204 lines
17 KiB
XML
204 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439" ID-PMC="PMC3118819" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-109-19" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDE6B4A96644D30FFD8FFEA7F28FFF8" ID-PubMed="21852932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577024" ModsDocID="1313-2970-109-19" checkinTime="1451250264676" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kaiser, Hinrich, Carvalho, Venancio Lopes, Ceballos, Jester, Freed, Paul, Heacox, Scott, Lester, Barbara, Richards, Stephen J., Trainor, Colin R., Sanchez, Caitlin & O'Shea, Mark" docDate="2011" docId="1DC551F04D4C5A9ED2A1F384A4E35B14" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 109: 19-86" docOrigin="ZooKeys 109" docPubDate="2011-06-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439" docTitle="Polypedates leucomystax" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="FFDE6B4A96644D30FFD8FFEA7F28FFF8" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFDE6B4A96644D30FFD8FFEA7F28FFF8" masterDocTitle="The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1668151585581" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kaiser, Hinrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA; and The Foundation for Post-Conflict Development, 245 Park Avenue, 24 th Floor, New York, New York 10167, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">chalcopis@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carvalho, Venancio Lopes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade National Timor-Lorosa'e, Faculdade de Ciencias da Educacao, Departamentu da Biologia, Avenida Cidade de Lisboa, Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado, Dili, Timor-Leste</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ceballos, Jester</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA; and The Foundation for Post-Conflict Development, 245 Park Avenue, 24 th Floor, New York, New York 10167, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Freed, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>14149 S. Butte Creek Road, Scotts Mills, Oregon 97375, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heacox, Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA; and The Foundation for Post-Conflict Development, 245 Park Avenue, 24 th Floor, New York, New York 10167, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lester, Barbara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>14149 S. Butte Creek Road, Scotts Mills, Oregon 97375, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Richards, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Conservation International, PO Box 1024, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia; and Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Trainor, Colin R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sanchez, Caitlin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, California 92395, USA; and The Foundation for Post-Conflict Development, 245 Park Avenue, 24 th Floor, New York, New York 10167, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>O'Shea, Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>West Midland Safari Park, Bewdley, Worcestershire DY 12 1 LF, United Kingdom; and Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2011-06-20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>109</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>19</mods:start>
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<mods:end>86</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.109.1439</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-109-19</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDE6B4A96644D30FFD8FFEA7F28FFF8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577024</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152029829" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1DC551F04D4C5A9ED2A1F384A4E35B14" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1DC551F04D4C5A9ED2A1F384A4E35B14" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName LSID="1DC551F0-4D4C-5A9E-D2A1-F384A4E35B14" authority="(Gravenhorst, 1829)" baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polypedates leucomystax" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">Polypedates cf. leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Polypedates cf. leucomystax. The individuals shown display the diversity of color patterns found in this species A A specimen from Bakhita (SVL 45 mm) displaying irregular dark brown spots and barred legs on a lighter brown background B A specimen from Lore, Lautem District (SVL 48 mm), presenting with a combination of brown dorsal and dorsolateral lines and leg barring on a nearly yellow background C A specimen (SVL 46 mm) from the same locality as B, showing a very lightly colored dorsum devoid of lines and spots. Photos by Mark O'Shea." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15841" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="31" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="31">(E) Striped Treefrog, Four-lined Treefrog, Golden Treefrog. (T) Manduku ai-riskadu (manduku = frog, ai = tree, riskadu = striped) or manduku loron (manduku = frog, loron = sunlight). (Fataluku) Nelu cila. The common names in Tetun and Fataluku are generalized name for treefrogs and may be applied to other such species without detailed distinction.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="12" pageNumber="31" type="identification">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Identification.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">
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This species is a relatively slender treefrog with a variety of dorsal patterns (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Polypedates cf. leucomystax. The individuals shown display the diversity of color patterns found in this species A A specimen from Bakhita (SVL 45 mm) displaying irregular dark brown spots and barred legs on a lighter brown background B A specimen from Lore, Lautem District (SVL 48 mm), presenting with a combination of brown dorsal and dorsolateral lines and leg barring on a nearly yellow background C A specimen (SVL 46 mm) from the same locality as B, showing a very lightly colored dorsum devoid of lines and spots. Photos by Mark O'Shea." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15841" pageId="12" pageNumber="31">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). The background coloration is usually a light brown during the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="32" start="start">nightly</pageBreakToken>
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activity period but becomes a deeper brown while individuals are resting in their diurnal refuges. Patterning may consist of darker lines or bands, brown blotches, crossbars on limbs, or there may be no pronounced pattern. In comparison with the two other potential tree-dwellers encountered,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Limnonectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="timorensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Limnonectes timorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everetti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Litoria everetti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cf" subSpecies="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates cf. leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is more slightly built, has a pointed snout, lacks raised warts or tubercles on the back, and has no webbing between the fingers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="32" type="collection and natural history">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Collection and natural history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
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These frogs were quite commonly found, calling from the edges of ponds (e.g., 6.0 km W
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Loré">Lore</normalizedToken>
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1 village,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lautém">Lautem</normalizedToken>
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District), from small shrubs and bushes (e.g., 5 km S Malahara,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lautém">Lautem</normalizedToken>
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District), from the trunks of fallen trees, and from boulders in the middle of streambeds (e.g., near Timor Village Hotel, Wailakurini, Viqueque District), at altitudes from near sea level to 1350 m at Maubisse, Ainaro District.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="32" type="taxonomic comment">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Taxonomic comment.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
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Our experience with the geographically widespread rhacophorid usually identified as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with a range extending from Borneo to Peninsular Malaysia, and from India to Cambodia, is that it is a taxon in need of closer investigation. On a recent trip we observed the species in Sabah, Borneo, and shortly thereafter in Timor-Leste. Based on vocalizations, behavior, maximum size, and color and pattern variation, we cannot confidently assign our specimens to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and instead refer to them as
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cf" subSpecies="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates cf. leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The widespread morphotypes collectively known as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are likely an assembly of similar rhacophorid species that occupy a treefrog niche in geographically distinct locations, as others have suggested (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Narins, PM" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="129 - 142" refId="B74" refString="Narins, PM, Feng, AS, Yong, H-D, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, 1998. Morphological, behavioral, and genetic divergence of sympatric morphotypes of the tree frog Polypedates leucomystax in Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetologica 54: 129 - 142" title="Morphological, behavioral, and genetic divergence of sympatric morphotypes of the tree frog Polypedates leucomystax in Peninsular Malaysia." volume="54" year="1998">Narins et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). The taxonomic conundrum presented by
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gravenhorst" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is currently the subject of both molecular and morphological study (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, RM" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="34" pageNumber="53" pagination="598 - 619" publicationUrl="doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.015" refId="B18" refString="Brown, RM, Linkem, CW, Siler, CD, Sukumaran, J, Esselstyn, JA, Diesmos, AC, Iskandar, DT, Bickford, D, Evans, BJ, McGuire, JA, Grismer, L, Supriatna, J, Andayani, N, 2010. Phylogeography and historical demography of Polypedates leucomystax in the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines: evidence for recent human-mediated range expansion? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 598 - 619, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.015" title="Phylogeography and historical demography of Polypedates leucomystax in the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines: evidence for recent human-mediated range expansion?" url="doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.015" volume="57" year="2010">Brown et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), but a resolution has so far been elusive.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15841" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Polypedates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="cf" subSpecies="leucomystax">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">Polypedates cf. leucomystax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The individuals shown display the diversity of color patterns found in this species
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
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A specimen from Bakhita (SVL 45 mm) displaying irregular dark brown spots and barred legs on a lighter brown background
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">B</emphasis>
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A specimen from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Loré">Lore</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lautém">Lautem</normalizedToken>
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District (SVL 48 mm), presenting with a combination of brown dorsal and dorsolateral lines and leg barring on a nearly yellow background
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">C</emphasis>
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A specimen (SVL 46 mm) from the same locality as
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="32">B</emphasis>
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, showing a very lightly colored dorsum devoid of lines and spots. Photos by Mark
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<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Shea">O'Shea</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |