significance of diagenetic alteration uncertain; upper two arrows mark position of inferomarginal near apparent termini of actinal series. Ossicles edging adaxial at one arm margin (arrow to lower right) appearing somewhat enlarged as compared to traces at other arm margins, the nature of the skeleton aboral to inferomarginals obscure; B1-B3, Petraster? ramseyensis (Hicks, 1873); Early Ordovician (early Arenig); Ramsey Island, Wales; latex casts; B1, B2, NHM E13707 = Manchester L10038, abactinals are differentiated, carinals (B1, arrow) bordered by small rectangular adradials, two marginal series; aboral disk largely lost, madreporite? (B2, arrow) remains; B3, NHM E13703 = Manchester L10036a distended specimen in oral aspect, ambulacra variously flattened, inferomarginals, adaxials, and axials dominate; possible axillary (arrow). Scale bars: A1, A2, B2, B3, 5 mm; B1, 3 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14531862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14531862/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="224">1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is problematic. One area (horizontal arrow to upper left) shows a series of five axial transverse ridges offset from prominent noses of adaxials, the displacement accompanying sediment compaction, whereas another area (inclined arrow to lower left) suggests a series of five separate small ossicles between the axials and adaxials. Presence of an “extra” ossicle emplaced between the axial and adaxial is diagnostic of the Stenuroidea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA443CE67937FFFEA44EFEC59E80FEF3" author="BLAKE D. B." box="[556,678,311,338]" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" pagination="353 - 372" refId="ref14470" refString="BLAKE D. B. 2013. - Asterozoan (Echinodermata) diversification: a paleontologic quandary. Journal of Paleontology 87 (3): 353 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 12 - 042.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Blake 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A similar expression was found in none of the other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D53A947937FFFEA6E7FE8A9CD8FE30" baseAuthorityName="Baily" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[133,254,375,401]" class="Asteroidea" family="Palasterinidae" genus="Petraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euaxosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="226" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kinahani">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CA19D057937FFFEA6E7FE8A9CD8FE30" box="[133,254,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="226">P. kinahani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the interval to lower left interpreted as preservational aberrancy while recognizing the occurrence might reflect paraphyly or polyphyly of the stenuroid condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |