treatments-xml/data/1C/1B/2B/1C1B2B5DFF85FFAA8748F9D34A8BFA85.xml

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<mods:title id="40DC541D4195CB60616B6510293D18A5">A taxonomic revision of the southwestern Pacific subgenus Hebridosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF85FFD48748F9D34A60F9DD" ID-CoL="8DXM8" authority="Craig." authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,853,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48748F9D3484AF9DD" bold="true" box="[264,383,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD487D0F9D34B50F9DD" bold="true" box="[400,613,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48436F9D34BCAF9DD" bold="true" box="[630,767,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">paradisium</emphasis>
Craig.
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<subSubSection id="DCA8C9C0FF85FFD48748F9F0487FF943" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF85FFD48748F9F04BD0F9B2" blockId="62.[264,927,1564,1625]" box="[264,741,1599,1625]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
(
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD48751F9F0484AF9B2" box="[273,383,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs. 10a</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD487CCF9F0488DF9B2" box="[396,440,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD48785F9F048C6F9B2" box="[453,499,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="30.[264,367,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-68@30.[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 13. Dorsal views of larval heads of Hebridosimulium species. a–e. callipygium species group, f–h. part of steatopygium species group. Last instars, except f &amp; h, which are penultimate instars. Arrows (b &amp; e) indicate anterior palatal bar. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071421/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">13h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD48440F9F04B1BF9B2" box="[512,558,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="33.[264,367,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[264,1278,387,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-81@33.[264,1323,387,1785]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 16. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e callipygium species group, d–h steatopygium species group. Last instar, except b, which is penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071427/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">16h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD4847AF9F04B5CF9B2" box="[570,617,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="35.[264,367,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,406,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-61@35.[264,1323,406,1804]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 18. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071431/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">18h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD48435F9F04B91F9B2" box="[629,676,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="42.[264,367,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-64@42.[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 20. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e callipygium species group, f–h steatopygium species group. Last instar, except b, which is penultimate. Arrow (e) indicates the blade region; asterisk the spinous teeth gap. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071437/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">20h</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF85FFD484F0F9F04BE8F9B2" box="[688,733,1599,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="44.[264,367,700,724]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,676]" captionTargetId="figure-281@44.[264,1323,326,676]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 22. Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar. Ca. 2800 and 7300 hooks, respectively. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071445/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">22b</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48748F940487FF943" box="[264,330,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Types</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FF85FFD48778F979489FF93B" box="[312,426,1718,1744]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. 
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: last instar in alcohol. 
<collectingMunicipality id="74690031FF85FFD4855FF9784A57F93A" box="[799,866,1719,1745]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Label</collectingMunicipality>
data – “ 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF85FFD48590F97848A5F913" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48590F9784D0AF93B" box="[976,1087,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48214F9784C14F93B" box="[1108,1313,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF85FFD48748F91048A5F913" box="[264,400,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">paradisium</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFF85FFD487F0F9104B26F912" box="[432,531,1759,1785]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
, Santo, upper cascade, trib. Sarakata River, 
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, alt. 
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.
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<date id="E00CBC8BFF85FFD48478F8C84B8DF8CA" box="[568,696,1799,1825]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="2004-09-13">
<collectingDate id="F0484563FF85FFD48478F8C84B8DF8CA" box="[568,696,1799,1825]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="2004-09-13">13.ix.2004</collectingDate>
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. 
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&amp; 
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFF85FFD4853AF8C84ADDF8CA" box="[890,1000,1799,1825]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">R. Craig.</collectorName>
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. No. 16609” (
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)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FF85FFD487C4F8E14C1FF89A" collectionCode="BPBM, DAC, LCNZ, ROM" country="Vanuatu" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FF85FFD487C4F8E14B34F8A3" box="[388,513,1838,1864]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. Larvae: last instars in alcohol (larvae; 
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, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFF85FFD48237F8E04D8DF8A2" box="[1143,1208,1839,1865]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">DAC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFF85FFD4828DF8E04C2AF8A2" box="[1229,1311,1839,1865]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">LCNZ</collectionCode>
). Penultimate and earlier instars in alcohol (larvae; 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFF85FFD4850BF8984A95F89A" box="[843,928,1879,1905]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
, 
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, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFF85FFD485B8F8984D75F89A" box="[1016,1088,1879,1905]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">ROM</collectionCode>
). Label data – as for
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</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FF84FFD58748FED3484DFEDD" box="[264,376,284,310]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, but with “ 
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”.
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58748FEA3484BFE6E" box="[264,382,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFD58778FE5B4C30FE15" blockId="63.[264,1322,364,510]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Pupa: cuticle with numerous granules; gills branched basally, petioles short; filaments thin, finely tapered. Larva. Head: evenly dark brown, head spots negative, appendages dark brown; body markedly pale, posterolateral diagonal grey stripes on sixth segment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFD58748FDFB48A7FDA6" blockId="63.[264,1323,564,1870]" box="[264,402,564,589]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58748FDFB48A7FDA6" box="[264,402,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFD58778FD944B51FD9D" blockId="63.[264,1323,564,1870]" box="[312,612,603,630]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58778FD9448D4FD9E" bold="true" box="[312,481,603,629]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Adult female.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFD58778FD4B4B78FD75" blockId="63.[264,1323,564,1870]" box="[312,589,644,670]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58778FD4B48FFFD75" bold="true" box="[312,458,644,670]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Adult male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFD58778FD634B7EFCFD" blockId="63.[264,1323,564,1870]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58778FD63484CFD2D" bold="true" box="[312,377,684,710]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on pharate material). Gill (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD58558FD634A4AFD2D" box="[792,895,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 10a</figureCitation>
): filaments fine, gradually tapering, petioles short ((2+2) +2 +2 +2); maximum length 
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. Thorax: cuticle with numerous distinct granules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF84FFAA8778FCEB4B7EFE6D" blockId="63.[264,1323,564,1870]" lastBlockId="64.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF84FFD58778FCEB48B1FCD5" bold="true" box="[312,388,804,830]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Larva</emphasis>
(based on numerous mature last-instar larvae). Body (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD58240FCEB4D53FCD5" box="[1024,1126,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Fig. 
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</figureCitation>
): relatively large species; total length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD58441FC834BA1FC8D" box="[513,660,844,870]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="6.85" valueMax="7.3" valueMin="6.4">6.4–7.3 mm</quantity>
; colour: no obvious sexual dimorphism, prothorax and mesothorax completely light gray, metathorax very pale yellowish orange, abdominal segments I–III pale medially, light gray laterally, pale ventrally, segments IV &amp; V pale, remainder of abdomen gray dorsally, laterally with 3 distinct grey diagonal bands. Head (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD58751FC234842FBED" box="[273,375,1004,1030]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="30.[264,367,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-68@30.[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 13. Dorsal views of larval heads of Hebridosimulium species. a–e. callipygium species group, f–h. part of steatopygium species group. Last instars, except f &amp; h, which are penultimate instars. Arrows (b &amp; e) indicate anterior palatal bar. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071421/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 13h</figureCitation>
): overall dark brown; anterior apotome markedly pigmented, unusual pale region medial of fan stalk bases, sensilla 5 and 6 bases markedly pale; dorsal head spots negative and markedly distinct; width 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD58438FBF34A19FBBD" box="[632,812,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="6.8999999999999995" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.71" valueMax="0.73" valueMin="0.69">0.69–0.73 mm</quantity>
; length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD585D5FBF34D7CFBBD" box="[917,1097,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.949999999999999" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.7949999999999999" valueMax="0.86" valueMin="0.73">0.73–0.86 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD58787FBAB4B4EFB95" box="[455,635,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.435" valueMax="0.44" valueMin="0.43">0.43–0.44 mm</quantity>
; ecdysial lines irregular, diverging strongly posteriorly, inflexion at maximum width broadly rounded; lateral margins of head subparallel; posterior edge of apotome slightly emarginated, postocciput not extended between cervical sclerites and apotome. Antenna: total length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD5853CFB134ADCFB1D" box="[892,1001,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.45">0.45 mm</quantity>
; distal article 0.30 times as long as basal articles; longer than labral fan stalk, distal article brown, remainder light brown to pale. Labral fan: stalk moderately pigmented, anterior palatal bar noticeable, but not markedly protrusive; 57–60 dark rays, 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD584BCFA9B4A93FA85" box="[764,934,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.949999999999999" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.7949999999999999" valueMax="0.84" valueMin="0.75">0.75–0.84 mm</quantity>
in length, medial rays 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF84FFD582F3FA9B4C1FFA85" box="[1203,1322,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="0.015">0.015 mm</quantity>
in width, 10–12 posterolateral rays finer than others; microtrichia well developed, subequal in length to ray width, pattern distinct, with 5–7 shorter microtrichia between those longer. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD58425FA034BF9FA0D" box="[613,716,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="33.[264,367,1809,1833]" captionTargetBox="[264,1278,387,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-81@33.[264,1323,387,1785]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 16. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e callipygium species group, d–h steatopygium species group. Last instar, except b, which is penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071427/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 16h</figureCitation>
): V-shaped; 1.2 times longer than maximum width. Postgenal bridge 0.25 time as long as cleft depth; genae evenly dark brown, paler around stemmata; posteroventral elongated muscle scar markedly negative. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD582BBF9D3480CF9B5" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="35.[264,367,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,406,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-61@35.[264,1323,406,1804]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 18. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071431/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 18h</figureCitation>
): overall dome-shaped; ratio 4.8; median tooth markedly prominent, lateral teeth smaller but also prominent, scalloped medially, directed laterally, sublateral teeth distinct; paralateral teeth essentially absent, lateral serrations slightly developed; 11 or 12 hypostomal setae per side. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF84FFD5848EF9734A0DF93D" box="[718,824,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="42.[264,367,1748,1772]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetId="figure-64@42.[264,1323,326,1724]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 20. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e callipygium species group, f–h steatopygium species group. Last instar, except b, which is penultimate. Arrow (e) indicates the blade region; asterisk the spinous teeth gap. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071437/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 20h</figureCitation>
): preapical teeth poorly developed, apical tooth and subapical teeth prominent; spinous teeth substantial, gap absent; serration and sensillum prominent, but not markedly developed; blade region smooth and slightly convex. Abdomen: thorax and anterior abdominal segments subequal in width, expanded gradually to maximum width, markedly steatopygous; posterodorsal tubercles absent. Posterior circlet (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFFBFFAA8792FE8B4B0FFEB5" box="[466,570,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="44.[264,367,700,724]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,676]" captionTargetId="figure-281@44.[264,1323,326,676]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="FIGURE 22. Anal sclerite and circlet of hooks of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar. Ca. 2800 and 7300 hooks, respectively. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071445/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 22b</figureCitation>
): directed posteriorly; 208–214 rows of hooks, 34–36 hooks per row (total hooks ca. 7,300).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8748FE734DB7FE15" blockId="64.[264,1154,444,510]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FFFBFFAA8748FE734D4BFE15" collectionCode="DAC" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8748FE734B50FE3E" box="[264,613,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Additional material examined</emphasis>
Penultimate and earlier larvae. Same label data as Types (larvae; 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFFBFFAA8273FE2B4D43FE15" box="[1075,1142,484,510]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">DAC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8748FDFB4A8BFD9D" blockId="64.[264,958,564,630]" box="[264,958,564,630]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8748FDFB48B0FDA6" box="[264,389,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Etymology</emphasis>
Named for the paradise-like beauty of the 
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFFBFFAA8567FD934A6CFD9D" box="[807,857,604,630]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8748FD634A05FD05" blockId="64.[264,816,684,750]" box="[264,816,684,750]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8748FD6348A2FD2E" box="[264,407,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Distribution</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFFBFFAA8778FD1B48F2FD05" box="[312,455,724,750]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">VANUATU</collectingCountry>
: Santo, Millennium Cave area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8748FCEB48B6FCD6" blockId="64.[264,1322,804,1390]" box="[264,387,804,829]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8748FCEB48B6FCD6" box="[264,387,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8778FC834B51FB25" blockId="64.[264,1322,804,1390]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Known so far only from the Millennium Cave area (Sarakata River watershed) on Santo, the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFFBFFAA87B5FCBB4BADFC66" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[501,664,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA87B5FCBB4BADFC66" box="[501,664,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">S. paradisium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are habitat specialists of fast, shallow water. They were taken in moderately large numbers from smooth travertine substrate in fast flow (
<quantity id="534A37AEFFFBFFAA8282FC534C3CFC5D" box="[1218,1289,924,950]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
/s), along with low numbers of larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFFBFFAA8494FC0B4AA7FC36" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[724,914,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steatopygium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8494FC0B4AA7FC36" box="[724,914,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">S. steatopygium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFFBFFAA8592FC0B4D4BFC36" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[978,1150,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callipygium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA8592FC0B4D4BFC36" box="[978,1150,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">S. callipygium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Larvae show steatopygous modification to the abdomen in addition to possessing, by far, the largest number of hooks comprising the posterior circlet of any 
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFFBFFAA85A9FBDB4D7CFBC5" box="[1001,1097,1044,1070]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
simuliid — both structural attributes known as adaptations to fast-flowing water (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFFBFFAA824BFBF34C10FBBD" author="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A." box="[1035,1317,1084,1110]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref42368" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filterfeeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218." type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer and Craig 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFFBFFAA8748FBAB48BAFB95" author="Craig, D. A." box="[264,399,1124,1150]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1079 - 1093" refId="ref41359" refString="Craig, D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats, and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. BioScience, 53, 1079 - 1093." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFFBFFAA845BFBAB4B88FB96" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[539,701,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA845BFBAB4B88FB96" box="[539,701,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">S. paradisium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
notably do not twist the body to place the labral fans into the mainstream flow –– again, a known adaptation to thin films of fast water (Crosskey 1990, 
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFFBFFAA878FFB7B4B62FB25" author="Craig, D. A." box="[463,599,1204,1230]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="855 - 904" refId="ref41323" refString="Craig, D. A. (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 855 - 904." type="journal article" year="1997">Craig 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFFBFFAA8778FB134A8BFA85" blockId="64.[264,1322,804,1390]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Of all the 
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFFBFFAA87ECFB134B39FB1D" box="[428,524,1244,1270]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
simuliids, 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFFBFFAA84CCFB134A1BFB1E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[652,814,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFFBFFAA84CCFB134A1BFB1E" box="[652,814,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">S. paradisium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has perhaps the most colourful larvae, with multiple colours of the head spots set off against a dark brown background and with a pale body. The spectacular colouration of the larva seems appropriate, given the stunning beauty of its 
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFFBFFAA87E0FA9B48E7FA85" box="[416,466,1364,1390]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
locality, a true jungle paradise (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFFBFFAA850AFA9B4A84FA85" box="[842,945,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="83.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[301,1278,310,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-141@83.[301,1279,310,1610]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 24. Habitats of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e. Vanuatu.a. Santo, Adsone River. Type locality of S. adsonense. b. Santo, upper cascade, tributary of Sarakata River. Type locality of S. paradisium. c. Efate, Mele Cascade. Type locality of S. steatopygium. Note travertine terraces. d. South Pentecost, Warbot River. Type locality of S. supercilium. e. Santo, small stream, Millennium Cave region. Typical locality of S. subparadisium. f–i. Fiji. Habitats of S. laciniatum larvae. f. Viti Levu, Abaca Village, above Vereni Falls. Type region. g. Taveuni, Wairiki, Devo Peak, looking down water slide. h. Kadavu, Kadavacoro Village, Wailea Waterfall. i. Vanu Levu, Waisala Rain Forest Reserve, Ravini River." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071449/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Fig. 24b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>