706 lines
146 KiB
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706 lines
146 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2FEEE9FD27C5458BEDEFD0AD731A0191">A new mousebird (Aves, Coliiformes) from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, United Kingdom) constitutes a morphological link between sandcoleids and coliids</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B9D8DD53A04D0993201E4919DA966067">Mayr, Gerald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A116B5BD273043F30A6BF03E78D2599E">Ornithological Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) gerald. mayr @ senckenberg. de</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="948CCCC33F2688555E3F95A6221889B5" type="email">gerald.mayr@senckenberg.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F9DEE1E30702A425B5F65CEBCFF4FF69">Kitchener, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C5B88747B7CEB767B4DEFC4442B025C1">Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH 1 1 JF (United Kingdom) and School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH 8 9 XP (United Kingdom)</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E08FFC57E869B4EFB16FAE5" authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2024" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[907,1207,1365,1391]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
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<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E08FFC57E869B4EFB16FAE5" bold="true" box="[907,1207,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
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. —
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.
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•
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(vertebrae, partial right coracoid, extremitas sternalis of left coracoid, nearly complete right scapula, fragments of the furcula, cranial portion of sternum, distal portion of both radii, right os carpi ulnare, largely complete pelvis in piece of matrix, distal portions of both femora, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus, pedal phalanges of both feet; seeFig. 1A);
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, Walton-on-the-Naze; Walton Member of the London Clay Formation (previously Division A2);
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<geologicalTimeScale id="D9A394E54E08FFC5785B9889FC57F94E" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">early Eocene (early Ypresian)</geologicalTimeScale>
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;
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;
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<collectorName id="067671984E08FFC5793098B6FB0BF94E" box="[1085,1194,1708,1732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">M. Daniels</collectorName>
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leg.;
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(original collector’s number:
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<collectorName id="067671984E08FFC5794998DCFB1BF955" box="[1092,1210,1735,1759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">WN 85512</collectorName>
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).
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. — As for genus.
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. — The species epithet refers to the similarity of the new species to taxa of the
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<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E08FFC579219927FB0FF8DE" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[1068,1198,1852,1876]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sandcoleidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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. — Walton-on-the-Naze,
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<collectingRegion id="6947DAAC4E08FFC5787F9971FA0AF80B" box="[1394,1451,1898,1921]" country="United Kingdom" name="Essex" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">Essex</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="D39454DE4E08FFC57E23999FFC79F816" box="[814,984,1924,1948]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
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; Walton Member of the London Clay Formation (previously Division A2;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E08FFC579219985FB3CF83C" author="Jolley" box="[1068,1181,1950,1974]" firstAuthor="Jolley" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" pagination="219 - 254" refId="ref8710" refString="JOLLEY D. W. 1996. - The earliest Eocene sediments of eastern England: an ultra-high resolution palynological correlation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 101: 219 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 1996.101.01.14" type="journal article" year="1996">Jolley 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E08FFC579A69984FAC7F83D" author="Rayner" box="[1195,1382,1950,1975]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rayner" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" refId="ref10140" refString="RAYNER D., MITCHELL T., RAYNER M. & CLOUTER F. 2009. - London Clay Fossils of Kent and Essex. Medway Fossil and Mineral Society, Rochester, Kent, 228 p." type="book" year="2009">
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Rayner
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E08FFC579F79984FA8AF83C" box="[1274,1323,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E08FFC578799985FCC1F85B" author="Aldiss" firstAuthor="Aldiss" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref7919" refString="ALDISS D. T. 2012. - The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK. British Geological Survey Open Report OR / 12 / 004: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2012">Aldiss 2012</bibRefCitation>
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), early Eocene (early Ypresian, 54.6-55 million years ago [Ma];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E08FFC57E2699C8FC5AF861" author="Collinson" box="[811,1019,2003,2027]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Collinson" pageId="6" pageNumber="983" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref8044" refString="COLLINSON M. E., ADAMS N. F., MANCHESTER S. R., STULL G. W., HERRERA F., SMITH S. Y., ANDREW M. J., KENRICK P. & SYKES D. 2016. - X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of pyrite-permineralized fruits and seeds from the London Clay Formation (Ypresian) conserved in silicone oil: a critical evaluation. Botany 94: 697 - 711. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjb- 2016 - 0078" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Collinson
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<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E08FFC57E9E99CFFC63F861" box="[915,962,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="983">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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|
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<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47D899A90FF3CFB16" baselines="1176,1177" box="[132,157,1163,1180]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47F169A90FDDCFB16" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[539,637,1163,1180]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47F8B9A90FD32FB16" bold="true" box="[646,659,1163,1180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47F939A90FD0AFB16" bold="true" box="[670,683,1163,1180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47FBA9A90FC06FB16" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[695,935,1163,1180]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47FBA9A90FC06FB16" box="[695,935,1163,1180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E09FFC47EA09A90FB84FB16" box="[941,1061,1163,1180]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47F889AB9FD33FB39" bold="true" box="[645,658,1186,1203]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and caudal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E0B9AB9FCB2FB39" bold="true" box="[774,787,1186,1203]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E549AB9FCC6FB39" bold="true" box="[857,871,1186,1203]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47E7F9AB9FB1FFB39" authority="Houde & Olson, 1992" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[882,1214,1186,1203]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E7F9AB9FC5EFB39" box="[882,1023,1186,1203]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Anneavis anneae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E09FFC4790A9AB9FB1FFB39" author="Houde & Olson" box="[1031,1214,1186,1203]" firstAuthor="Houde" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" pagination="137 - 160" refId="ref8461" refString="HOUDE P. & OLSON S. L. 1992. - A radiation of coly-like birds from the early Eocene of North America (Aves: Sandcoleiformes new order), in CAMPBELL K. E. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36: 137 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1992">Houde & Olson, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47CFF9AA2FDA1FB40" bold="true" box="[498,512,1209,1226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47F069AA2FCE9FB40" authority="(Linnaeus, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[523,840,1209,1226]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Urocolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrourus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47F069AA2FD19FB40" box="[523,696,1209,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Urocolius macrourus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1766)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC4783F9AA2FA9FFB40" bold="true" box="[1330,1342,1209,1226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">E</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC478449AA2FAF5FB40" bold="true" box="[1353,1364,1209,1226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC478529AA2FF74FB6A" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC478529AA2FF74FB6A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Y. sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E09FFC47DD79AD4FEECFB6A" box="[218,333,1231,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E479AD4FCF7FB6A" bold="true" box="[842,854,1231,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">E</emphasis>
|
||
) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479DD9AD4FB7AFB6A" bold="true" box="[1232,1243,1231,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">F</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479E79AD4FB59FB6A" bold="true" box="[1258,1272,1231,1248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">G</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC4780E9AD4FEACFB7D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Urocolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrourus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC4780E9AD4FA0EFB6A" box="[1283,1455,1231,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Urocolius macrourus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1766)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47FD09AFDFD4AFB7D" bold="true" box="[733,747,1254,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47FFB9AFDFC31FB7D" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[758,912,1254,1271]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47FFB9AFDFC31FB7D" box="[758,912,1254,1271]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Y. sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E09FFC47E9B9AFDFBADFB7D" box="[918,1036,1254,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47D899AE6FF2BFA84" bold="true" box="[132,138,1277,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">I</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47D989AE6FEA6FA84" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[149,263,1277,1294]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Urocolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrourus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47D989AE6FEA6FA84" box="[149,263,1277,1294]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">U. macrourus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47FD59AE6FD53FA84" bold="true" box="[728,754,1277,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">ais</emphasis>
|
||
, ala ischii;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E5F9AE6FCCCFA84" bold="true" box="[850,877,1277,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">api</emphasis>
|
||
, ala praeacetabularis ilii;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479499AE6FBC1FA84" bold="true" box="[1092,1120,1277,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">cpf</emphasis>
|
||
, caput femoris;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479E19AE6FAA9FA84" bold="true" box="[1260,1288,1277,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">fac</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen acetabuli;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47D899B08FF07FAAE" bold="true" box="[132,166,1299,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">pub</emphasis>
|
||
, pubis;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47DE49B08FEA2FAAE" bold="true" box="[233,259,1299,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">sdi</emphasis>
|
||
, spina dorsolateralis ilii;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47CDD9B08FE4DFAAE" bold="true" box="[464,492,1299,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">sht</emphasis>
|
||
, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E6E9B08FC27FAAE" bold="true" box="[867,902,1299,1316]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">tmg</emphasis>
|
||
, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E09FFC47D899B8FFD5AFA70" blockId="7.[131,775,1427,1531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47D899B8FFF49FA23" baselines="1445,1445" box="[132,232,1428,1451]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Referred" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">REFERRED</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47DE39B82FEEDFA20" baselines="1446" box="[238,332,1433,1450]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="specimen" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">SPECIMEN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. —
|
||
<materialsCitation id="1BEB1E134E09FFC47C749B88FD5AFA70" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4995183302" collectingDate="1975" collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="M. Daniels (original collector's number WN 75076)" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" specimenCode="NMS.Z.2021.40.182" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="FB25BC354E09FFC47C749B88FDEDFA21" box="[377,588,1427,1451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">NMS.Z.2021.40.182</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47F569B88FD05FA21" box="[603,676,1427,1451]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[132,143,1253,1270]" captionTargetBox="[138,1447,215,1220]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[704,1273,204,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Overview of the two fossils of Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, United Kingdom): A, holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.181; B, referred specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.182. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470741/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
; proximal portion of right femur, proximal half of right tibiotarsus, proximal and distal ends of right tarsometatarsus, pedal phalanges); collected in
|
||
<collectingDate id="CF79CB664E09FFC47D909BF9FF71FA70" box="[157,208,1506,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">1975</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="067671984E09FFC47DF99BF8FD56FA70" box="[244,759,1506,1531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">M. Daniels (original collector’s number WN 75076)</collectorName>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E39947C54E09FFC97D899808FAA9FA87" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="987" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E09FFC47D899808FD9EF9F3" blockId="7.[131,776,1554,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47D899808FE80F9A3" baselines="1572,1573" box="[132,289,1555,1578]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(in mm). — NMS.Z.2021.40.181: right coracoid, length as preserved, 23.3; right scapula, length as preserved, 31.4; left femur, distal width, 7.0. NMS.Z.2021.40.182: right tarsometatarsus, proximal width, 5.9; distal width, 5.8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E09FFC47D8998A8FE47F941" blockId="7.[132,775,1715,2027]" box="[132,486,1715,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47D8998A8FEB4F941" baselines="1734,1734" box="[132,277,1715,1741]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Description" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">DESCRIPTION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47C1098A3FEEAF941" baselines="1734" box="[285,331,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E09FFC47C5C98A3FE47F941" baselines="1734" box="[337,486,1720,1739]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="comparisons" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">COMPARISONS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E09FFC47D8998C9FB48F947" blockId="7.[132,775,1715,2027]" lastBlockId="7.[811,1458,1427,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
NMS.Z.2021.40.181 preserves several vertebrae, but only the third and fourth cervical vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47F8698E9FD6FF886" box="[651,718,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C) show distinctive morphologies. The third cervical vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47DB4992AFE8DF8C6" box="[185,300,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is of similar proportions to that of extant mousebirds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47C1B994AFE2EF8E6" box="[278,399,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), but has smaller lateral foramina (formed by an osseous strut between the zygapophyses cranialis et caudalis) than the third cervical vertebra of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47C2899AAFE15F841" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[293,436,1969,1995]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contrast to crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47D8999CAFEA7F861" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[132,262,2001,2027]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47C1899CAFEC4F861" box="[277,357,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
), the fourth cervical vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47FA099CAFD5FF861" box="[685,766,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
) also has well-developed lateral foramina, whereas in extant mousebirds there is an osseous bridge from the midsection of the vertebral corpus to the processus costalis; furthermore, the lacuna interzygapophysialis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC479E89BE8FAFEF987" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[1253,1375,1523,1549]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479E89BE8FAFEF987" box="[1253,1375,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Ypresicolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E09FFC4786B9BE8FA0EF987" box="[1382,1455,1523,1549]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is more deeply incised in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC479E39809FAD9F9A6" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[1262,1400,1554,1580]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphology of the cervical vertebrae of most other stem group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47E779849FC5EF9E6" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[890,1023,1618,1644]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly known, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC478299849FA13F9E6" authorityName="Mayr & Peters" authorityYear="1998" box="[1316,1458,1618,1644]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Masillacolius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC478299849FA13F9E6" box="[1316,1458,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Masillacolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D39454DE4E09FFC47E419889FC14F926" box="[844,949,1682,1708]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
the fourth cervical vertebra resembles that of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47EC998A9FB43F947" authority="(Mayr 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[964,1250,1714,1741]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
|
||
Coliiformes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E09FFC4795698A8FB7BF947" author="Mayr" box="[1115,1242,1714,1741]" firstAuthor="Mayr" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" pagination="363 - 370" refId="ref9297" refString="MAYR G. 2015. - A new specimen of the Early Eocene Masillacolius brevidactylus and its implications for the evolution of feeding specializations in mousebirds (Coliiformes). Comptes Rendus Palevol 14: 363 - 370. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2015.05.007" type="journal article" year="2015">Mayr 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E09FFC47E4E98C9FC5DF861" blockId="7.[811,1458,1427,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
The coracoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E09FFC47EE898C9FBC1F966" box="[997,1120,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Fig. 2L, M</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC4785D98C9FA11F966" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[1360,1456,1746,1772]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC4785D98C9FA11F966" box="[1360,1456,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Anneavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC47E5098E9FC59F886" box="[861,1016,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC47E5098E9FC54F886" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[861,1013,1778,1804]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eoglaucidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and has a shorter processus procoracoideus than the coracoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E09FFC479449909FB1DF8A6" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[1097,1212,1810,1836]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="984" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E09FFC479449909FB1DF8A6" box="[1097,1212,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="984">Sandcoleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The cotyla scapularis is concave. The shaft of the bone is pierced by a foramen nervi supracoracoidei. The angulus medialis of the right coracoid is more strongly projected than that of the left one. The medial margin of the extremitas sternalis forms a distinct bulge. The extremitas sternalis features a long processus lateralis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FFFC44C64E06FFCB7D899BF7FC42F8AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" startId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" targetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E06FFCB7D899BF7FC42F8AE" blockId="8.[132,1457,1516,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E06FFCB7D899BF7FF3CFA77" baselines="1529,1530" box="[132,157,1516,1533]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7F159BF7FDDAFA77" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[536,635,1516,1533]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7F899BF7FD05FA77" bold="true" box="[644,676,1516,1533]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">A -F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7FBD9BF7FC03FA77" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[688,930,1516,1533]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7FBD9BF7FC03FA77" box="[688,930,1516,1533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E06FFCB7EA59BF7FB83FA77" box="[936,1058,1516,1533]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E469818FCF9F99E" bold="true" box="[843,856,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E6E9818FCD0F99E" bold="true" box="[867,881,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">C</emphasis>
|
||
), plantar (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7EC99818FC70F99E" bold="true" box="[964,977,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7ED69818FC48F99E" bold="true" box="[987,1001,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">D</emphasis>
|
||
), distal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79229818FB9AF99E" bold="true" box="[1071,1083,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">E</emphasis>
|
||
), and proximal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79CC9818FB6DF99E" bold="true" box="[1217,1228,1539,1556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">F</emphasis>
|
||
) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7C8C9801FE2EF9A1" bold="true" box="[385,399,1562,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">G</emphasis>
|
||
, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7D89982BFF33F9CB" bold="true" box="[132,146,1584,1601]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7D90982BFE4BF9CB" authority="Houde & Olson, 1992" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[157,490,1584,1601]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7D90982BFE8AF9CB" box="[157,299,1584,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Anneavis anneae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E06FFCB7C3F982BFE4BF9CB" author="Houde & Olson" box="[306,490,1584,1601]" firstAuthor="Houde" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" pagination="137 - 160" refId="ref8461" refString="HOUDE P. & OLSON S. L. 1992. - A radiation of coly-like birds from the early Eocene of North America (Aves: Sandcoleiformes new order), in CAMPBELL K. E. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36: 137 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1992">Houde & Olson, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E06FFCB79F7982BFA0BF9CB" author="Houde & Olson" box="[1274,1450,1584,1601]" firstAuthor="Houde" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" pagination="137 - 160" refId="ref8461" refString="HOUDE P. & OLSON S. L. 1992. - A radiation of coly-like birds from the early Eocene of North America (Aves: Sandcoleiformes new order), in CAMPBELL K. E. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36: 137 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1992">Houde & Olson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 15);
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DC8985CFF6AF9D2" bold="true" box="[197,203,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">I</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DD9985CFF7EF9D2" bold="true" box="[212,223,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">L</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7DE4985CFED5F9D2" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[233,372,1607,1624]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anneae">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DE4985CFED5F9D2" box="[233,372,1607,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Anneavis anneae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7EBD985CFC17F9D2" bold="true" box="[944,950,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">I</emphasis>
|
||
), plantar (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB790A985CFBB0F9D2" bold="true" box="[1031,1041,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">J</emphasis>
|
||
), distal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7958985CFBC3F9D2" bold="true" box="[1109,1122,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">K</emphasis>
|
||
), and proximal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79EB985CFB50F9D2" bold="true" box="[1254,1265,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">L</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB783F985CFAF7F9D2" bold="true" box="[1330,1366,1607,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">M -P</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB786D985CFECAF9E5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Urocolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrourus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB786D985CFF7DF9E5" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Urocolius macrourus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1766)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7FFD9845FCA0F9E5" bold="true" box="[752,769,1630,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">M</emphasis>
|
||
), plantar (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E599845FCC3F9E5" bold="true" box="[852,866,1630,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">N</emphasis>
|
||
), distal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7EA49845FC19F9E5" bold="true" box="[937,952,1630,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">O</emphasis>
|
||
), and proximal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79339845FBEBF9E5" bold="true" box="[1086,1098,1630,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">P</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79829845FB10F9E5" bold="true" box="[1167,1201,1630,1647]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Q -S</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB79B19845FA11F9E5" authority="Marsh, 1872" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[1212,1456,1630,1647]" class="Aves" family="Primobucconidae" genus="Uintornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79B19845FAE0F9E5" box="[1212,1345,1630,1647]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Uintornis lucaris</emphasis>
|
||
Marsh, 1872
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79B2986FFB6FF90F" bold="true" box="[1215,1230,1652,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Q</emphasis>
|
||
), plantar (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB782E986FFA91F90F" bold="true" box="[1315,1328,1652,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">R</emphasis>
|
||
), and distal (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7893986FFA0BF90F" bold="true" box="[1438,1450,1652,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">S</emphasis>
|
||
) views;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DB39890FF68F916" bold="true" box="[190,201,1675,1692]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">T</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7DDE9890FE4EF916" authority="Fischer, 1987" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[211,495,1675,1692]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallas">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DDE9890FED8F916" box="[211,377,1675,1692]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Eoglaucidium pallas</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer, 1987
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DB898B9FF62F939" bold="true" box="[181,195,1698,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">U</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DC098B9FF78F939" bold="true" box="[205,217,1698,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">V</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7DE998B9FE8BF939" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[228,298,1698,1715]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallas">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DE998B9FE8BF939" box="[228,298,1698,1715]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">E. pallas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79B098B9FB6AF939" bold="true" box="[1213,1227,1698,1715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">U</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view) and right foot (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7D8498A3FF34F943" bold="true" box="[137,149,1720,1737]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">V</emphasis>
|
||
, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7FD298A3FD50F943" bold="true" box="[735,753,1720,1737]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">W</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7FF198A3FCCFF943" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[764,878,1720,1737]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sandcoleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. et sp. indet. (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB792798A3FB3AF943" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[1066,1179,1720,1737]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB792798A3FB3AF943" box="[1066,1179,1720,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E5998D4FCCBF96A" bold="true" box="[852,874,1743,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">fdl</emphasis>
|
||
, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DA098FDFF62F97D" bold="true" box="[173,195,1766,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">fhl</emphasis>
|
||
, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7FEB98FDFD5CF97D" bold="true" box="[742,765,1766,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">flg</emphasis>
|
||
, flange;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E4898FDFCC2F97D" bold="true" box="[837,867,1766,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">fmt</emphasis>
|
||
, fossa metatarsi I;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB790C98FDFBEDF97D" bold="true" box="[1025,1100,1766,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">fp2/fpp2</emphasis>
|
||
, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7F5698E7FDD7F887" bold="true" box="[603,630,1788,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">fvd</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen vasculare distale;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7E5398E7FCD5F887" bold="true" box="[862,884,1788,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">lfp</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral foramen vasculare proximale;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB79A398E7FB70F887" bold="true" box="[1198,1233,1788,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">mfp</emphasis>
|
||
, medial foramen vasculare proximale;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7DEC9908FF58F8AE" bold="true" box="[225,249,1811,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">prj</emphasis>
|
||
, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E06FFCB7D96994AFD8BF826" blockId="8.[132,776,1873,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">
|
||
The scapula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E06FFCB7C24994AFEDCF8E6" box="[297,381,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
) bears a prominent acromion with a broadly rounded tip; unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E06FFCB7CD9996AFDC5F801" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[468,612,1905,1931]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="985" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E06FFCB7CD9996AFDC5F801" box="[468,612,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E06FFCB7F79996AFD40F801" box="[628,737,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1235,1252]" captionTargetBox="[146,1449,215,1190]" captionTargetId="figure-180@5.[698,1267,198,745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Third and fourth cervical vertebrae, scapula, and coracoid of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), third cervical vertebra in dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; C, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; D, E, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 10768), third cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view; F, C. striatus (SMF 10768), fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal view; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right scapula in lateral view; H, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH XXII), cranial extremity of right scapula in lateral view; I, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), cranial extremity of left scapula in lateral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; J, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right scapula in lateral view; K, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right scapula, left scapula in lateral view; L, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial right coracoid in dorsal view; M, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), partial extremitas sternalis of left coracoid in dorsal view; the dotted line reconstructs a broken portion of the specimen; N, A. anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), right coracoid in dorsal view; O, Eoglaucidium cf. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110B), left coracoid in dorsal view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; P, E. pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4376), left coracoid in dorsal view; Q, C. striatus (SMF 10768), right coracoid in dorsal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; agm, angulus medialis; blg, bulge; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; for, lateral vertebral foramen formed by osseous strut between zygapophysis cranialis and zygapophysis caudalis; mdp, medial process; pcl, processus lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470743" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470743/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Fig. 2H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
), it is bipartite and forms a medial process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E06FFCB7D9699AAFB89F801" blockId="8.[132,776,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[813,1456,1873,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">NMS.Z.2021.40.181 includes the extremitas sternalis of the furcula as well as one extremitas omalis. An apophysis furculae is not developed, and the omal extremity is simple and has a tapering end.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E06FFCA7E4E998AFEDFF9C6" blockId="8.[813,1456,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[130,775,1523,2027]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="986" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">
|
||
Only the cranial portion of the sternum is preserved in NMS.Z.2021.40.181 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E06FFCB792999AAFBD6F841" box="[1060,1143,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1085,1102]" captionTargetBox="[139,1449,214,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-421@6.[698,1267,208,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Sternum and os carpi ulnare of fossil and extant Coliiformes:A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp.from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), cranial portion of sternum in ventral view;B, Eoglaucidium cf.pallas Fischer, 1987 from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110A), sternum in ventral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; C, Eoglaucidium pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), sternum and coracoids in ventral view, proximal portions of humeri in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), sternum in ventral view; E, F, E. cf. pallas (SMF-ME 10795A), right os carpi ulnare in cranial view; in F the bone is mirrored and surrounding matrix and bones were digitally removed; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view; H, Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 5812), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view. Abbreviations: crb, crus breve; crl, crus longum; fur, furcula; lco, left coracoid;lhu, left humerus; pcl, processus craniolateralis; pco, processus costalis; prj, projection caudal to crus breve; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; spe, spina externa; ste, sternum. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470747/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="985">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bone exhibits long processus craniolaterales, which are much better developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7D929BE8FEACF987" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[159,269,1523,1549]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7D929BE8FEACF987" box="[159,269,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Sandcoleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The spina externa is blade-like, but proportionally shorter than in extant mousebirds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7F389809FD2DF9A7" box="[565,652,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1085,1102]" captionTargetBox="[139,1449,214,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-421@6.[698,1267,208,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Sternum and os carpi ulnare of fossil and extant Coliiformes:A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp.from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), cranial portion of sternum in ventral view;B, Eoglaucidium cf.pallas Fischer, 1987 from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110A), sternum in ventral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; C, Eoglaucidium pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), sternum and coracoids in ventral view, proximal portions of humeri in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), sternum in ventral view; E, F, E. cf. pallas (SMF-ME 10795A), right os carpi ulnare in cranial view; in F the bone is mirrored and surrounding matrix and bones were digitally removed; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view; H, Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 5812), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view. Abbreviations: crb, crus breve; crl, crus longum; fur, furcula; lco, left coracoid;lhu, left humerus; pcl, processus craniolateralis; pco, processus costalis; prj, projection caudal to crus breve; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; spe, spina externa; ste, sternum. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470747/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are four processus costales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FFFC44C64E07FFCA7D899B15FED5FA37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" startId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" targetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFCA7D899B15FED5FA37" blockId="9.[132,1457,1294,1469]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E07FFCA7D899B15FF3CFA94" baselines="1307,1307" box="[132,157,1294,1311]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7F139B15FD22FA95" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[542,643,1294,1311]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F869B15FD39FA95" bold="true" box="[651,664,1294,1311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7FA89B15FC3BFA95" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" box="[677,922,1294,1311]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7FA89B15FC3BFA95" box="[677,922,1294,1311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E07FFCA7EAC9B15FBBDFA95" box="[929,1052,1294,1311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7C339B3FFEEAFABF" bold="true" box="[318,331,1316,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7C599B3FFE64FABF" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[340,453,1316,1333]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sandcoleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen.et sp.indet.(cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7F7F9B3FFD43FABF" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[626,738,1316,1333]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F7F9B3FFD43FABF" box="[626,738,1316,1333]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F6B9B20FDD5FAC6" bold="true" box="[614,628,1339,1356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7F739B20FC29FAC6" authority="J. F. Gmelin, 1789" authorityName="J. F. Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" box="[638,904,1339,1356]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Colius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F739B20FD55FAC6" box="[638,756,1339,1356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Colius striatus</emphasis>
|
||
J.F.Gmelin, 1789
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7C089B49FEB2FAE9" bold="true" box="[261,275,1362,1379]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7C109B49FED0FAE9" authorityName="J. F. Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" box="[285,369,1362,1379]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Colius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7C109B49FED0FAE9" box="[285,369,1362,1379]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">C. striatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA78169B49FA99FAE9" bold="true" box="[1307,1336,1362,1379]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">E -J</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA784E9B49FF16FAF3" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2024" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" genus="Ypresicolius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandcoleiformis" status="n. gen., n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA784E9B49FF16FAF3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Y. sandcoleiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82C475274E07FFCA7DB09B73FE91FAF3" box="[189,304,1384,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" rank="species">n. gen., n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7E339B73FCEBFAF3" bold="true" box="[830,842,1384,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">E</emphasis>
|
||
), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA78179B73FA84FAF3" bold="true" box="[1306,1317,1384,1401]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">F</emphasis>
|
||
), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7CA19B64FE1BFA1A" bold="true" box="[428,442,1407,1424]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">G</emphasis>
|
||
), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7E839B64FC3DFA1A" bold="true" box="[910,924,1407,1424]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">H</emphasis>
|
||
), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA78509B64FAC2FA1A" bold="true" box="[1373,1379,1407,1424]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">I</emphasis>
|
||
), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F2C9B8DFD8AFA2D" bold="true" box="[545,555,1430,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">J</emphasis>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7F5C9B8DFDD2FA2D" bold="true" box="[593,627,1430,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">A -C</emphasis>
|
||
the toes are numbered. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7EC99B8DFC7CFA2D" bold="true" box="[964,989,1430,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">for</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA79359B8DFBF6FA2D" bold="true" box="[1080,1111,1430,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">snv</emphasis>
|
||
, sulcus neurovascularis;
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA78209B8DFAE4FA2D" bold="true" box="[1325,1349,1430,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">tbf</emphasis>
|
||
, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFCA7D969849FE2DF946" blockId="9.[130,775,1523,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
The os carpi ulnare (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7C639849FE1EF9E6" box="[366,447,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1085,1102]" captionTargetBox="[139,1449,214,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-421@6.[698,1267,208,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Sternum and os carpi ulnare of fossil and extant Coliiformes:A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp.from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), cranial portion of sternum in ventral view;B, Eoglaucidium cf.pallas Fischer, 1987 from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110A), sternum in ventral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; C, Eoglaucidium pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), sternum and coracoids in ventral view, proximal portions of humeri in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), sternum in ventral view; E, F, E. cf. pallas (SMF-ME 10795A), right os carpi ulnare in cranial view; in F the bone is mirrored and surrounding matrix and bones were digitally removed; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view; H, Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 5812), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view. Abbreviations: crb, crus breve; crl, crus longum; fur, furcula; lco, left coracoid;lhu, left humerus; pcl, processus craniolateralis; pco, processus costalis; prj, projection caudal to crus breve; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; spe, spina externa; ste, sternum. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470747/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
|
||
) resembles that of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7D8F9869FEA3F906" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[130,258,1650,1676]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7C1F9869FEC4F906" box="[274,357,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,1085,1102]" captionTargetBox="[139,1449,214,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-421@6.[698,1267,208,729]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Sternum and os carpi ulnare of fossil and extant Coliiformes:A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp.from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), cranial portion of sternum in ventral view;B, Eoglaucidium cf.pallas Fischer, 1987 from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMF-ME 11110A), sternum in ventral view; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; C, Eoglaucidium pallas from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), sternum and coracoids in ventral view, proximal portions of humeri in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), sternum in ventral view; E, F, E. cf. pallas (SMF-ME 10795A), right os carpi ulnare in cranial view; in F the bone is mirrored and surrounding matrix and bones were digitally removed; the specimen was coated with ammonium chloride; G, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view; H, Colius colius (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 5812), right os carpi ulnare in caudal view. Abbreviations: crb, crus breve; crl, crus longum; fur, furcula; lco, left coracoid;lhu, left humerus; pcl, processus craniolateralis; pco, processus costalis; prj, projection caudal to crus breve; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; spe, spina externa; ste, sternum. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470747" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470747/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
) in that crus longum and crus breve are widely separated and of similar length; there is a projection caudal to the crus breve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFCA7D9698C9FEB2F861" blockId="9.[130,775,1523,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="7438AAEC4E07FFCA7DC698C9FE8CF966" box="[203,301,1746,1772]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
includes a nearly complete pelvis in a piece of matrix, which is exposed in ventrolateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7FAC98E9FD58F886" box="[673,761,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,216,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-368@7.[713,1282,210,774]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view; E, F, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (E) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (F); G, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view; H, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view; I, U. macrourus (SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: ais, ala ischii; api, ala praeacetabularis ilii; cpf, caput femoris; fac, foramen acetabuli; pub, pubis; sdi, spina dorsolateralis ilii; sht, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470749/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The alae praeacetabulares ilii are mediolaterally wider than in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7C35992AFE61F8C1" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[312,448,1841,1867]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is a rudimentary osseous sheet between the ilium and the pubis, which is well developed in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7CC9996AFDECF801" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[452,589,1905,1931]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7F6D996AFD11F801" box="[608,688,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,216,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-368@7.[713,1282,210,774]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view; E, F, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (E) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (F); G, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view; H, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view; I, U. macrourus (SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: ais, ala ischii; api, ala praeacetabularis ilii; cpf, caput femoris; fac, foramen acetabuli; pub, pubis; sdi, spina dorsolateralis ilii; sht, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470749/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7D89998AFF5EF821" box="[132,255,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7D89998AFF5AF821" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[132,251,1937,1963]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sandcoleus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7CAF998AFD9FF821" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[418,574,1937,1963]" class="Aves" genus="Chascacocolius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7CAF998AFD9FF821" box="[418,574,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Chascacocolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E07FFCA7F42998AFF1FF841" author="Houde & Olson" firstAuthor="Houde" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" pagination="137 - 160" refId="ref8461" refString="HOUDE P. & OLSON S. L. 1992. - A radiation of coly-like birds from the early Eocene of North America (Aves: Sandcoleiformes new order), in CAMPBELL K. E. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36: 137 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1992">Houde & Olson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 11) and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7CA199AAFDACF841" authorityName="Murie" authorityYear="1872" box="[428,525,1969,1995]" class="Aves" family="Coliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Coliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a spina dorsolateralis ilii is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFCA7E499BE8FB00F966" blockId="9.[810,1456,1523,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
The proximal end of the femur is preserved in NMS.Z.2021.40.182(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA791C9809FBD5F9A7" box="[1041,1140,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,216,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-368@7.[713,1282,210,774]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view; E, F, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (E) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (F); G, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view; H, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view; I, U. macrourus (SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: ais, ala ischii; api, ala praeacetabularis ilii; cpf, caput femoris; fac, foramen acetabuli; pub, pubis; sdi, spina dorsolateralis ilii; sht, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470749/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig.4A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas NMS.Z.2021.40.181 includes the distal end of the bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA79999829FB44F9C7" box="[1172,1253,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,216,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-368@7.[713,1282,210,774]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view; E, F, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (E) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (F); G, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view; H, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view; I, U. macrourus (SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: ais, ala ischii; api, ala praeacetabularis ilii; cpf, caput femoris; fac, foramen acetabuli; pub, pubis; sdi, spina dorsolateralis ilii; sht, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470749/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig.4G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The caput femoris is globose. The distal end shares a characteristic derived morphology with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA790B9869FB24F906" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1030,1157,1650,1676]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the lateral portion of the distal end, that is, the area around the tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis, forms a marked and proximodistally extensive prominence (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA792898C9FB35F966" box="[1061,1172,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1163,1180]" captionTargetBox="[147,1438,216,1119]" captionTargetId="figure-368@7.[713,1282,210,774]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Femur and pelvis of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, B, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal end of right femur in cranial (A) and caudal (B) views; C, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992 (uncatalogued cast in SMF), proximal end of right femur in cranial view; D, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), proximal end of right femur in caudal view; E, F, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), distal end of left femur in cranial view (E) and distal end of right femur in caudal view (F); G, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), distal end of right femur in caudal view; H, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), pelvis in ventrolateral view; I, U. macrourus (SMF 116), pelvis in ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: ais, ala ischii; api, ala praeacetabularis ilii; cpf, caput femoris; fac, foramen acetabuli; pub, pubis; sdi, spina dorsolateralis ilii; sht, osseous sheet between ischium and pubis; tmg, tuberculum musculi gastrocnemialis lateralis. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470749" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470749/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 4F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFCA7E4E98E9FC55F8A6" blockId="9.[810,1456,1523,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
The tibiotarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7EE098E9FB9BF886" box="[1005,1082,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[132,143,1253,1270]" captionTargetBox="[138,1447,215,1220]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[704,1273,204,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Overview of the two fossils of Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, United Kingdom): A, holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.181; B, referred specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.182. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470741/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is too poorly preserved for a meaningful description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E07FFC97E4E992AFD3BF8E1" blockId="9.[810,1456,1523,2027]" lastBlockId="10.[130,777,980,2028]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="987" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">
|
||
The tarsometatarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7920992AFBCDF8C6" box="[1069,1132,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A-F) closely resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7E23994AFC3DF8E1" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[814,924,1873,1899]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7E23994AFC3DF8E1" box="[814,924,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Sandcoleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7EA79949FBA6F8E6" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[938,1031,1874,1900]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7EA79949FBA6F8E6" box="[938,1031,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Anneavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA791A994AFBF4F8E6" box="[1047,1109,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
I-L),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA7983994AFB43F8E1" authorityName="Feduccia & Martin" authorityYear="1976" box="[1166,1250,1873,1899]" class="Aves" genus="Eobucco" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA7983994AFB43F8E1" box="[1166,1250,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Eobucco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E07FFCA782D994AFA11F8E1" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[1312,1456,1873,1899]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="986" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E07FFCA782D994AFA11F8E1" box="[1312,1456,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E07FFCA7E38996AFCD0F806" box="[821,881,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="986">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
T-W) in its overall shape. The lateral foramen vasculare proximale is situated much farther proximally than the medial one. The tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis is in the medial portion of the bone. The medial margin of the proximal end forms two small pointed projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97F059DCFFDF6FC65" box="[520,599,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hypotarsus (NMS.Z.2021.40.182;
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97C8B9DEFFE77FB85" box="[390,470,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a canal and a medially situated deep sulcus. This configuration closely corresponds to the hypotarsus of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97CF79A2FFDDBFBC4" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[506,634,1076,1102]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97F869A2FFD7AFBC4" box="[651,731,1076,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5P</figureCitation>
|
||
), in which the canal is for the tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus and the sulcus for that of m. flexor digitorum longus (the hypotarsus of coliiform birds was incorrectly scored in earlier analyses [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97C319AAFFD07FB44" author="Mayr & Mourer-Chauvire" box="[316,678,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Mayr" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="366 - 372" refId="ref9709" refString="MAYR G. & MOURER-CHAUVIRE C. 2004. - Unusual tarsometatarsus of a mousebird from the Paleogene of France and the relationships of Selmes Peters, 1999. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 366 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 1970" type="journal article" year="2004">Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97FBA9AAFFE8EFB64" author="Ksepka & Clarke" firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="245 - 259" refId="ref8759" refString="KSEPKA D. T. & CLARKE J. A. 2009. - Affinities of Palaeospiza bella and the phylogeny and biogeography of mousebirds (Coliiformes). The Auk 126: 245 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / auk. 2009.07178" type="journal article" year="2009">Ksepka & Clarke 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97C339ACFFEDDFB64" author="Ksepka & Clarke" box="[318,380,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Ksepka" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="685 - 706" refId="ref8808" refString="KSEPKA D. T. & CLARKE J. A. 2010. - New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 685 - 706. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00626. x" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], in which the large canal of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97DDD9AE8FEF3FA87" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[208,338,1267,1293]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erroneously identified as being for musculus flexor digitorum longus [see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97F2E9B0FFD3AFAA4" author="Mayr" box="[547,667,1300,1326]" firstAuthor="Mayr" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="384 - 396" refId="ref9262" refString="MAYR G. 2013. - Late Oligocene mousebird converges on parrots in skull morphology. Ibis 155: 384 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ibi. 12034" type="journal article" year="2013">Mayr 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97FA49B08FD40FAA7" author="Mayr" box="[681,737,1299,1325]" firstAuthor="Mayr" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="196 - 210" refId="ref9350" refString="MAYR G. 2016. - Variations in the hypotarsus morphology of birds and their evolutionary significance. Acta Zoologica 97: 196 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / azo. 12117" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for its correct identity as a guiding structure for musculus flexor hallucis longus]). The hypotarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97F089B48FDD5FAE7" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[517,628,1363,1389]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97F089B48FDD5FAE7" box="[517,628,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Sandcoleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97FA59B4FFCA4FAE4" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[680,773,1364,1390]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97FA59B4FFCA4FAE4" box="[680,773,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Anneavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two canals for the aforementioned tendons as well as a sulcus for the tendons of the flexor muscles of the second toe. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97DA99BA8FE95FA47" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[164,308,1459,1485]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97DA99BA8FE95FA47" box="[164,308,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there also appear to have been two canals for m. flexor hallucis longus and m. flexor digitorum longus, but these are not fully closed. In plantar view, the hypotarsus of NMS.Z.2021.40.182 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97C969809FE4DF9A7" box="[411,492,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is proximodistally longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97DD09829FECCF9C6" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[221,365,1586,1612]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97DD09829FECCF9C6" box="[221,365,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97C719829FE73F9C7" box="[380,466,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5V</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distal end of the bone closely corresponds to the distal tarsometatarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97F9C9849FD5FF9E6" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[657,766,1618,1644]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Sandcoleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97F9C9849FD5FF9E6" box="[657,766,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Sandcoleus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97D899868FF40F907" authorityName="Houde & Olson" authorityYear="1992" box="[132,225,1651,1677]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Anneavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97D899868FF40F907" box="[132,225,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Anneavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97DFC9869FEE4F906" authorityName="Feduccia & Martin" authorityYear="1976" box="[241,325,1650,1676]" class="Aves" genus="Eobucco" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97DFC9869FEE4F906" box="[241,325,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Eobucco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97C859869FDB7F906" authorityName="Fischer" authorityYear="1987" box="[392,534,1650,1676]" class="Aves" family="Sandcoleidae" genus="Eoglaucidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97C859869FDB7F906" box="[392,534,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Eoglaucidium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The fossa metatarsi I is located on the medial surface of the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97F7C9889FD69F926" box="[625,712,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trochlea metatarsi II bears a ridge-like plantar flange. The trochlea metatarsi III is mediolaterally wide and exhibits a deep trochlear furrow. The trochlea metatarsi IV forms a large, flange-like accessory trochlea, which is less medially inflected than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97DDB992AFE8BF8C1" authorityName="Feduccia & Martin" authorityYear="1976" box="[214,298,1841,1867]" class="Aves" genus="Eobucco" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sandcoleiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99F7C85C4E04FFC97DDB992AFE8BF8C1" box="[214,298,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Eobucco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97C91992AFE4BF8C6" box="[412,490,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1516,1533]" captionTargetBox="[137,1444,215,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-109@8.[132,1455,209,1495]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 5. — Tarsometatarsus of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A-F, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), proximal and distal portions of right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A, C), plantar (B, D), distal (E), and proximal (F) views; the arrows indicate enlarged details of the bone; G, from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.181), distal portion of right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; H, Anneavis anneae Houde & Olson, 1992, schematic drawing of proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in proximal view (redrawn after Houde & Olson 1992: fig. 15); I, L, Anneavis anneae (uncatalogued cast in SMF), left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (I), plantar (J), distal (K), and proximal (L) views;M-P, Urocolius macrourus (Linnaeus, 1766) (SMF 10374), right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (M), plantar (N), distal (O), and proximal (P) views; Q-S, Uintornis lucaris Marsh, 1872 from the middle Eocene North American Bridger Formation (AMNH 8400), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in dorsal (Q), plantar (R), and distal (S) views; T, Eoglaucidium pallas Fischer, 1987 from the middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley in Germany (GMH 4410), distal portion of left tarsometatarsus in dorsal view; U, V, E. pallas from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (SMNK-Me 553a), left tarsometatarsus (U, dorsal view) and right foot (V, plantar view), with surrounding bones and matrix digitally removed; W, Sandcoleidae gen. et sp. indet. (cf. Eoglaucidium) from Messel (WDC-C-MG 149), right tarsometatarsus in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: fdl, hypotarsal canal/sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor digitorum longus; fhl, hypotarsal sulcus for tendon of musculus flexor hallucis longus; flg, flange; fmt, fossa metatarsi I; fp2/fpp2, sulcus for the tendons of musculus flexor perforatus digiti 2 and m. perforans et perforatus digiti 2; fvd, foramen vasculare distale; lfp, lateral foramen vasculare proximale; mfp, medial foramen vasculare proximale; prj, pointed projection formed by medial margin of tarsometatarsus shaft. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470751" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470751/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97F2A992AFF1FF8E1" author="Feduccia and Martin" firstAuthor="Feduccia" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="101 - 110" refId="ref8248" refString="FEDUCCIA A. & MARTIN L. D. 1976. - The Eocene zygodactyl birds of North America (Aves: Piciformes). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 27: 101 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810266.27.101" type="journal article" year="1976">Feduccia and Martin 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 6d and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF1269BF4E04FFC97C4B994AFD96F8E6" author="Houde & Olson" box="[326,567,1873,1900]" firstAuthor="Houde" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" pagination="137 - 160" refId="ref8461" refString="HOUDE P. & OLSON S. L. 1992. - A radiation of coly-like birds from the early Eocene of North America (Aves: Sandcoleiformes new order), in CAMPBELL K. E. (ed.), Papers in Avian Paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36: 137 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1992">Houde & Olson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 16).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FFFC44C64E04FFC97D899D7BFD40FC0D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470757" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14470757" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470757/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" startId="10.[132,143,864,881]" targetBox="[139,1448,214,823]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E04FFC97D899D7BFD40FC0D" blockId="10.[132,1455,864,903]" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="ADDA82924E04FFC97D899D7BFF3CFCFA" baselines="877,877" box="[132,157,864,881]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 7. — Strict consensus tree of 20 most parsimonious trees (length = 58, CI = 0.7,RI = 0.8) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis. Extinct species are marked with a dagger; bootstrap support values are indicated next to the nodes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AB3C144E4E04FFC97D96996AFAA9FA87" blockId="10.[130,777,980,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[813,1457,980,1294]" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">
|
||
Both specimens include pedal phalanges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97F6D996AFD08F801" box="[608,681,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[132,143,1253,1270]" captionTargetBox="[138,1447,215,1220]" captionTargetId="figure-339@4.[704,1273,204,760]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 1. — Overview of the two fossils of Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, United Kingdom): A, holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.181; B, referred specimen NMS.Z.2021.40.182. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470741/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97FB5996AFD69F801" box="[696,712,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-326@9.[698,1267,213,785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);B, Sandcoleidae gen.et sp.indet.(cf.Eoglaucidium) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride; C, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view; D, C. striatus (SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe; E-J, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (E), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (F), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (G), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (H), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (I), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (J). In A-C the toes are numbered. Abbreviations: for, foramen; snv, sulcus neurovascularis; tbf, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">6</figureCitation>
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). The os metatarsale I (NMS.Z.2021.40.182) has a short processus articularis tarsometatarsalis. As in other sandcoleids, but unlike in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC97CA399CAFD90F861" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[430,561,2001,2027]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coliiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Coliiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first phalanx of the second toe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97ED09DCFFB8CFC65" box="[989,1069,980,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-326@9.[698,1267,213,785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);B, Sandcoleidae gen.et sp.indet.(cf.Eoglaucidium) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride; C, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view; D, C. striatus (SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe; E-J, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (E), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (F), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (G), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (H), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (I), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (J). In A-C the toes are numbered. Abbreviations: for, foramen; snv, sulcus neurovascularis; tbf, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
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) is shortened. The first and second phalanges of the third toe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC9795E9DEFFB6DFB85" box="[1107,1228,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-326@9.[698,1267,213,785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);B, Sandcoleidae gen.et sp.indet.(cf.Eoglaucidium) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride; C, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view; D, C. striatus (SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe; E-J, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (E), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (F), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (G), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (H), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (I), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (J). In A-C the toes are numbered. Abbreviations: for, foramen; snv, sulcus neurovascularis; tbf, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 6G, H</figureCitation>
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) are also abbreviated and the first phalanx has a wide proximal end. The first and second phalanges of the fourth toe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC979B09A2FFA80FBC4" box="[1213,1313,1076,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-326@9.[698,1267,213,785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);B, Sandcoleidae gen.et sp.indet.(cf.Eoglaucidium) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride; C, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view; D, C. striatus (SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe; E-J, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (E), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (F), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (G), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (H), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (I), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (J). In A-C the toes are numbered. Abbreviations: for, foramen; snv, sulcus neurovascularis; tbf, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 6I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) are likewise shortened, and the first phalanx is very stout. The ungual phalanges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="33B808CB4E04FFC97EAA9A6FFC56FB04" box="[935,1015,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1294,1311]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,215,1252]" captionTargetId="figure-326@9.[698,1267,213,785]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 6. — Pedal phalanges of fossil and extant Coliiformes: A, Ypresicolius sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. from the early Eocene of Walton-on-the-Naze (NMS.Z.2021.40.182);B, Sandcoleidae gen.et sp.indet.(cf.Eoglaucidium) from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel in Germany (WDC-C-MG 149), left foot in plantar view; coated with ammonium chloride; C, Colius striatus J.F.Gmelin, 1789 (SMF 3826), right tarsometatarsus with proximal pedal phalanges in ventral view; D, C. striatus (SMF 10768), distal end of left tarsometatarsus (plantar view) with proximal phalanges of second and fourth toe; E-J, Y. sandcoleiformis n. gen., n. sp. (NMS.Z.2021.40.182), ungual phalanges in lateral/medial view (E), first phalanx of second toe in dorsal and plantar view (F), first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (G), second phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view (H), first phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (I), second phalanx of fourth toe in dorsal and plantar view (J). In A-C the toes are numbered. Abbreviations: for, foramen; snv, sulcus neurovascularis; tbf, tuberculum flexorium. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14470755" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14470755/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="987">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
) have the “raptor-like” morphology seen in sandcoleids, with a marked sulcus neurovascularis and a prominent tuberculum flexorium. As in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC9782E9AAFFC6CFB64" authority=", Falconiformes" authorityName="Falconiformes" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Strigiformes, Falconiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C836FCD4E04FFC979419ACFFB58FB64" authorityName="Vieillot" authorityYear="1816" box="[1100,1273,1236,1262]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="987" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Accipitriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are lateral foramina next to the tuberculum flexorium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |