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<mods:title id="1A52CC8C97CFBDC65AFA431B39ED62D8">Monograph of the Australian Bithyniidae (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5098469" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183540018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5098469" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C12051D2365FFF7FECCF97ACE49B1D5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<paragraph id="8404B40B2365FFF3FECCF97ACE66B6B5" blockId="8.[264,596,1668,1694]" box="[264,596,1668,1694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="DF4C03672365FFF3FECCF97ACE66B6B5" bold="true" box="[264,596,1668,1694]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FECCF97ACE66B6B5" bold="true" box="[264,596,1668,1694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FE9BF97ACE66B6B5" ID-CoL="7P45L" authority="Tryon, 1865" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[351,596,1668,1694]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FE9BF97ACD85B6B5" bold="true" box="[351,439,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gabbia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FE7AF97ACE66B6B5" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[446,596,1668,1694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="219 - 222" refId="ref60529" refString="Tryon, G. W. (1865) Descriptions of new species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Pomatogyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Rissoa. American Journal of Conchology, 1, 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="1865">Tryon, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="A4AB93252365FFF3FECCF931CEE8B72E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitation id="051A921A2365FFF3FECCF931CE15B6CE" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[264,551,1742,1766]" page="220" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1865">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FECCF931CE15B6CE" ID-CoL="7P45L" authority="Tryon, 1865: 220" authorityName="Tryon" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1865" box="[264,551,1742,1766]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FECCF931CD6AB6CD" box="[264,344,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gabbia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FEA7F930CE15B6CE" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[355,551,1742,1765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="219 - 222" refId="ref60529" refString="Tryon, G. W. (1865) Descriptions of new species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Pomatogyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Rissoa. American Journal of Conchology, 1, 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="1865">Tryon, 1865: 220</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92365FFF3FDF2F930CE59B6CE" box="[566,619,1742,1765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FD11F931C82DB6CE" ID-CoL="5WKDQ" authority="Tryon, 1865" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[725,1055,1742,1766]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FD11F931CFBFB6CD" box="[725,909,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gabbia australis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FC5CF930C82DB6CE" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[920,1055,1742,1765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="219 - 222" refId="ref60529" refString="Tryon, G. W. (1865) Descriptions of new species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Pomatogyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Rissoa. American Journal of Conchology, 1, 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="1865">Tryon, 1865</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FB89F931CDDCB72E" ID-CoL="LXJX" authority="Frauenfeld, 1862" authorityName="Frauenfeld" authorityYear="1862" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vertiginosa">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FB89F931C918B6CD" box="[1101,1322,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bithynia vertiginosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FEFCF910CDDCB72E" author="Frauenfeld, G. R." box="[312,494,1774,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1145 - 1161" refId="ref58046" refString="Frauenfeld, G. R. v. (1862) Versuch einer Aufzahlung der Arten der Gattung Bithynia Lch. und Nematura Bns. nach der kaiserlichen und Cuming's Sammlung. Verhandlungen der Kaiser-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 1145 - 1161." type="journal article" year="1862">Frauenfeld, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
herein) by monotypy.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2365FFF3FECCF8F1CFDCB76E" blockId="8.[264,1323,1742,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A4AB93252365FFF3FECCF8F1CFDCB76E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitation id="051A921A2365FFF3FECCF8F1CEAEB70E" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[264,668,1806,1830]" page="211" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1919">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FECCF8F1CEAEB70E" authority="Godwin-Austen, 1919 a: 211" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1919" box="[264,668,1806,1830]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Mysoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FECCF8F1CD53B70D" box="[264,353,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mysoria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FEADF8F0CEAEB70E" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[361,668,1806,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref58226" refString="Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1919 a) On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="1919">Godwin­Austen, 1919a: 211</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
,
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FD6EF8F1CEE0B70D" box="[682,722,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">non</emphasis>
Watson, 1893.
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92365FFF3FCB9F8F0CF80B70E" box="[893,946,1806,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FBCBF8F1C915B70E" ID-CoL="5WKDX" authority="Kuster" authorityName="Kuster" box="[1039,1319,1806,1830]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="costigera">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FBCBF8F1C8E7B70D" box="[1039,1237,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bithynia costigera</emphasis>
Küster
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FEFCF8D0CE15B76E" authority="Nevill, 1884" authorityName="Nevill" authorityYear="1884" box="[312,551,1838,1862]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="variety" variety="curta">
var
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FEA5F8D1CDABB76D" box="[353,409,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">curta</emphasis>
Nevill, 1884
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation, Bangalore,
<collectingCountry id="FCACF49B2365FFF3FC74F8D0CFD8B76E" box="[944,1002,1838,1861]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2365FFF3FECCF8B1C882B74E" blockId="8.[264,1323,1742,1894]" box="[264,1200,1870,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A4AB93252365FFF3FECCF8B1C882B74E" box="[264,1200,1870,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<treatmentCitation id="051A921A2365FFF3FECCF8B1CE9EB74E" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[264,684,1870,1894]" page="431" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" year="1919">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FECCF8B1CE9EB74E" ID-CoL="46b0cc6e-c821-4670-aabb-dbd4c59f757c" authority="Godwin-Austen, 1919 b: 431" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityPageNumber="431" authorityYear="1919" box="[264,684,1870,1894]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Mysorella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FECCF8B1CD41B74D" box="[264,371,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mysorella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FEBEF8B0CE9EB74E" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[378,684,1870,1893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="431" refId="ref58261" refString="Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1919 b) On the genus Mysoria, Godwin-Austen. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 431." type="journal article" year="1919">Godwin­Austen, 1919b: 431</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, new name for
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882365FFF3FC95F8B1C89EB74E" authority="Godwin-Austen, 1919 a" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityYear="1919" box="[849,1196,1870,1894]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Mysoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192365FFF3FC95F8B1CF98B74D" box="[849,938,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mysoria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2365FFF3FC74F8B0C89EB74E" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[944,1196,1870,1893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref58226" refString="Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1919 a) On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="1919">Godwin­Austen, 1919a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA1E7802364FFF1FECCFEE2CF01B545" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FECCFEE2CD4DB11E" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" box="[264,383,284,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FECCFEE2CD4DB11E" box="[264,383,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FEFCFEBAC8AFB1D5" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Shell ovate to conic, smooth or with axial and/or spiral sculpture, umbilicate to imperforate. Protoconch evenly coiled or with apex slightly tilted inwards; of about 1.3­1.5 whorls, smooth except for faint spiral striae or very fine spiral wrinkles, slightly tilted. Aperture ovate, with weak to moderate rim within perisotome (on which edge of retracted operculum rests). Outer lip prosocline, simple (lacks any sinus or outer varix).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FEFCFDF2C8A8B2B5" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Operculum calcified, oval, outer side flat to (usually) slightly concave, outer part concentric; nucleus eccentric, situated in middle to just below middle (relative to operculum located in aperture with shell upright). Muscle scar thick, convex, occupies most of inner surface, usually sculptured with pustules or concentric to irregular low ridges.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FEFCFD52CECDB39D" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Radula taenioglossate, with large central teeth, cutting edge occupying about half width of tooth, each with several (1­6, usually fewer than 5) pairs of basal cusps, lateral edges extend beyond base, at about 50­70º. Lateral teeth with cutting edge about 0.3­0.7 length of lateral part of tooth, with near vertical inner edge and distinct basal excavation on inner side of prominent basal process; lateral process at about 50­70º to dorsal edge; inner marginal teeth larger than outer marginals, with many small, sharp cusps, outer marginal teeth with small, sharp cusps on distal end.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FEFCFC3ACEEFB42D" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Alimentary canal similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882364FFF2FD2AFC3ACF63B3F6" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[750,849,964,989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FD2AFC3ACF63B3F6" box="[750,849,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rectum straight, with elongately­oval, usually obliquely packed, faecal pellets.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FEFCFBEAC8EBB545" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pallial genital ducts lie within pallial kidney. Testis large, seminal vesicle long and coiled. Prostate elongate oval, compressed in section. Penis on right side of head behind right tentacle; bifid, with accessory lobe shorter than, or about equal in length to, penial lobe. Accessory gland (in cephalic cavity) short to very long. Ovary with several discrete tubular lobes. Renal oviduct with about two tight coils. Glandular oviduct with anterior (pallial) capsule gland, with ventral channel, and posterior (usually mostly or entirely visceral) laterally compressed albumen gland; genital opening terminal. Bursa copulatrix opens anteriorly to ventral channel near oviduct opening and lies on inner side of capsule gland. Seminal receptacle small, lies in middle part of outer wall of albumen gland.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FECCFA5ACDC2B5CD" blockId="9.[264,496,1444,1510]" box="[264,496,1444,1510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FECCFA5ACDA5B596" box="[264,407,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution</emphasis>
Asia,
<collectingCountry id="FCACF49B2364FFF2FEB9FA32CDDEB5CD" box="[381,492,1484,1510]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF2FECCF9E2CD5CB61E" blockId="9.[264,1323,1564,1870]" box="[264,366,1564,1589]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FECCF9E2CD5CB61E" box="[264,366,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2364FFF1FEFCF9BACEB2B1D5" blockId="9.[264,1323,1564,1870]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In most respects, the morphology of species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882364FFF2FC9AF9BACF84B676" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[862,950,1604,1629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FC9AF9BACF84B676" box="[862,950,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that described for
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882364FFF2FEF5F992CDE7B6AE" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[305,469,1644,1669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FEF5F992CDE7B6AE" box="[305,469,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see references above) but differs in the following characters: the shell is more conical in shape (rather than elongate­ovate); the apex of the protoconch is less strongly tilted inwards; the operculum has a moderately large, distinctly spiral nucleus in the centre of the operculum to just below the centre (as viewed in the aperture with the shell upright) (in a similar location but much smaller in
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882364FFF2FC62F8F2C87EB70E" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[934,1100,1804,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FC62F8F2C87EB70E" box="[934,1100,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the apices of the gill filaments are usually on the right side of the gill (in the middle in
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882364FFF2FB86F8CAC897B766" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[1090,1189,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192364FFF2FB86F8CAC897B766" box="[1090,1189,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); the bursa copulatrix lies on the inside of the capsule gland, not the outside and the small seminal receptacle is embedded in the middle part of the outer side of the albumen gland (not a large sac lying behind the albumen gland). This combination of characters, together with shared characters such as the simple outer lip (not sinuate as in
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FC39FE6AC918B185" authority="Crosse, 1886" authorityName="Crosse" authorityYear="1886" box="[1021,1322,404,430]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Wattebledia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FC39FE6AC8BAB186" box="[1021,1160,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Wattebledia</emphasis>
Crosse, 1886
</taxonomicName>
and lacking the varix present in species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FCC6FE42C80CB1FD" authority="Nevill, 1884" authorityName="Nevill" authorityYear="1884" box="[770,1086,444,470]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Hydrobioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hydrobioides Nevill, 1884</taxonomicName>
) also separate
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FB2AFE42CD1FB1D6" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FB2AFE42CD1FB1D6" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other bithyniid genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2367FFF1FEFCFDF2CDCBB33D" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The radula of species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD99FDF2CE87B20E" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[605,693,524,549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD99FDF2CE87B20E" box="[605,693,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from that of the
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92367FFF1FC17FDF2C834B20D" box="[979,1030,524,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FB4FFDF2C8DCB20E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[1163,1262,524,549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FB4FFDF2C8DCB20E" box="[1163,1262,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only in the sides of the central teeth being at a slightly wider angle (about 70º rather than 50­ 60º) and the basal cusps of the central teeth are typically fewer and weaker. In most other respects the radulae are very similar, as are the opercula, head­foot, pallial cavity and most other anatomical details. However, there are some significant differences in the female genital system, as detailed above, although in other respects the details of the female system are very similar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2367FFF1FEFCFCDACE07B455" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
A detailed review of bithyniid genera is beyond the scope of this paper, although one is currently in preparation. Some names are based on species with similar shell morphology to the
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92367FFF1FE48FC8ACD8CB3A5" box="[396,446,884,910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD8CFC8ACE92B3A6" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[584,672,884,909]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD8CFC8ACE92B3A6" box="[584,672,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These include the African
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FC35FC8ACD70B39D" authority="Mandahl-Barth, 1968" authorityName="Mandahl-Barth" authorityYear="1968" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FC35FC8AC854B3A6" box="[1009,1126,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbiella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2367FFF1FBB4FC8ACD70B39D" author="Mandahl-Barth, G." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="129 - 159" refId="ref59104" refString="Mandahl-Barth, G. (1968) Revision of the African Bithyniidae (Gastropoda Prosobranchia). Revue de zoologie et de botanique Africaines, 78, 129 - 159, plts 2 - 4." type="journal article" year="1968">Mandahl­Barth, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92367FFF1FE93FC62CDB9B39D" box="[343,395,924,950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FE3CFC62C81FB39D" authority="Martens, 1879" authorityName="Martens" authorityYear="1879" box="[504,1069,924,950]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="stanleyi" variety="humerosa">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FE3CFC62CEF0B39E" box="[504,706,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithynia stanleyi</emphasis>
var
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FCC4FC62CF40B39E" box="[768,882,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">humerosa</emphasis>
Martens, 1879
</taxonomicName>
from Lake
<collectingRegion id="467F7AE92367FFF1FB00FC62C917B39D" box="[1220,1317,924,950]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Victoria</collectingRegion>
, Africa) and
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FE5DFC3ACEA9B3F5" authority="Monterosato" authorityName="Monterosato" authorityYear="1894" box="[409,667,964,990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Codiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FE5DFC3ACDCCB3F6" box="[409,510,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Codiella</emphasis>
Monterosato
</taxonomicName>
in Locard, 1894 (
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92367FFF1FCB6FC3ACF94B3F5" box="[882,934,964,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FBC9FC3ACD77B42D" authority="Sheppard, 1823" authorityName="Sheppard" authorityYear="1823" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinidae" genus="Turbo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leachii">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FBC9FC3AC89EB3F6" box="[1037,1196,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Turbo leachii</emphasis>
Sheppard, 1823
</taxonomicName>
, a taxon usually included in
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD5BFC12CF30B42E" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[671,770,1004,1029]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD5BFC12CF30B42E" box="[671,770,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but treated [probably correctly] as a genus by some authors, e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2367FFF1FE28FBEACEC7B405" author="Beriozkina, G. V. &amp; Levina, O. V. &amp; Starobogatov, Y. I." box="[492,757,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="27 - 38" refId="ref56875" refString="Beriozkina, G. V., Levina, O. V. &amp; Starobogatov, Y. I. (1995) Revision of Bithyniidae from European Russia and Ukraine. Ruthenica, 5, 27 - 38." type="journal article" year="1995">
Beriozkina
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FDB0FBEACE9DB406" box="[628,687,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). These taxa are not yet known sufficiently well anatomically to differentiate them, but
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD1AFBC2CF04B47E" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[734,822,1084,1109]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD1AFBC2CF04B47E" box="[734,822,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the senior name for taxa based on this
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92367FFF1FECCFB9ACD08B455" box="[264,314,1124,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
of shell morphology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2367FFF1FEFCFB72CEE4B4DD" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2367FFF1FEFCFB72CDE2B48D" author="Wenz, W." box="[312,464,1164,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="6" refId="ref60963" refString="Wenz, W. (1938 (- 1944 )) Gastropoda, Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf, O. H. (ed) Handbuch der Palaozoologie, 6. Berlin." type="book chapter" year="1938">Wenz (1938)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FDDAFB72CF7DB48D" authority="Locard, 1882" authorityName="Locard" authorityYear="1882" box="[542,847,1164,1190]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Digyrcidum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FDDAFB72CE9BB48E" box="[542,681,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Digyrcidum</emphasis>
Locard, 1882
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FC98FB72C8B2B48D" authority="Stefani, 1877" authorityName="Stefani" authorityYear="1877" box="[860,1152,1164,1190]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Neumayria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FC98FB72CFECB48E" box="[860,990,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Neumayria</emphasis>
Stefani, 1877
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FB7EFB72CE40B4E5" authority="Annandale and Prashad, 1919" authorityName="Annandale and Prashad" authorityYear="1919" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Alocinma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FB7EFB72C918B48E" box="[1210,1322,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Alocinma</emphasis>
Annandale and Prashad, 1919
</taxonomicName>
(as
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD68FB4ACF27B4E6" box="[684,789,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Allocima</emphasis>
in error) as synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FB98FB4AC886B4E6" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[1116,1204,1204,1229]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FB98FB4AC886B4E6" box="[1116,1204,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. None of these names have priority over
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FDB3FB22CEFDB4DE" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[631,719,1244,1269]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FDB3FB22CEFDB4DE" box="[631,719,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2367FFF1FEFCFAFACF01B545" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FE9CFAFACD89B536" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[344,443,1284,1309]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FE9CFAFACD89B536" box="[344,443,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FE0FFAFACE11B536" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[459,547,1284,1309]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FE0FFAFACE11B536" box="[459,547,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and several other bithyniid genera, the whole peristome has a rim within its edge which forms an opercular stop, keeping the operculum flush with the edge of the aperture when the snail is fully retracted.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA1E7802367FFF0FEFCFA82C881B39D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8404B40B2367FFF0FEFCFA82CD8EB2B5" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1324,284,1630]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FEFCFA82CDA2B5BE" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1865" box="[312,400,1404,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FEFCFA82CDA2B5BE" box="[312,400,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been defined as “lacks umbilicus; peristome straight, lacking varix; base of peristome rounded. Operculum with large, paucispiral nucleus. Radula with 7­9 cusps on cutting edge, and 3­4 pairs of basal cusps” (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2367FFF1FCF3FA32C836B5CD" author="Brandt, R. A. M." box="[823,1028,1484,1510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref57108" refString="Brandt, R. A. M. (1974) The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 105, 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1974">Brandt, 1974: 61</bibRefCitation>
). In introducing
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FB0FFA32CDD7B625" ID-CoL="7P45L" authority=", Tyron (1865: 220)" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1865" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FB0FFA32C911B5CE" box="[1227,1315,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
, Tyron (1865: 220)
</taxonomicName>
gave the following diagnosis: “Shell like
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FC23FA0ACDB9B61D" ID-CoL="7NNTZ" authority="Gould and Hald. Operculum" authorityName="Gould and Hald. Operculum" class="Gastropoda" family="Amnicolidae" genus="Amnicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FC23FA0AC865B626" box="[999,1111,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Amnicola</emphasis>
Gould and Hald. Operculum
</taxonomicName>
paucispiral, calcareous.” In his remarks he noted that the operculum was “somewhat calcareous like
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD97F9BACF2BB676" ID-CoL="LXJH" authorityName="Linneaus" authorityYear="1758" box="[595,793,1604,1630]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD97F9BACEB6B676" box="[595,644,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bith</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD51F9BACF2BB676" box="[661,793,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.”
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2367FFF1FCF3F9BAC838B675" author="Smith, E. A." box="[823,1034,1604,1630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="235 - 238" refId="ref59951" refString="Smith, E. A. (1887) Notes on Australian species of Bithinia, Segmentina, and Fusus and description of a new Melania. Journal of Conchology, 5, 235 - 238." type="journal article" year="1887">Smith (1887:236)</bibRefCitation>
stated that “the generic division
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FEAAF992CDF4B6AE" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[366,454,1644,1669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FEAAF992CDF4B6AE" box="[366,454,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, proposed by Tryon for this species, appears to be altogether unnecessary. The character upon which he founded the group was a supposed peculiarity in the operculum which he describes as ‘paucispiral, calcareous’. His own figure and the shells before me show that the operculum is
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FDB1F91ACEA9B6D6" box="[629,667,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">not</emphasis>
paucispiral, but normally concentric, as in other species of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FEEEF8F2CDBAB70E" ID-CoL="655d3dc5-0c1c-41da-ab0c-6c97954f6a7e" authority="Leach" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[298,392,1804,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FEEEF8F2CDBAB70E" box="[298,392,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.” Smith concludes that
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD6EF8F2CF30B70E" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[682,770,1804,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD6EF8F2CF30B70E" box="[682,770,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FC12F8F2C80BB70E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[982,1081,1804,1829]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FC12F8F2C80BB70E" box="[982,1081,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite this strong statement, the use of the name
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882367FFF1FD46F8CACEE8B766" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[642,730,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192367FFF1FD46F8CACEE8B766" box="[642,730,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has continued virtually unabated in the literature but has never been satisfactorily separated from
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FCFFFEE2CFACB11E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[827,926,284,309]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FCFFFEE2CFACB11E" box="[827,926,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For example the name is used by
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FECCFEBACD93B175" author="Thiele, J." box="[264,417,324,350]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref60420" refString="Thiele, J. (1928) Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele (1928</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE69FEBACDDBB175" author="Thiele, J." box="[429,489,324,350]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref60454" refString="Thiele, J. (1929 (- 1935 )) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." type="book" year="1929">1929</bibRefCitation>
) as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FD07FEBACF14B176" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[707,806,324,349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FD07FEBACF14B176" box="[707,806,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the following diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FB48FEBACD07B1AD" author="Thiele, J." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref60454" refString="Thiele, J. (1929 (- 1935 )) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." type="book" year="1929">Thiele, 1929: 154</bibRefCitation>
) (as translated by
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FDDCFE92CF95B1AD" author="Bieler, R. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. M." box="[536,935,364,390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref56915" refString="Bieler, R. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. M. (eds.) (1988 - 1989). Handbook of Systematic Malacology. [English translation of Johannes Thiele's &quot; Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde &quot;, 1929 - 1935.] Amerind Publishing Company, India, with Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation." type="book" year="1988">Bieler and Mikkelsen, 1988: 224</bibRefCitation>
) “shell in most cases fairly low spired; last whorl large, bulging, smooth; umbilicus closed or chink­like; operculum with large spirally coiled median part.”
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD5FFE42CF01B1FD" author="Thiele, J." box="[667,819,444,470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref60420" refString="Thiele, J. (1928) Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele (1928</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCFBFE42CF49B1FD" author="Thiele, J." box="[831,891,444,470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref60454" refString="Thiele, J. (1929 (- 1935 )) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." type="book" year="1929">1929</bibRefCitation>
) recognised three “sections” of
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FB2AFE42CD93B1D6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FB2AFE42CD1FB1D6" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Gabbia</taxonomicName>
­
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FE8DFE1ACD93B1D6" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[329,417,484,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Gabbia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADFCD5622366FFF0FE6DFE1ACDFDB1D5" box="[425,463,484,510]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, as well as
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FD98FE1ACFA9B1D5" ID-CoL="7PBQ7" authority="Pilsbry, 1928" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1928" box="[604,923,484,510]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Parabithynia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FD98FE1ACEC4B1D6" box="[604,758,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Parabithynia</emphasis>
Pilsbry, 1928
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FC13FE1AC914B1D5" ID-CoL="7P3DW" authority="Thiele, 1928" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1928" box="[983,1318,484,510]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Emmericiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FC13FE1AC8B7B1D6" box="[983,1157,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Emmericiopsis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FB49FE1AC914B1D5" author="Thiele, J." box="[1165,1318,484,510]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref60420" refString="Thiele, J. (1928) Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele, 1928</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FECCFDF2CDFBB20D" author="Pace, G. L." box="[264,457,524,550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref59301" refString="Pace, G. L. (1973) The freshwater snails of Taiwan (Formosa). Malacological Review. Supplement 1, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1973">Pace (1973: 35)</bibRefCitation>
noted that Tryon's description of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FCAEFDF2CFF0B20E" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[874,962,524,549]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FCAEFDF2CFF0B20E" box="[874,962,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“does not distinguish it from
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FECCFDCACD59B266" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[264,363,564,589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FECCFDCACD59B266" box="[264,363,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(s.s.)”. Tryon himself (1883: 260) reduced
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FCA2FDCACF8CB266" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[870,958,564,589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FCA2FDCACF8CB266" box="[870,958,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FB4EFDCAC8DFB266" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[1162,1261,564,589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FB4EFDCAC8DFB266" box="[1162,1261,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, noting that it was “possibly synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FCC3FDA2CF58B25E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[775,874,604,629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FCC3FDA2CF58B25E" box="[775,874,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it only differs slightly in its operculum.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FEFCFD52C881B39D" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The status of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FE18FD52CE06B2EE" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[476,564,684,709]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FE18FD52CE06B2EE" box="[476,564,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been variously interpreted. It has been given generic status (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FED4FD2ACD94B2C5" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[272,422,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="219 - 222" refId="ref60529" refString="Tryon, G. W. (1865) Descriptions of new species of Amnicola, Pomatiopsis, Pomatogyrus, Gabbia, Hydrobia and Rissoa. American Journal of Conchology, 1, 219 - 222." type="journal article" year="1865">Tryon, 1865</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE76FD2ACE7DB2C5" author="Cotton, B. C." box="[434,591,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="124 - 129" refId="ref57562" refString="Cotton, B. C. (1942) Australian Gastropoda of the families Hydrobiidae, Assimineidae and Acmeidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 66, 124 - 129." type="journal article" year="1942">Cotton, 1942</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD9FFD2ACEC8B2C5" author="Iredale, T." box="[603,762,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="188 - 230" refId="ref58639" refString="Iredale, T. (1943) A basic list of the freshwater Mollusca of Australia. Australian Zoologist, 10, 188 - 230." type="journal article" year="1943">Iredale, 1943</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCC2FD2ACF76B2C5" author="Iredale, T." box="[774,836,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="113 - 127" refId="ref58665" refString="Iredale, T. (1944) Guide to the freshwater shells of New South Wales. Pt II. Australian Naturalist, 11, 113 - 127." type="journal article" year="1944">1944</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FC94FD2ACFD0B2C5" author="Smith, B. J." box="[848,994,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="8" refId="ref59878" refString="Smith, B. J. (1992) Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston, W. W. K. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 8. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra." type="book chapter" year="1992">Smith, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) or treated as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FECCFD02CD59B33E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[264,363,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FECCFD02CD59B33E" box="[264,363,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FE59FD02CDCFB33E" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[413,509,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FE59FD02CDCFB33E" box="[413,509,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bulimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FDD2FD02CE9EB33D" author="Tryon, G. W." box="[534,684,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref60566" refString="Tryon, G. W. (1883). Structural and systematic conchology: an introduction to the study of Mollusca. Volume 2. Privately published, Philadelphia." type="book" year="1883">Tryon, 1883</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD7CFD02CF7DB33D" author="Thiele, J." box="[696,847,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref60454" refString="Thiele, J. (1929 (- 1935 )) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." type="book" year="1929">Thiele, 1929</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FC98FD02CFD9B33D" author="Wenz, W." box="[860,1003,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="6" refId="ref60963" refString="Wenz, W. (1938 (- 1944 )) Gastropoda, Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf, O. H. (ed) Handbuch der Palaozoologie, 6. Berlin." type="book chapter" year="1938">Wenz, 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FC33FD02C8E1B33D" author="Starmuhlner, F." box="[1015,1235,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="473 - 656" refId="ref60116" refString="Starmuhlner, F. (1976) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Susswasser-Gastropoden pazifischer Inseln. Ergebnisse der Osterreichischen Indopazifik-Expedition des 1. Zoologishen Institutes der Universitat Wien. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museum, Wien, 80, 473 - 656." type="journal article" year="1976">Starmühlner, 1976</bibRefCitation>
), while others (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE9AFCDACDECB315" author="Tate, R." box="[350,478,804,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="47 - 56" refId="ref60272" refString="Tate, R. (1882) The land and freshwater molluscs of tropical South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Societyof South Australia, 5, 47 - 56." type="journal article" year="1882">Tate, 1882</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE2DFCDACEBAB315" author="Hedley, C." box="[489,648,804,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="220 - 226" refId="ref58488" refString="Hedley, C. (1896) Notes on anatomical characters. In: Spencer, W. B. (ed.) Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Pt 2 Zoology. Melville, Mullen and Slade, London and Melbourne, pp. 220 - 226." type="book chapter" year="1896">Hedley, 1896</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD57FCDACF17B315" author="Smith, E. A." box="[659,805,804,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="235 - 238" refId="ref59951" refString="Smith, E. A. (1887) Notes on Australian species of Bithinia, Segmentina, and Fusus and description of a new Melania. Journal of Conchology, 5, 235 - 238." type="journal article" year="1887">Smith, 1887</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCF4FCDACF83B315" author="Pace, G. L." box="[816,945,804,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref59301" refString="Pace, G. L. (1973) The freshwater snails of Taiwan (Formosa). Malacological Review. Supplement 1, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1973">Pace, 1973</bibRefCitation>
) have treated it as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FECCFCB2CD59B34E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[264,363,844,869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FECCFCB2CD59B34E" box="[264,363,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FEBEFCB2CDE0B34E" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[378,466,844,869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FEBEFCB2CDE0B34E" box="[378,466,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been used for some SE Asian taxa, either as a genus (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FB22FCB2CD74B3A5" author="Habe, T." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="45 - 66" refId="ref58320" refString="Habe, T. (1964) Freshwater molluscan fauna of Thailand. In: Kira, T. and Umesao, T. (eds). Nature and Life in Southeast Asia. Vol. 3, Fauna and flora research Society, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 45 - 66." type="book chapter" year="1964">Habe, 1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE92FC8ACE5FB3A5" author="Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van" box="[342,621,884,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="409 - 521" refId="ref56834" refString="Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van (1963) Non-marine Mollusca of West New Guinea. Part 1. Mollusca from fresh and brackish waters. Nova Guinea, Zoology, 20, 409 - 521." type="journal article" year="1963">Benthem Jutting, 1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FDB9FC8ACF2EB3A5" author="Chung, P. - R." box="[637,796,884,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref57520" refString="Chung, P. - R. (1984) A comparative study of three species of Bithyniidae (Mollusca: Prosobranchia): Parafossarulus manchouricus, Gabbia misella and Bithynia tentaculata. Malacological Review, 17, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1984">Chung, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCE8FC8AC880B3A5" author="Chitramvong, Y. P. &amp; Upatham, E. S." box="[812,1202,884,910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref57482" refString="Chitramvong, Y. P. &amp; Upatham, E. S. (1989) A new species of freshwater snail for Thailand (Prosobranchia: Bithyniidae). Walkerana, 3, 179 - 186." type="journal article" year="1989">Chitramvong &amp; Upatham, 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FB06FC8ACDBCB39D" author="Chitramvong, Y. P." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="161 - 206" refId="ref57419" refString="Chitramvong, Y. P. (1991) The Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Thailand: comparative internal anatomy. Walkerana, 5, 161 - 206." type="journal article" year="1991">Chitramvong, 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FE5FFC62CDE5B39D" author="Chitramvong, Y. P." box="[411,471,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref57450" refString="Chitramvong, Y. P. (1992) The Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Thailand: comparative external morphology. Malacological Review, 25, 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
) or subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FD5EFC62CECFB39E" ID-CoL="7NQSD" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[666,765,924,949]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FD5EFC62CECFB39E" box="[666,765,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCC9FC62CF81B39D" author="Kuroda, T." box="[781,947,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="65 - 216" refId="ref58984" refString="Kuroda, T. (1941) A catalogue of the molluscan shells from Taiwan (Formosa), with descriptions of new species. Memoirs of the faculty of Science and Agriculture, Taihoku Imperial University, 22, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1941">Kuroda, 1941</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FC7BFC62C869B39D" author="Brandt, R. A. M." box="[959,1115,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="213 - 289" refId="ref57079" refString="Brandt, R. A. M. (1968) Description of new non-marine mollusks from Asia. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 98, 213 - 289." type="journal article" year="1968">Brandt, 1968</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FBA3FC62C894B39D" author="Brandt, R. A. M." box="[1127,1190,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref57108" refString="Brandt, R. A. M. (1974) The non-marine aquatic Mollusca of Thailand. Archiv fur Molluskenkunde, 105, 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA1E7802366FFF0FEFCFC3AC833B47D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FEFCFC3AC833B47D" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FEFCFC3ACDE9B3F5" author="Chung, P. - R." box="[312,475,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref57520" refString="Chung, P. - R. (1984) A comparative study of three species of Bithyniidae (Mollusca: Prosobranchia): Parafossarulus manchouricus, Gabbia misella and Bithynia tentaculata. Malacological Review, 17, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1984">Chung (1984)</bibRefCitation>
described the radula, operculum, mantle pigmentation and allozymes of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FECCFC12CDF2B42E" baseAuthorityName="Gredler" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[264,448,1004,1029]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="misella">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FECCFC12CDF2B42E" box="[264,448,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia misella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="FCACF49B2366FFF0FDD6FC12CE68B42D" box="[530,602,1004,1030]" name="South Korea" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Korea</collectingCountry>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD5FFC12CFBBB42D" author="Chitramvong, Y. P." box="[667,905,1004,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="161 - 206" refId="ref57419" refString="Chitramvong, Y. P. (1991) The Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Thailand: comparative internal anatomy. Walkerana, 5, 161 - 206." type="journal article" year="1991">Chitramvong (1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FC5EFC12CFE4B42D" author="Chitramvong, Y. P." box="[922,982,1004,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref57450" refString="Chitramvong, Y. P. (1992) The Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) of Thailand: comparative external morphology. Malacological Review, 25, 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
) described the morphology, including anatomy, of three species from
<collectingCountry id="FCACF49B2366FFF0FCC2FBEACF5CB405" box="[774,878,1044,1070]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and compared them with species in other bithyniid genera (
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FDD8FBC2CF1EB47E" authority=", Hydrobioides" authorityName="Hydrobioides" box="[540,812,1084,1109]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FDD8FBC2CF1EB47E" box="[540,812,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bithynia, Hydrobioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FCA1FBC2CFC2B47E" authorityName="Crosse" authorityYear="1886" box="[869,1008,1084,1109]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Wattebledia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FCA1FBC2CFC2B47E" box="[869,1008,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wattebledia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA1E7802366FFF0FEFCFB9ACDC2B686" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FEFCFB9AC93AB675" blockId="11.[264,1324,284,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FEFCFB9ACD9CB456" ID-CoL="46b0cc6e-c821-4670-aabb-dbd4c59f757c" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityYear="1919" box="[312,430,1124,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Mysorella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FEFCFB9ACD9CB456" box="[312,430,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mysorella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was defined by its broadly­ovate, umbilicate, shell which possesses strong spiral cords. The genus was originally diagnosed as having only a single pair of basal cusps on the central teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FD85FB4ACF6BB4E5" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[577,857,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref58226" refString="Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1919 a) On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="1919">Godwin­Austen, 1919a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCA1FB4AC81DB4E5" author="Annandale, N." box="[869,1071,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="41 - 46" refId="ref56577" refString="Annandale, N. (1920) Indian freshwater molluscs assigned to the genus Bithynia. Records of the Indian Museum, 19, 41 - 46." type="journal article" year="1920">Annandale, 1920</bibRefCitation>
) but
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FBA8FB4AC918B4E5" author="Seshaiya, R. V." box="[1132,1322,1204,1230]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref59818" refString="Seshaiya, R. V. (1930) Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records Indian Museum, 32, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya (1930)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FEFDFB22CE2CB4DD" author="Starmuhlner, F." box="[313,542,1244,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="97 - 198" refId="ref60035" refString="Starmuhlner, F. (1974) Results of the Austrian-Ceylonese Hydrobiological Mission 1970 of the 1 st Zoological Institute University of Vienna (Austria) and the Department of Zoology of the University of Ceylon, Vidyalankara Campus, Kielania (Sri Lanka). Part XVII: The freshwater gas- tropods of Ceylon. Bulletin. Fisheries Research Station (Ceylon), 25 (1 - 2), 97 - 198, plts 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Starmühlner (1974)</bibRefCitation>
showed that additional small denticles are often present. There are 7­9 cusps on the cutting edge while the lateral teeth have the formula 3+1+3. Details of the anatomy of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FE00FAD2CE68B56E" ID-CoL="5WKDX" box="[452,602,1324,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="costigera">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FE00FAD2CE68B56E" box="[452,602,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. costigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCBEFAD2C80FB56D" author="Seshaiya, R. V." box="[890,1085,1324,1350]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref59818" refString="Seshaiya, R. V. (1930) Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records Indian Museum, 32, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya (1930)</bibRefCitation>
. The radula is illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FEBAFAAACEABB545" author="Godwin-Austen, H. H." box="[382,665,1364,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref58226" refString="Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1919 a) On the supposed occurrence of the Miocene genus Fossarulus recent in India. Records of the Indian Museum, 16, 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="1919">Godwin­Austen (1919a</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 3),
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FCC2FAAACF91B545" author="Thiele, J." box="[774,931,1364,1390]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref60420" refString="Thiele, J. (1928) Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele (1928</bibRefCitation>
, text fig. 4; 1929, fig. 127) and
<bibRefCitation id="E02AC9FA2366FFF0FECCFA82CD8DB5BD" author="Seshaiya, R. V." box="[264,447,1404,1430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref59818" refString="Seshaiya, R. V. (1930) Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records Indian Museum, 32, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya (1930</bibRefCitation>
, text fig. 10). The anatomy, radula and operculum of the
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92366FFF0FB93FA82C8BBB5BD" box="[1111,1161,1404,1430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
species and a species from
<collectingCountry id="FCACF49B2366FFF0FE68FA5ACE29B595" box="[428,539,1444,1470]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Australia</collectingCountry>
, which is very similar to the
<typeStatus id="5B000AA92366FFF0FC43FA5ACF8BB595" box="[903,953,1444,1470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
species, are virtually indistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FE04FA32CE2AB5CE" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[448,536,1484,1509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FE04FA32CE2AB5CE" box="[448,536,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, within the Australian
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FC77FA32C839B5CE" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[947,1035,1484,1509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FC77FA32C839B5CE" box="[947,1035,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are taxa ranging from smooth to strongly spirally lirate and the umbilicus also varies in width within the genus. For these reasons,
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FDF1F9E2CE99B61E" ID-CoL="46b0cc6e-c821-4670-aabb-dbd4c59f757c" authorityName="Godwin-Austen" authorityYear="1919" box="[565,683,1564,1589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Mysorella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FDF1F9E2CE99B61E" box="[565,683,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mysorella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tentatively treated as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FBA9F9E2C8F7B61E" ID-CoL="7P45L" authorityName=", Tyron" authorityYear="1865" box="[1133,1221,1564,1589]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FBA9F9E2C8F7B61E" box="[1133,1221,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gabbia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pending more detailed assessment of the Asian fauna (see also remarks under
<taxonomicName id="43BBCF882366FFF0FBF1F9BAC88AB676" ID-CoL="6JTFV" authority="Ponder, 2003" authorityName="Ponder" authorityYear="2003" box="[1077,1208,1604,1629]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Gabbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carinata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FBF1F9BAC88AB676" box="[1077,1208,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADFCD5622366FFF0FB04F9BAC8CBB675" box="[1216,1273,1604,1630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FECCF96ACDC2B686" blockId="11.[264,1323,1684,1870]" box="[264,496,1684,1709]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B6CF68192366FFF0FECCF96ACDC2B686" box="[264,496,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Uniform characters</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CCA1E7802366FFF7FEFCF942CE49B1D5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FEFCF942CE4CB6D5" blockId="11.[264,1323,1684,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Details given above that are uniform throughout the taxa described herein are usually not repeated in the descriptions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2366FFF0FEFCF8F2C8CCB765" blockId="11.[264,1323,1684,1870]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Shell: Inner rim of peristome – present in all species to a greater or lesser extent (related to degree of thickening of peristome) and is not mentioned in the descriptions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2361FFF7FEFCFEE2C819B175" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Operculum: All species have a similar, calcified operculum but this structure is illustrated for most taxa. Only a few details are given in the descriptions.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2361FFF7FEFCFE92C8B8B185" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Radula: The tooth shape is generally very similar between species so these details are mostly not given in the description (although are available from the figures).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8404B40B2361FFF7FEFCFE42CE49B1D5" blockId="12.[264,1324,284,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Head­foot: All species have a similar head­foot as outlined in the generic description. Only the pigmentation is given.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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