168 lines
22 KiB
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168 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="B3BB31BED1E5DD583FE9F87C3AFBD57D" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00778.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406828" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630346615665" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Ahrens, Heather E." docDate="2012" docId="2508878F474A1E6AFED9B777FE18FF00" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00778.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00778.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Procyonidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="704" masterDocId="D931FFF747691E4EFFC7B168FFE3FFFA" masterDocTitle="Craniodental characters and the relationships of Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora)" masterLastPageNumber="713" masterPageNumber="669" pageNumber="704" updateTime="1699238193671" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B20B7FED3F7C0D5AE52498AB4DD9FCD5">Craniodental characters and the relationships of Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="60475868BF301E4076990BC0EE315262">Ahrens, Heather E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A1A6B211C6AE3D0521F7FD4780BF3BCB">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FD57F0046D7DD340B027C5FBB49EF973">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DD9273AD385D2C432E30F9F48A6F24A1">164</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2508878F474A1E6AFED9B777FE18FF00" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2508878F474A1E6AFED9B777FE18FF00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2508878F474A1E6AFED9B777FE18FF00" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="704" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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<subSubSection id="E5BB6512474A1E6DFED9B777FD73F9CE" box="[286,656,1567,1588]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6DFED9B777FD73F9CE" blockId="35.[286,656,1567,1588]" box="[286,656,1567,1588]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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<heading id="F65681F5474A1E6DFED9B777FD73F9CE" box="[286,656,1567,1588]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" reason="8">
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APOMORPHIES OF
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFE37B777FD73F9CE" ID-CoL="F2C" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[496,656,1567,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">PROCYONIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E5BB6512474A1E6AFF63B72DFE18FF00" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6DFF63B72DFC2EFE8F" blockId="35.[164,779,1605,1903]" lastBlockId="35.[826,1441,198,1903]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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Neither previous morphological analysis attempted to identify features that distinguish procyonids from other carnivorans (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFE5BB7EBFCE5F962" author="Decker DM & Wozencraft WC" box="[412,774,1667,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="42 - 55" refId="ref24572" refString="Decker DM, Wozencraft WC. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of recent procyonid genera. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 42 - 55." type="journal article" year="1991">Decker & Wozencraft, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFF63B7C9FEA2F94D" author="Baskin JA" box="[164,321,1697,1719]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref24476" refString="Baskin JA. 2004. Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (middle Miocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 709 - 720." type="journal article" year="2004">Baskin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). However, three possible apomorphies were suggested as diagnostic features of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFDBEB7A8FCE4F92C" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[633,775,1728,1750]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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, including the presence of a squamosal epitympanic sinus, posterior orientation of the suprameatal fossa, and a distinctly bilobed baculum (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFDFBB674FECCF8AA" author="Decker DM & Wozencraft WC" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="42 - 55" refId="ref24572" refString="Decker DM, Wozencraft WC. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of recent procyonid genera. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 42 - 55." type="journal article" year="1991">Decker & Wozencraft, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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). The use of HRXCT to investigate internal anatomy has revealed that the epitympanic sinus is also present in
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFBB1B1AFFA42FF21" box="[1142,1441,198,220]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Urocyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereoargenteus">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFBB1B1AFFA42FF21" box="[1142,1441,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Urocyon cinereoargenteus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFCB1B18DFBD9FF00" box="[886,1082,229,250]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennanti">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFCB1B18DFBD9FF00" box="[886,1082,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Martes pennanti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and thus is not an unambiguous synapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFBB6B06BFAE3FEE3" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1137,1280,259,281]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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. As I did not include postcranial material, I cannot assess the validity of a bilobed baculum as an apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFCFDB037FC2AFE8F" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[826,969,351,373]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6DFC94B015FC3DFCA5" blockId="35.[826,1441,198,1903]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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The suprameatal fossa was suggested as a distinctive characteristic of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFBFDB0F4FB26FE48" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[1082,1221,412,434]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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in many previous works (including
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFBCAB0D3FB43FE2A" author="Segall W" box="[1037,1184,443,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="33 - 59" refId="ref25633" refString="Segall W. 1943. The auditory region of the arctoid carnivores. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 29: 33 - 59." type="book chapter" year="1943">Segall, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFB75B0D3FAAFFE2A" author="Hough JR" box="[1202,1356,443,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="67 - 118" refId="ref25162" refString="Hough JR. 1948. The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 92: 67 - 118." type="journal article" year="1948">Hough, 1948</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFA99B0D3FC90FE14" author="Hunt RM" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="21 - 75" refId="ref25196" refString="Hunt RM. 1974. The auditory bulla in Carnivora: an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution. Journal of Morphology 143: 21 - 75." type="journal article" year="1974">Hunt, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFC46B0B1FBC1FE15" author="Tedford RH" box="[897,1058,473,495]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="363 - 374" refId="ref25753" refString="Tedford RH. 1976. Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia). Systematic Zoology 25: 363 - 374." type="journal article" year="1976">Tedford, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFB6DB0B1FC62FDF4" author="Decker DM & Wozencraft WC" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="42 - 55" refId="ref24572" refString="Decker DM, Wozencraft WC. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of recent procyonid genera. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 42 - 55." type="journal article" year="1991">Decker & Wozencraft (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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identified the posterior orientation of the fossa as the important distinguishing feature of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFAB6B37FFC43FDB1" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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, whereas
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFBF8B35DFABBFDB1" author="Schmidt-Kittler N" box="[1087,1368,565,587]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="753 - 801" refId="ref25608" refString="Schmidt-Kittler N. 1981. Zur Stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 74: 753 - 801." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmidt-Kittler (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFCFDB33CFC03FD90" author="Wolsan M" box="[826,992,596,618]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="345 - 384" refId="ref25990" refString="Wolsan M. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora). Acta Theriologica 38: 345 - 384." type="journal article" year="1993">Wolsan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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identified the dorsally expanded roof as the distinguishing feature. Here, the suprameatal fossa (24) is not optimized as a synapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFCFDB3C7FC26FD3F" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[826,965,687,709]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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because
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFB84B3C7FB1EFD3E" box="[1091,1277,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" genus="Ailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFB84B3C7FB1EFD3E" box="[1091,1277,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Ailurus fulgens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is recovered within crown
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFC21B3A6FB96FD1E" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[998,1141,718,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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. The position of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFA8CB3A6FC6FFCF8" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" genus="Ailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFA8CB3A6FC6FFCF8" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Ailurus fulgens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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requires a reversal from the typical procyonid condition to the primitive musteloid condition of a shallow suprameatal fossa (Schmidt- Kittler, 1981).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6DFC94B20FFB9CFBCF" blockId="35.[826,1441,198,1903]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFC94B20FFC3DFC87" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[851,990,871,893]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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is diagnosed (node 5,
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<figureCitation id="359A2A1C474A1E6DFB25B20FFAD2FC87" box="[1250,1329,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="32.[144,223,720,739]" captionTargetBox="[305,1260,200,688]" captionTargetId="figure-604@32.[303,1263,196,690]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 35. Most parsimonious tree recovered from the primary analysis. Numbers above the node indicate node number; numbers below the node indicate Bremer support value. †, extinct taxa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406901/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
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) by three synapomorphies in this analysis, including presence of an internal shelf on P4 (46), presence of a hypocone on P4 (46), and a hypoconulid present on m2 (76). The clade is not defined by any characters with a CI of 1.0; one character is also present in one outgroup and two are lost within the ingroup.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6DFC94B555FC2EF980" blockId="35.[826,1441,198,1903]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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The presence of an internal shelf on P4 was identified as an apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFB7CB534FAA9FB88" baseAuthorityName="Baskin" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1211,1354,1116,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Procyoninae">Procyoninae</taxonomicName>
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, which includes
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFC76B512FBFDFB75" authorityName="Dehm" authorityYear="1950" box="[945,1054,1146,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Broiliana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFC76B512FBFDFB75" box="[945,1054,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Broiliana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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plus New World procyonids (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFC85B5F1FC03FB55" author="Baskin JA" box="[834,992,1177,1199]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref24476" refString="Baskin JA. 2004. Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (middle Miocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 709 - 720." type="journal article" year="2004">Baskin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). When excluding Old World procyonids, the internal shelf is recovered as a synapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFC9EB5BEFC0BFB16" baseAuthorityName="Turner" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[857,1000,1238,1260]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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. The presence of the hypocone on P4 was previously used to unite
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFB6DB59DFC9FFAD3" authority="(Mivart, 1885)" baseAuthorityName="Mivart" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Procyonidae (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFA8CB59DFC90FAD3" author="Mivart SG" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="340 - 404" refId="ref25390" refString="Mivart SG. 1885. On the anatomy, classification and distribution of the Arctoidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 53: 340 - 404." type="journal article" year="1885">Mivart, 1885</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the loss of the hypocone in the
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFAF5B47BFA42FAD3" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1904" box="[1330,1441,1299,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Potosinae">Potosinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFC85B45BFC62FAB2" box="[834,897,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFC4EB45AFB21FAB2" author="Decker DM & Wozencraft WC" box="[905,1218,1330,1352]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="42 - 55" refId="ref24572" refString="Decker DM, Wozencraft WC. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of recent procyonid genera. Journal of Mammalogy 72: 42 - 55." type="journal article" year="1991">Decker & Wozencraft, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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) and its absence in early
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFCBCB439FB01FA9D" box="[891,1250,1361,1383]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassariscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFCBCB439FBE1FA9C" box="[891,1026,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Bassariscus</emphasis>
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spp. (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFB82B439FB38FA9D" author="Baskin JA" box="[1093,1243,1361,1383]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref24476" refString="Baskin JA. 2004. Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (middle Miocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 709 - 720." type="journal article" year="2004">Baskin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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suggest that the presence of the hypocone is relatively plastic and is not an ideal diagnostic character. Previously, a posteroexternal hypoconulid was considered primitive for procyonids (
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<bibRefCitation id="C9304B68474A1E6DFC0DB4A3FB8AFA1B" author="Baskin JA" box="[970,1129,1483,1505]" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref24476" refString="Baskin JA. 2004. Bassariscus and Probassariscus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) from the early Barstovian (middle Miocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 709 - 720." type="journal article" year="2004">Baskin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Here, the presence of a hypoconulid on m2 also unites
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFB62B482FAD0F9FA" baseAuthorityName="Mivart" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[1189,1331,1514,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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, which is secondarily lost in
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFBD8B761FB48F9E7" box="[1055,1195,1544,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavus">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFBD8B761FB48F9E7" box="[1055,1195,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Potos flavus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The loss of the m2 hypoconulid in
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFBCCB74FFB47F9C6" box="[1035,1188,1575,1596]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavus">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFBCCB74FFB47F9C6" box="[1035,1188,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Potos flavus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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represents one of many dental autapomorphies of the kinkajou within
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFCFDB70CFC2AF980" baseAuthorityName="Mivart" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[826,969,1636,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procyonidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD1E3699474A1E6AFC94B7EBFE18FF00" blockId="35.[826,1441,198,1903]" lastBlockId="36.[144,759,198,250]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">
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Our limited understanding of the relationships within Musteloidea based on morphology warrants more focused studies on the evolutionary relationships of groups within Musteloidea and the evolution of morphological characters within those clades. Further investigation of the character evolution in procyonids, mephitids, mustelids, and
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<taxonomicName id="6AA14D1A474A1E6DFA8CB652FC6FF894" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" genus="Ailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
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<emphasis id="9FD5EA8B474A1E6DFA8CB652FC6FF894" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="704">Ailurus fulgens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may help identify the ancestral morphological condition in each of these groups, and synapomorphies of these different groups.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |