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<document id="3121D78644D524C628CEE2782AFF3BA0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3974.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d674b470-4336-427f-89ac-aeb5bdf4cff4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238380" ID-ZooBank="3CCF51FE-33A7-4960-A526-7A1A54939EB3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461221615047" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mendelson Iii, Joseph R., Kinsey, Se. T. &amp; Murphy, Es. B." docDate="2015" docId="04410F18D338DA3B15EB9731FCA5FDB5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03974p537.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3974 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Incilius nebulifer Girard 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="525" masterDocId="F8787760D338DA33157C9076FFD2F829" masterDocTitle="A review of the biology and literature of the Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius nebulifer), native to Mexico and the United States" masterLastPageNumber="537" masterPageNumber="517" pageNumber="517" updateTime="1698604393094" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C443B99C797F64148A3BB844E2C3D04E">A review of the biology and literature of the Gulf Coast Toad (Incilius nebulifer), native to Mexico and the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="42D548F5E9EF2EC55F1275E4E0801FD7">Mendelson Iii, Joseph R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="83569D76B2981C7EFB3898FAEF67F604">Kinsey, Se. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B5A7E69B0F3E320DCC7D8A0A490BC87">Murphy, Es. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A49BC6FBA304E48C917E051CD20E7163">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8F8D0F1140A7D78DF85D39577E01ABC9">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="04410F18D338DA3B15EB9731FCA5FDB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6093989" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119631858" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6093989" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:04410F18D338DA3B15EB9731FCA5FDB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/04410F18D338DA3B15EB9731FCA5FDB5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">
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<heading id="D71F0962D338DA3315EB9731FDF7FF4B" bold="true" box="[151,549,1863,1890]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD338DA3315EB9731FDF7FF4B" ID-CoL="3PLCZ" authority="Girard, 1854" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,549,1863,1890]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD338DA3315EB9731FDF7FF4B" bold="true" box="[151,549,1863,1890]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD338DA3315EB9731FEBBFF48" bold="true" box="[151,361,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">Incilius nebulifer</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD338DA331405973EFDCFFF4B" author="Girard" box="[377,541,1864,1890]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" refString="Girard, C. (1854) A list of North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 7, 87." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED338DA3315EB971CFE82FFAA" blockId="0.[151,549,1863,1923]" box="[151,336,1898,1923]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">Gulf Coast Toad</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D338DA3215EB97C5FEE5FEDC" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D338DA3215EB97C5FDEEF8C2" infered="true" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD338DA3315EB97C5FD85FFE0" ID-CoL="NP6M" authority="Baird &amp; Girard, 1852:173" authorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,599,1971,1993]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD338DA3315EB97C5FEEDFFE0" box="[151,319,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">Bufo granulosus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD338DA33143B97C5FD85FFE0" author="Baird" box="[327,599,1971,1993]" page="173" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" year="1852">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD338DA33143B97C5FDFEFFE0" author="Baird" box="[327,556,1971,1993]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" refString="Baird, S. F. &amp; Girard, C. (1852) Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Third part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Baird &amp; Girard, 1852</bibRefCitation>
:173
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. [Not of
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD338DA3317C997C5FCF8FFE0" author="Spix" box="[693,810,1971,1993]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" refString="Spix, J. B. (1824) Animalia nove sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII - MCCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maxmiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis. F. S. Hubschmann, Munchen, xxxix + 53 pp." type="book" year="1824">Spix, 1824</bibRefCitation>
]. Type-locality “between Indianola and San Antonio, Texas” [restricted to “Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas” by
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD338DA33178897A7FC60FFCE" author="Schmidt" box="[756,946,2001,2023]" page="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD338DA33178897A7FC43FFCE" author="Schmidt" box="[756,913,2001,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" refString="Schmidt, K. P. (1953) A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Sixth Edition. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 280 pp." type="book" year="1953">Schmidt, 1953</bibRefCitation>
:66
</treatmentCitation>
.].
<typeStatus id="535300ACD338DA3316B497A7FBF4FFCE" box="[968,1062,2001,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(fide
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD338DA33111B97A7FB2CFFCE" author="Kellogg" box="[1127,1278,2001,2023]" pageId="0" pageNumber="517" refString="Kellogg, R. (1932) Mexican tailless amphibians in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 160, 1 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.160. i" type="journal article" year="1932">Kellogg, 1932</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED338DA33106E97A7FA4EFFCE" box="[1298,1436,2001,2023]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="517">United States</collectingCountry>
National Museum (USNM) 2595, age and sex unknown, collected by J. H. Clark in 1851, under the direction of survey leader J. D. Graham (not examined by authors)
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3217C790C1FC08F8E5" author="Fouquette" box="[699,986,182,204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Fouquette, M. J. &amp; Dubois, A. (2014) A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Seventh Edition. Vol. 1. Amphibians. Privately published via Xlibris. com Publishersa, 586 pp." type="book" year="2014">Fouquette &amp; Dubois (2014)</bibRefCitation>
rejected the restriction of the
<typeStatus id="535300ACD339DA32106B90C1FA91F8E5" box="[1303,1347,183,204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">type</typeStatus>
locality, claiming lack of published evidence.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9082FC41F923" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,915,244,266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB9082FC41F923" box="[151,915,244,266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9082FE1FF923" ID-CoL="NPB8" authority="Girard,1854:86" authorityName="Girard" authorityPageNumber="86" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,461,244,266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9082FEFBF923" box="[151,297,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3214539082FE1FF923" author="Girard" box="[303,461,244,266]" page="86" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1854">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214539082FE7DF923" author="Girard" box="[303,431,244,266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Girard, C. (1854) A list of North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 7, 87." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard,1854</bibRefCitation>
:86
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3217049082FC41F923" ID-CoL="NP6M" authority="Spix, 1824" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1824" box="[632,915,244,266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3217049082FCCDF923" box="[632,799,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo granulosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3216599082FC41F923" author="Spix" box="[805,915,244,266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Spix, J. B. (1824) Animalia nove sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII - MCCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maxmiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis. F. S. Hubschmann, Munchen, xxxix + 53 pp." type="book" year="1824">Spix, 1824</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9164FE37F901" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,485,274,296]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB9164FE37F901" box="[151,485,274,296]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9164FE33F901" ID-CoL="NPB9" authority="Baird, 1859a:44" authorityName="Baird" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,481,274,296]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifera">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9164FEE7F901" box="[151,309,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo nebulifera</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3214479164FE33F901" author="Baird" box="[315,481,274,296]" page="44" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1859">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214479164FE10F901" author="Baird" box="[315,450,274,296]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Baird, S. F. (1859 a) Report upon the reptiles of the route. Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean: Route Near the Thirty-fifth Parallel, Explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Assisted by J. C. Ives. Volume 10. Part 6 (Zoology: Reptilia), 4, 37 - 45. [Washington, District of Columbia.]" type="book chapter" year="1859" yearSuffix="a">Baird, 1859a</bibRefCitation>
:44
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9147FDFFF96E" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,557,305,327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9147FDFBF96E" authority="Cope,1862:358" authorityName="Cope" authorityPageNumber="358" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,553,305,327]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Chilophryne" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifera">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9147FE56F96E" box="[151,388,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Chilophryne nebulifera</emphasis>
Cope,1862:358
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9126FE35F94F" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,487,336,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB9126FE35F94F" box="[151,487,336,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9126FE30F94F" ID-CoL="3PLCZ" authority="Cope, 1863:50" authorityName="Cope" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,482,336,358]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9126FE97F94F" box="[151,325,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Incilius nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3214379126FE30F94F" author="Cope" box="[331,482,336,358]" page="50" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1863">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214379126FE11F94F" author="Cope" box="[331,451,336,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Cope, E. D. (1863) On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="1863">Cope, 1863</bibRefCitation>
:50
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9118FE03F9AD" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,465,366,388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB9118FE03F9AD" box="[151,465,366,388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9118FE1CF9AD" ID-CoL="NPGP" authority="Peters, 1863:81" authorityName="Peters" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,462,366,388]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9118FEF5F9AD" box="[151,295,366,388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3214519119FE1CF9AD" author="Peters" box="[301,462,366,388]" page="81" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1863">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214519119FE62F9AD" author="Peters" box="[301,432,366,388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Peters, W. C. H. 1863. Peters, W. C. H. 1863. Bemerkungen uber verschiedene Batrachier, namentlich uber die Originalexemplare der von Schneider und Wiegmann beschriebenen Arten des zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1863: 76 - 82" type="journal article" year="1863">Peters, 1863</bibRefCitation>
:81
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB91FBFD56F98A" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,644,397,419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB91FBFD56F98A" box="[151,644,397,419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB91FBFD56F98A" ID-CoL="NPB8" authority="Mendelson &amp; Mulcahy, 2000:182" authorityName="Mendelson &amp; Mulcahy" authorityPageNumber="182" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,644,397,419]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB91FBFEFBF98A" box="[151,297,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA32145391FBFD56F98A" author="Mendelson" box="[303,644,397,419]" page="182" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32145391FBFD88F98A" author="Mendelson" box="[303,602,397,419]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mendelson &amp; Mulcahy, 2000</bibRefCitation>
:182
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB91DAFC45F9C9" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB91DAFC45F9C9" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB91DAFC8AF9EB" authority="Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad" authorityName="Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad" box="[151,856,428,450]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Cranopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB91DAFEB5F9EB" box="[151,359,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Cranopsis nebulifer</emphasis>
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad
</taxonomicName>
, de
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3216F191DAFC46F9C9" author="Sa" page="364" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3216F191DAFCB5F9C9" author="Sa" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P. E., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006 a) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 297 [0001: TATOL] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Lynch, Green &amp; Wheeler, 2006</bibRefCitation>
:364
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB919FFD10F9D6" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,706,489,511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB919FFD10F9D6" box="[151,706,489,511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB919FFD6CF9D6" ID-CoL="498W9" authority="Frost, Grant &amp; Mendelson, 2006:558" authorityName="Frost, Grant &amp; Mendelson" authorityPageNumber="558" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,702,489,511]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB919FFEECF9D6" box="[151,318,489,511]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Ollotis nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA321438919CFD6CF9D6" author="Frost" box="[324,702,489,511]" page="558" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA321438919CFD40F9D6" author="Frost" box="[324,658,489,511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006 b) Ollotis Cope, 1875 is the oldest name for the genus currently referred to as Cranopsis Cope, 1875. Copeia, 2006, 558. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [558: OCITON] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Frost, Grant &amp; Mendelson, 2006</bibRefCitation>
:558
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB927EFCC3FA37" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,785,520,542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB927EFCC3FA37" box="[151,785,520,542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB927EFD0AFA37" ID-CoL="3PLCZ" authority="Frost, Mendelson &amp; Pramuk, 2009:418" authorityName="Frost, Mendelson &amp; Pramuk" authorityPageNumber="418" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,728,520,542]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB927EFE97FA37" box="[151,325,520,542]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Incilius nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA321437927FFD0AFA37" author="Frost" box="[331,728,520,542]" page="418" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA321437927FFD7EFA37" author="Frost" box="[331,684,520,542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Mendelson III, J. R., Pramuk, J. B. (2009) Further notes on the nomenclature of Middle American toads (Bufonidae). Copeia, 2009, 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CH- 08 - 204" type="journal article" year="2009">Frost, Mendelson &amp; Pramuk, 2009</bibRefCitation>
:418
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–419.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9250FD06FA15" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,572]" box="[151,724,550,572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ACF89920D339DA3215EB9250FD06FA15" box="[151,724,550,572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9250FD02FA15" ID-CoL="NPB8" authority="Fouquette &amp; Dubois, 2014:315" authorityName="Fouquette &amp; Dubois" authorityPageNumber="315" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,720,550,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer" subGenus="Incilius">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9250FE5EFA15" box="[151,396,550,572]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo (Incilius) nebulifer</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0D49981FD339DA3214EE9251FD02FA15" author="Fouquette" box="[402,720,550,572]" page="315" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214EE9251FD77FA15" author="Fouquette" box="[402,677,550,572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Fouquette, M. J. &amp; Dubois, A. (2014) A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Seventh Edition. Vol. 1. Amphibians. Privately published via Xlibris. com Publishersa, 586 pp." type="book" year="2014">Fouquette &amp; Dubois, 2014</bibRefCitation>
:315
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215EB9212FEA4FC21" blockId="1.[151,1437,612,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9212FE7DFA54" bold="true" box="[151,431,612,637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Nomenclatural history.</emphasis>
This species was originally described as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3216DC9212FB8FFA54" ID-CoL="NP6M" box="[928,1117,612,637]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3216DC9212FB8FFA54" box="[928,1117,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo granulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3211ED9212FA4EFA54" author="Baird" box="[1169,1436,612,637]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Baird, S. F. &amp; Girard, C. (1852) Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Third part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Baird &amp; Girard (1852)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3215EB92F1FEE5FA89" author="Girard" box="[151,311,647,672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Girard, C. (1854) A list of North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 7, 87." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard (1854)</bibRefCitation>
provided the replacement name
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3217C292FEFCBAFA89" box="[702,872,647,672]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3217C292FEFCB6FA89" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[702,868,647,672]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Bufo nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as the original name was preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA32101B92FEFE4AFAED" ID-CoL="NP6M" authority="Spix, 1824" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1824" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32101B92FEFEC1FAEC" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo granulosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32146692DAFE4AFAED" author="Spix" box="[282,408,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Spix, J. B. (1824) Animalia nove sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII - MCCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maxmiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis. F. S. Hubschmann, Munchen, xxxix + 53 pp." type="book" year="1824">Spix, 1824</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3214DD92DBFDE5FAEC" author="Peters" box="[417,567,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Peters, W. C. H. 1863. Peters, W. C. H. 1863. Bemerkungen uber verschiedene Batrachier, namentlich uber die Originalexemplare der von Schneider und Wiegmann beschriebenen Arten des zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1863: 76 - 82" type="journal article" year="1863">Peters (1863)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3217F292DBFCC0FAEC" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[654,786,684,709]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3217F292DBFCC0FAEC" box="[654,786,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">B. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of Mesoamerican species
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA32118092DAFE9EFAC1" ID-CoL="NPGP" authority="Wiegman, 1833" authorityName="Wiegman" authorityYear="1833" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32118092DAFA4EFAEC" box="[1276,1436,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
Wiegman, 1833
</taxonomicName>
, where it remained until
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32171992B9FC6EFAC1" author="Mulcahy" box="[613,956,719,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
showed that the two species were distinct.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3215EB9283FEA5FB24" box="[151,375,756,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P. E., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006 a) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 297 [0001: TATOL] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article">
Frost
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215A69283FEC4FB24" box="[218,278,756,781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
(2006a)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested multiple taxonomic changes among New World bufonids, and referred the taxon
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3215EB9361FF2EFB19" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[151,252,791,816]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215EB9361FF2EFB19" box="[151,252,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA321449936EFDE1FB19" ID-CoL="42e4e190-2232-4bd8-999b-7cf8157d643e" authority="Cope, 1875" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1875" box="[309,563,791,816]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Cranopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA321449936EFE7AFB06" box="[309,424,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Cranopsis</emphasis>
Cope, 1875
</taxonomicName>
, which was shown by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA321653936EFBD5FB19" box="[815,1031,791,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006 b) Ollotis Cope, 1875 is the oldest name for the genus currently referred to as Cranopsis Cope, 1875. Copeia, 2006, 558. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [558: OCITON] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article">
Frost
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA321613936FFC7AFB19" box="[879,936,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
(2006b)
</bibRefCitation>
to be preoccupied, so the taxon was referred to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA32146E934AFE3BFB7C" authority="Cope, 1875" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1875" box="[274,489,828,853]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32146E934AFE8CFB7C" box="[274,350,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Ollotis</emphasis>
Cope, 1875
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA32148F934AFDEDFB7C" box="[499,575,828,853]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32148F934AFDEDFB7C" box="[499,575,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Ollotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found also to be unavailable, so
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3216A3934AFB96FB7C" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[991,1092,828,853]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3216A3934AFB96FB7C" box="[991,1092,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was finally referred to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA321034934AFECFFB51" ID-CoL="5458" authority="Cope, 1863" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1863" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA321034934AFA4EFB7C" box="[1352,1436,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Incilius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3215EB9316FECFFB51" author="Cope" box="[151,285,863,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Cope, E. D. (1863) On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="1863">Cope, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32142C9316FDF7FB51" box="[336,549,863,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Frost, D. R., Mendelson III, J. R., Pramuk, J. B. (2009) Further notes on the nomenclature of Middle American toads (Bufonidae). Copeia, 2009, 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CH- 08 - 204" type="journal article">
Frost
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3214EF9317FE1FFB51" box="[403,461,863,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
. Various English-language common names have been applied to this species, including Gulf Coast Toad, Coastal Plain Toad, Mexican Toad, Common Toad, and Nebulous Toad.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32118993F2FA4EFBB5" author="Crother" box="[1269,1436,900,925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Crother, B. I. (Ed.) (2012) Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North American North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in our understanding, 7 th Edition. Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians Herpetological Circular, 39, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2012">Crother (2012)</bibRefCitation>
suggested the name Gulf Coast Toad, which is adopted here.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32163993D1FB45FBE9" author="Liner" box="[837,1175,935,960]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Liner, E. A. &amp; Casas-Andreu, G. (2008) Scientific, English and Scientific Names of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico, Second Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular, 38, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="2008">Liner &amp; Casas-Andreu (2008)</bibRefCitation>
suggested the standard Spanish name as
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32142693BBFE2CFBCC" box="[346,510,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Sapo nebuloso</emphasis>
, but were consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA32165B93BAFC1DFBCD" author="Crother" box="[807,975,972,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Crother, B. I. (Ed.) (2012) Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North American North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in our understanding, 7 th Edition. Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians Herpetological Circular, 39, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2012">Crother (2012)</bibRefCitation>
in suggesting the standard English name as Gulf Coast Toad.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215BB9462FF24FDFF" blockId="1.[151,1437,612,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215BB9462FE94FC04" bold="true" box="[199,326,1044,1069]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Definition.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3214319462FDDCFC04" ID-CoL="3PLCZ" box="[333,526,1044,1069]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3214319462FDDCFC04" box="[333,526,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Incilius nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a large toad, with adult females up to
<quantity id="4B1013EBD339DA3216A79462FBEBFC05" box="[987,1081,1044,1069]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
and males to
<quantity id="4B1013EBD339DA3211AA9462FAF4FC05" box="[1238,1318,1044,1068]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="98.0">98 mm</quantity>
SVL. The head is broad, with a complete complement of low, robust cranial crests. The snout is pointed in dorsal view, and rounded in profile. The tympanum is large (about 50% diameter of the eye). In males, the bilateral vocal slits are large and the
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA32144D9409FE3EFCBE" box="[305,492,1150,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">m. interhyoideus</emphasis>
forms a large, bilobed (anteroposteriorly), pigmented vocal sac that may be visible through the overlying gular skin. The skin is uniformly rough, with many evenly distributed sharply pointed tubercles. On the flanks a conspicuous lateral descending row of enlarged sharply pointed tubercles is evident. The ventral surfaces are granular, with unpointed tubercles. Ventral surfaces are usually uniform cream in color while dorsal surfaces are variable. In most individuals the dorsal pattern clearly shows a dark brown dorsal and dorsolateral background coloration, with a broad cream or yellow mid-dorsal stripe and paired dorsolateral stripes (usually ventral to the lateral row of tubercles) of a similar pale color. Variable pale brown or cream markings may be present, scattered across all dorsal surfaces. The tips of the digits are the same color as the remainder of the digit. The hands have short, robust fingers and lack webbing. The feet are long, with slender toes, being about halfwebbed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215BB9597FBEDFE82" blockId="1.[151,1437,612,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
The larvae are small (attaining
<quantity id="4B1013EBD339DA32173D9597FD12FDD0" box="[577,704,1505,1530]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 mm</quantity>
total length) and appear, without magnification, to be nearly uniformly dark gray dorsally, with a series of conspicuous pale spots extending down the dorsal ridge of the tail. The caudal fins are tall and transparent, with some scattered melanophores and iridiophores. The ventrolateral surfaces and the ventral half of the caudal musculature are dark gray with densely distributed silvery iridiophores. The oral disc and the marginal papillae are small and the tooth row formula is 2(2)/3; the A-2 gap is broad, being about one third the length of the A-2 row. The beak is small and shallowly notched.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3215BB96CEFEE5FEDC" blockId="1.[151,1437,612,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
Advertisement call has a mean frequency of
<date id="F85698CED339DA3217BC96CEFCEFFEF8" box="[704,829,1720,1745]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" value="1479" valueMax="1785">1479–1785</date>
and a mean pulse of 33.14–38.17 (corrected to 25o C;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD339DA3215EB96ABFEF9FEDC" author="Porter" box="[151,299,1756,1781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" refString="Porter, K. R. (1964 a) Morphological and mating call comparisons in the Bufo valliceps complex. The American Midland Naturalist, 71, 232 - 245. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422697" type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Porter 1964a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D339DA3015BB9689FE1DFF6B" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED339DA3015BB9689FE1DFF6B" blockId="1.[151,1437,612,2029]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,1727,2038]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3215BB9689FE93FF31" bold="true" box="[199,321,1791,1816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A large species of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD339DA3217449689FD5EFF31" box="[568,652,1791,1816]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD339DA3217449689FD5EFF31" box="[568,652,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(males to
<quantity id="4B1013EBD339DA3216699776FCB9FF3E" box="[789,875,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="98.0">98 mm</quantity>
SVL, females to
<quantity id="4B1013EBD339DA3211369689FB7FFF3E" box="[1098,1197,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
SVL) with the full complement of cranial crests (canthal, supraorbital, supratympanic, postorbital, parietal, preorbital, pretympanic, and suborbital), none of which are hypertrophied to any considerable degree. The tympanum is large (about 50% diameter of the eye), and usually in contact with the pretympanic crest. The skin is rough, with many evenly distributed sharply pointed tubercles over all dorsal surfaces, and with a distinct lateral descending row of enlarged sharply pointed tubercles on the flanks. Tibial glands are absent. The vocal slits are large and bilateral. The parotoid glands are distinctly triangular or subtriangular in shape. The color pattern is remarkably invariable, with most individuals having dark brown dorsal and dorsolateral background coloration, with a broad cream or yellow mid-dorsal stripe and paired dorsolateral stripes (usually ventral to the lateral row of tubercles) of a similar pale color. No individuals show a distinctive “dead leaf” color pattern dorsally. The tips of the digits are of a similar color to the rest of the digit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D897EE86D33ADA3115EB97E5FE1FFFCF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238381/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="519" targetBox="[155,1425,208,1902]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33ADA3115EB97E5FE1FFFCF" blockId="2.[151,1436,1939,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33ADA3115EB97E5FEC4FF81" bold="true" box="[151,278,1939,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="519">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
A reprint of an engraving of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33ADA31172697E5FCDEFF80" box="[602,780,1939,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33ADA31172697E5FCDEFF80" box="[602,780,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="519">Incilius nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(original labelled as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33ADA31168C97E5FB57FF80" box="[1008,1157,1939,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33ADA31168C97E5FB57FF80" box="[1008,1157,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="519">Bufo nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) From Baird, S. F., 1859. Reptiles of the boundary. With notes by the naturalists of the Survey. Imprint: [Washington: s.n., 1859]. plate XL (40) called
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33ADA3115EB97A6FEB0FFCF" authority="Grd." authorityName="Grd." box="[151,354,2000,2022]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33ADA3115EB97A6FEFAFFCF" box="[151,296,2000,2022]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="519">Bufo nebulifer</emphasis>
, Grd.
</taxonomicName>
Figs. 1–4.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D897EE86D33BDA3015EB93F7FEDFFB9F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" targetBox="[281,1305,193,875]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33BDA3015EB93F7FEDFFB9F" blockId="3.[151,1436,897,950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3015EB93F7FEC2FBBF" bold="true" box="[151,272,897,919]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30146393F7FE01FBBE" box="[287,467,897,919]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA30146393F7FE1DFBBE" box="[287,463,897,919]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Incilius nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in life. An adult male photographed in the wild in Harris County, Texas, USA, by Matthijs Hollanders.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D897EE86D33BDA3015EB96F4FBA9FEB1" box="[151,1147,1666,1688]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238383/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" targetBox="[217,1369,1000,1644]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33BDA3015EB96F4FBA9FEB1" blockId="3.[151,1147,1666,1688]" box="[151,1147,1666,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3015EB96F4FEC0FEBE" bold="true" box="[151,274,1666,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30146596F4FE18FEB1" box="[281,458,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA30146596F4FE14FEB1" box="[281,454,1666,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Incilius nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in life. A larval tadpole; image reproduced from Altig
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30168B96F5FBF9FEB1" box="[1015,1067,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(1998).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D33BDA3715BB973BFC68FE05" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33BDA3715BB973BFE68F8FC" blockId="3.[151,1436,1727,2038]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,2015]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA3015BB973BFEACFF4F" box="[199,382,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3015BB973BFEACFF4F" box="[199,382,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Incilus nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in appearance to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA3017D29738FCFBFF4F" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[686,809,1869,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3017D29738FCFBFF4F" box="[686,809,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from which it most easily is distinguished by having the dorsal coloration described above (
<figureCitation id="14D3A28BD33BDA30175D9707FDB7FFA0" box="[545,613,1905,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,897,919]" captionTargetBox="[281,1305,193,875]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[281,1305,193,876]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Incilius nebulifer, in life. An adult male photographed in the wild in Harris County, Texas, USA, by Matthijs Hollanders." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238382/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), which is virtually absent in the otherwise polymorphic
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30119B9704FABBFFA3" box="[1255,1385,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA30119B9704FAB7FFA3" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1255,1381,1905,1930]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The two species are parapatric about a geographic line crossing the Gulf Versant of Veracruz,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33BDA3011FD97E3FB0BFF87" box="[1153,1241,1941,1966]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, near the town of Palma Sola (
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33BDA30144A97CFFDEBFFFB" author="Mulcahy" box="[310,569,1977,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" refString="Mulcahy, D. G., Morrill, B. H. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006) Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1889 - 1904. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01546. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Mulcahy
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3014D797CCFE3EFFFB" box="[427,492,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). The tadpoles of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA30165997CCFC78FFFB" box="[805,938,1977,2002]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30165997CCFC78FFFB" box="[805,938,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="14D3A28BD33BDA3016BF97CFFBDCFFF8" box="[963,1038,1977,2002]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1666,1688]" captionTargetBox="[217,1369,1000,1644]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[217,1369,1000,1644]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Incilius nebulifer, in life. A larval tadpole; image reproduced from Altig et al. (1998)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238383/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33BDA30111C97CCFB36FFFB" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1120,1252,1977,2002]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA30111C97CCFB36FFFB" box="[1120,1252,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are essentially indistinguishable, fitting the characters presented in the keys presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33BDA30168F97ABFB51FFDF" author="Altig" box="[1011,1155,2013,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" refString="Altig, R. (1970) A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and Canada. Herpetologica, 26, 180 - 207." type="journal article" year="1970">Altig (1970)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33BDA3011ED97ABFAB7FFDF" box="[1169,1381,2013,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" refString="Altig, R., McDiarmid, R. W., Nichols, K. A. &amp; Ustach, P. C. (1998) A key to the anuran tadpoles of the United States and Canada. Contemporary Herpetology Information Series, 2, 1 - 53. Available from: http: // dataserver. calacademy. org / herpetology / herpdocs / chis / 1998 / 2 / index. htm (accessed 7 April 2014)" type="journal article">
Altig
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33BDA3011A897A8FADDFFDF" box="[1236,1295,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
, and Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37146090EFFE84F899" box="[284,342,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)—all presented under the taxon
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37166690EEFC11F899" box="[794,963,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37166690EEFC6DF899" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[794,959,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">Bufo valliceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Hybridization between these two species has not been documented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33CDA3715BB90A9FF3BFB8D" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715BB90A9FEB1F8D1" bold="true" box="[199,355,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Descriptions.</emphasis>
The original description, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3717CE9096FCBFF8D1" ID-CoL="NP6M" box="[690,877,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3717CE9096FCBFF8D1" box="[690,877,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Bufo granulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716E090A9FB70F8D1" author="Baird" box="[924,1186,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Baird, S. F. &amp; Girard, C. (1852) Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Third part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Baird &amp; Girard (1852)</bibRefCitation>
provided perfunctory details focusing on the cranial crests and coloration. The subsequent taxonomic note (
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711199172FB27F934" author="Girard" box="[1125,1269,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Girard, C. (1854) A list of North American bufonids, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 7, 87." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard 1854</bibRefCitation>
), replacing the preoccupied name
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37140B9151FE21F969" ID-CoL="NP6M" box="[375,499,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulosus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37140B9151FE21F969" box="[375,499,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">granulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37173C915EFD3EF969" box="[576,748,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37173C915EFD3AF969" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[576,744,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Bufo nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
provided no additional morphological descriptions. Baird (1859) also presented a brief description.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37171B913AFC70F94D" author="Cope" box="[615,930,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Cope, E. D. (1889) The Batrachia of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 34, 1 - 525." type="journal article" year="1889">
Cope (1889, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37166A913BFC4BF94C" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[790,921,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37166A913BFC4BF94C" box="[790,921,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a description that is consistent with that of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3715889107FEAAF9A1" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[244,376,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715889107FEAAF9A1" box="[244,376,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(rather than
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3717619107FD4DF9A1" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[541,671,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3717619107FD4DF9A1" box="[541,671,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and indeed it appears to be based mostly on material that is geographically referable to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3714A591E3FD88F984" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[473,602,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3714A591E3FD88F984" box="[473,602,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; references to specimens therein that geographically are referable to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F091E3FF29F9F9" ID-CoL="NPGP" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F091E3FF29F9F9" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are limited to the “Varieties” section of the account. Kellogg’s (1932, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37112891CFFB0BF9F9" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1108,1241,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37112891CFFB0BF9F9" box="[1108,1241,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) description is a composite representing specimens referable to both
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37167F91ABFC57F9DC" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[771,901,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37167F91ABFC57F9DC" box="[771,901,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3716B491ABFB83F9DC" box="[968,1105,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3716B491ABFB9EF9DC" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[968,1100,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Descriptions referable to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F091ABFF2EFA31" ID-CoL="NPB8" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F091ABFF2EFA31" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be found in the following publications:
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37178B9189FBD1FA31" author="Wright" box="[759,1027,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Wright, A. H &amp; Wright, A. A. (1938) Amphibians of Texas. Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, 21, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1938">Wright &amp; Wright (1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711739276FB98FA31" author="Wright" box="[1039,1098,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
; both as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711D19277FAE2FA31" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1197,1328,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711D19277FAE2FA31" box="[1197,1328,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3710349189FF2DFA14" author="Blair" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Blair, W. F., Blair, A. P., Brodkorb, P., Cagle, F. R. &amp; Moore, G. A. (1957) Vertebrates of the United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 819 pp." type="book" year="1957">
Blair
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F49277FF66FA14" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1957
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37145B9253FE78FA14" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[295,426,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37145B9253FE78FA14" box="[295,426,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714BD9252FD8FFA14" author="Conant" box="[449,605,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Conant, R. (1958) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the United States and Canada East of the 100 th Meridian. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, xv + 366 pp." type="book" year="1958">Conant (1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717159252FD76FA14" author="Conant" box="[617,676,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Conant, R. (1975) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 429 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
; both as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37167A9253FC5AFA14" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[774,904,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37167A9253FC5AFA14" box="[774,904,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716DC9252FAC6FA15" author="Dickerson" box="[928,1300,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Dickerson, M. C. (1969) The Frog Book: North American Toads and Frogs. Dover Publications, New York, 253 pp." type="book" year="1969">
Dickerson (1969, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711FB9253FAD8FA14" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1159,1290,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711FB9253FAD8FA14" box="[1159,1290,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, Cochran &amp; Goin (1979),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37144D9231FDAEFA49" author="Smith" box="[305,636,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Smith, H. M. (1978) A Guide to Field identification: Amphibians of North America. Golden Press, New York, 160 pp." type="book" year="1978">
Smith (1978, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA371490923FFDA3FA49" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[492,625,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371490923FFDA3FA49" box="[492,625,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717F69231FBE9FA49" author="Behler" box="[650,1083,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Behler, J. L. &amp; King, F. W. (1979) The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York, 744 pp." type="book" year="1979">
Behler &amp; King (1979, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3716D0923FFBE2FA49" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[940,1072,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3716D0923FFBE2FA49" box="[940,1072,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA371135923EFED7FAAD" author="Garrett" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Garrett, J. M. &amp; Barker, D. G. (1987) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Texas. Texas Monthly Press, Austin, Texas, 225 pp." type="book" year="1987">
Garrett &amp; Barker (1987, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F8923FFF29FAAC" ID-CoL="NPGP" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F8923FFF29FAAC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA371468921BFDAFFAAD" author="Branson" box="[276,637,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Branson, B. A. (1995) The Gulf Coast Toad: a distribution master. Reptiles and Amphibians Magazine, (Nov / Dec 1995), 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1995">
Branson (1995, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA371491921BFDA0FAAC" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[493,626,620,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371491921BFDA0FAAC" box="[493,626,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717F7921AFCA1FAAD" author="Dundee" box="[651,883,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Dundee, H. A., Rossman, D. A. &amp; Beckham, E. C. (1989) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 316 pp." type="book" year="1989">
Dundee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371797921BFCF7FAAC" box="[747,805,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1989
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3716DC921BFBF7FAAC" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[928,1061,620,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3716DC921BFBF7FAAC" box="[928,1061,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA371143921AFED7FA81" author="Conant" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles: Eastern and Central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, xviii + 616 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Conant &amp; Collins (1998, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F8921BFF29FA81" ID-CoL="NPGP" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F8921BFF29FA81" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37146E92F9FE37FA81" author="Trauth" box="[274,485,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Trauth, S. E., Robinson, H. W. &amp; Plummer, M. V. (2004) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 421 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Trauth
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37141F92E7FE49FA81" box="[355,411,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37148C92E7FD46FA81" box="[496,660,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37176C92E7FD46FA81" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[528,660,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">B. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717D792F9FB6DFA81" author="Lemos-Espinal" box="[683,1215,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A. &amp; Smith, H. M. (2007) Anfibios y Reptiles del Estado de Coahuila, Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, 550 pp." type="book" year="2007">
Lemos-Espinal &amp; Smith (2007, as
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37115392E7FB6DFA81" box="[1071,1215,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37115392E7FB65FA81" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[1071,1207,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">B. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711B692E6FE47FAE5" author="Dorcas" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Dorcas, M. &amp; Gibbons, W. (2008) Frogs and Toads of the Southeast. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 264 pp." type="book" year="2008">
Dorcas &amp; Gibbons (2008, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37147992C3FE58FAE4" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[261,394,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37147992C3FE58FAE4" box="[261,394,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714DF92C2FCECFAE5" author="Elliott" box="[419,830,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Elliott, L., Gerhardt, C. &amp; Davidson, C. (2009) The Frogs and Toads of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishers, New York, 343 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Elliott, Gerhardt, &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717FB92C2FCECFAE5" author="Davidson" box="[647,830,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Elliott, L., Gerhardt, C. &amp; Davidson, C. (2009) The Frogs and Toads of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishers, New York, 343 pp." type="book" year="2009">Davidson (2009</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37161492C3FB7CFAE4" box="[872,1198,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37161492C3FC3CFAE4" ID-CoL="NPB8" box="[872,1006,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">B. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37168792C2FB7CFAE4" box="[1019,1198,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Ollotis nebulifer</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711B992C2FF09FAD9" author="Oliver-Lopez" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Oliver-Lopez, L., Woolrich-Pina, G. A. &amp; Lemos-Espinal, J. A. (2009) La Familia Bufonidae en Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, 139 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Oliver-López
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37101F92C3FA4EFAE4" box="[1379,1436,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(2009
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37147892A1FE6FFAD9" box="[260,445,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37147892A1FE6FFAD9" box="[260,445,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Ollotis nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714A892A1FD63FAD9" box="[468,689,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Tipton, B. L., Hibbitts, T. L., Hibbitts, T. D., Hibbitts, T. J. &amp; LaDuc, T. J. (2012) Texas Amphibians: A Field Guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 330 pp." type="book">
Tipton
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37175992AFFD8CFAD9" box="[549,606,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37179192A1FB98FAD9" author="Lemos-Epinal" box="[749,1098,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A. &amp; Dixon, J. R. (2013) Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosi. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, 300 pp." type="book" year="2013">Lemos-Epinal &amp; Dixon (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. Descriptions of metamorphic and juvenile individuals were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717E8928AFC91FB3D" author="Greuter" box="[660,835,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Greuter, K. L. (2004) Early juvenile ecology of the endangered Houston toad, Bufo houstonensis (Anura: Bufonidae). M. S. Thesis, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 103 pp." type="book" year="2004">Greuter (2004)</bibRefCitation>
. Descriptions of the tadpole (as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711B5928BFA82FB3C" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1225,1360,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711B5928BFA82FB3C" box="[1225,1360,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37144E9369FE06FB11" author="Wright" box="[306,468,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Wright, A. H. (1929) Synopsis and description of North American tadpoles. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 74, 1 - 70. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.74 - 2756.1" type="journal article" year="1929">Wright (1929)</bibRefCitation>
and, in the form of dichotomous keys, were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711039369FADDFB11" author="Altig" box="[1151,1295,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Altig, R. (1970) A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and Canada. Herpetologica, 26, 180 - 207." type="journal article" year="1970">Altig (1970)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3710629369FF31FB75" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Altig, R., McDiarmid, R. W., Nichols, K. A. &amp; Ustach, P. C. (1998) A key to the anuran tadpoles of the United States and Canada. Contemporary Herpetology Information Series, 2, 1 - 53. Available from: http: // dataserver. calacademy. org / herpetology / herpdocs / chis / 1998 / 2 / index. htm (accessed 7 April 2014)" type="journal article">
Altig
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37101D9357FA4EFB11" box="[1377,1436,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714559332FE13FB75" author="Dodd" box="[297,449,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Dodd, C. K. (2013) Frogs of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1032 pp." type="book" year="2013">Dodd (2013)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714AD9332FCDBFB74" author="Limbaugh" box="[465,777,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Limbaugh, B. A. &amp; Volpe, E. P. (1957) Early development of the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. American Museum Novitates, 1842, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1957">Limbaugh &amp; Volpe (1957)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716369332FC23FB74" author="Gosner" box="[842,1009,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embyos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
described the tadpole through early development. Chromosomal information was presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716569311FC22FBA9" box="[810,1008,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Cole, C. J., Lowe, C. H. &amp; Wright, J. W. (1968) Karyotypes of eight species of toads (genus Bufo) in North America. Copeia, 1968, 96 - 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441555" type="journal article">
Cole
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371619931FFC4FFBA9" box="[869,925,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1968)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716879311FB6AFBA9" author="Bachman" box="[1019,1208,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Bachman, K. (1970) Specific nuclear DNA amounts in toads of the genus Bufo. Chromosoma, 29, 365 - 374. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00325949" type="journal article" year="1970">Bachman (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37118E9311FF36FB8D" author="Beck" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Beck, M. L. &amp; Mahan, J. T. (1979) Ammoniacal silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in four species of Bufo. Copeia, 1979, 341 - 345. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443422" type="journal article" year="1979">Beck &amp; Mahan (1979)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33CDA3715BB93D9FE54FCEC" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715BB93D9FEB2FBE1" bold="true" box="[199,352,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Illustrations.</emphasis>
Illustrations appear in all of the references cited in “Descriptions” above except that of
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37103D93D9FEE5FBC4" author="Baird" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Baird, S. F. &amp; Girard, C. (1852) Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Third part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Baird &amp; Girard (1852)</bibRefCitation>
. The illustration in
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37176293A2FD7CFBC5" author="Cope" box="[542,686,980,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Cope, E. D. (1889) The Batrachia of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 34, 1 - 525." type="journal article" year="1889">Cope (1889)</bibRefCitation>
is referable to
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37161E93A3FC34FBC4" box="[866,998,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37161E93A3FC30FBC4" box="[866,994,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Others published illustrations include
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3715EB9381FE2EFC39" author="Cochran" box="[151,508,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1961) Living Amphibians of the World. Doubleday and Company, Garden City, New York, 199 pp." type="book" year="1961">
Cochran (1961, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA371411938FFE23FC39" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[365,497,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371411938FFE23FC39" box="[365,497,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717769381FC9DFC39" author="Clark" box="[522,847,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Clark, D. R. Jr. (1971) Branding as a marking technique for amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, 1971, 148 - 151. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441609" type="journal article" year="1971">
Clark (1971, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3717BC938FFC91FC39" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[704,835,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3717BC938FFC91FC39" box="[704,835,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716209381FB49FC39" author="Blair" box="[860,1179,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Blair, W. F. (1972) Bufo of North and Central America. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, pp. 93 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1972">
Blair (1972, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA371170938FFB42FC39" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1036,1168,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371170938FFB42FC39" box="[1036,1168,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711D49381FA8AFC39" author="Mattison" box="[1192,1368,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Mattison, C. (2007) 300 Frogs. A Visual Reference to Frogs and Toads from Around the World. Windmill Books, London, 528 pp." type="book" year="2007">Mattison (2007</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F8938FFF2EFC1C" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F8938FFF2EFC1C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Waddle (2011, as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA371482946BFDA9FC1C" box="[510,635,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA371482946BFDA9FC1C" box="[510,635,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Illustrations of several osteological elements, based on un-vouchered specimens(s) from San Luis Potosi,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3717529449FD54FC71" box="[558,646,1087,1112]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37161A9449FBC4FC71" author="Holman" box="[870,1046,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Holman, J. A. (2003) Fossil frogs and Toads of North America. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 246 pp." type="book" year="2003">Holman (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. The drawing presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3710329449FEF6FC54" author="Powell" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Powell, R., Collins, J. T. &amp; Hooper, E. D. Jr. (1998) A key to amphibians and reptiles of the continental United States and Canada. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 131 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Powell
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715EB9413FF06FC54" box="[151,212,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(1998
</bibRefCitation>
:fig. 58; as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3714D19413FDE7FC54" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[429,565,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3714D19413FDE7FC54" box="[429,565,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is intended to refer to populations in
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3711749412FB92FC55" box="[1032,1088,1124,1148]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
(i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711F69413FAD9FC54" box="[1162,1291,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711F69413FAD9FC54" box="[1162,1291,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but in fact represents the Neotropical species
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37176194FFFD7EFC89" box="[541,684,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37176194FFFD77FC89" box="[541,677,1159,1184]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">I. campbelli</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3717C894F1FB8FFC89" author="Lemos-Espinal" box="[692,1117,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A. &amp; Dixon, J. R. (2013) Amphibians and Reptiles of San Luis Potosi. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah, 300 pp." type="book" year="2013">Lemos-Espinal &amp; Dixon (2013:fig. 6)</bibRefCitation>
reprinted the same image to represent
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37147894DBFE54FCEC" box="[260,390,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37147894DBFE50FCEC" box="[260,386,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33CDA3715BB94B9FC68FE05" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715BB94B9FEA7FCC1" bold="true" box="[199,373,1231,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Fossil Record.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714FD94B9FDE0FCC1" author="Holman" box="[385,562,1231,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Holman, J. A. (2003) Fossil frogs and Toads of North America. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 246 pp." type="book" year="2003">Holman (2003)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed published accounts of fossils referred to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711E894A7FA96FCC1" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1172,1348,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711E894A7FB7EFCC1" box="[1172,1196,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37119C94B9FA96FCC1" box="[1248,1348,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710F894A7FF29FD24" ID-CoL="NPGP" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710F894A7FF29FD24" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Scurry County and Culberson County, Texas,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3716319482FC5AFD25" box="[845,904,1268,1292]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
, respectively. Both records are presumed to be referable to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37145D956FFE4CFD19" box="[289,414,1303,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37145D956FFE4CFD19" box="[289,414,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though both are extralimital with respect to the modern range of the species. The Scurry County record is from the Pliocene, and the Culberson County record is from the Pleistocene.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA371069954AFEBAFD51" author="Mulcahy" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
posited a Miocene–Pliocene vicariant speciation event separating
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711189517FB31FD51" box="[1124,1251,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711189517FB31FD51" box="[1124,1251,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3710629517FA4EFD51" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[1310,1436,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3710629517FA4EFD51" box="[1310,1436,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along the Caribbean Coast of modern-day Veracruz,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA37179695F2FC90FDB4" box="[746,834,1412,1437]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, with subsequent Pleistocene dispersal of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37106295F3FA49FDB4" box="[1310,1435,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37106295F3FA49FDB4" box="[1310,1435,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
northward into modern-day
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3714A495DEFDC6FDE9" box="[472,532,1448,1472]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
. This hypothesis is not entirely consistent with the fossil records from western Texas,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA37159595BAFEF7FDCD" box="[233,293,1484,1508]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA37144F95BAFE31FDCD" author="Holman" box="[307,483,1484,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Holman, J. A. (2003) Fossil frogs and Toads of North America. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 246 pp." type="book" year="2003">Holman (2003)</bibRefCitation>
in his review of North American anuran fossils states definitively the only fossil record of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3714749587FE54FE21" ID-CoL="NPGP" box="[264,390,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3714749587FE54FE21" box="[264,390,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= presumably
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3717409587FD69FE21" box="[572,699,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3717409587FD69FE21" box="[572,699,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is from Fowlkes Cave, Culberson County, Texas; thus he casts doubt on the validity of the Pliocene record from Scurry County, Texas.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D33CDA3715BB9641FECAFFF6" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33CDA3715BB9641FECAFFF6" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3715BB9641FEE9FE79" bold="true" box="[199,315,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Remarks.</emphasis>
The town of Indianola, referenced in the
<typeStatus id="535300ACD33CDA371675964EFCEBFE79" box="[777,825,1592,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">type</typeStatus>
locality, no longer is recognized after being decimated by a series of hurricanes in the 1800s. It was located near the mouth of Matagorda Bay on the Gulf Coast of Calhoun County, Texas,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3714CE96F5FE3FFEB2" box="[434,493,1667,1691]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
, at approximately
<geoCoordinate id="E9DCD8C9D33CDA3717BF96F5FCE3FEB2" box="[707,817,1663,1691]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" precision="925" value="28.5">N 28o 30’</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E9DCD8C9D33CDA37164396F5FC6CFEB2" box="[831,958,1663,1691]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" precision="925" value="-96.48333">W 96 o 29’</geoCoordinate>
. Despite the initial taxonomic misstep by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3715EB96D0FE40FE96" author="Baird" box="[151,402,1702,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Baird, S. F. &amp; Girard, C. (1852) Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Third part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 173." type="journal article" year="1852">Baird &amp; Girard (1852)</bibRefCitation>
and the recent taxonomic changes of generic names for the clade of Mesoamerican bufonids (
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3715E296BDFEA6FECA" author="Frost" box="[158,372,1738,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P. E., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. &amp; Wheeler, W. C. (2006 a) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 297 [0001: TATOL] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
Frost
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37159996BAFEF0FECA" box="[229,290,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
2006a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714F896BCFE1FFECA" author="Frost" box="[388,461,1738,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006 b) Ollotis Cope, 1875 is the oldest name for the genus currently referred to as Cranopsis Cope, 1875. Copeia, 2006, 558. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [558: OCITON] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">2006b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714A196BDFDCBFECA" author="Frost" box="[477,537,1739,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Frost, D. R., Mendelson III, J. R., Pramuk, J. B. (2009) Further notes on the nomenclature of Middle American toads (Bufonidae). Copeia, 2009, 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CH- 08 - 204" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
), the species was referred consistently to as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37115596BAFB62FECA" box="[1065,1200,1738,1763]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37115596BAFB62FECA" box="[1065,1200,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all literature and taxonomic checklists (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3714AB9698FDAAFF2E" author="Gorham" box="[471,632,1774,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Gorham, S. W. (1974) Checklist of World Amphibians. Liste des Amphibiens du Monde. The New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, 172 pp." type="book" year="1974">Gorham 1974</bibRefCitation>
) from the time of
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3716209699FC3CFF2E" author="Cope" box="[860,1006,1774,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Cope, E. D. (1863) On Trachycephalus, Scaphiopus and other Batrachia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15, 43 - 54." type="journal article" year="1863">Cope (1863)</bibRefCitation>
until
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3711449698FA4EFF2E" author="Mulcahy" box="[1080,1436,1774,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
Consequently, the literature on this species is relatively simple to search and interpret, so long as the reader can determine the provenance of the material being discussed (i.e.,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3716259741FC43FF66" box="[857,913,1847,1871]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">USA</collectingCountry>
and northern
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA3711519740FB50FF66" box="[1069,1154,1846,1871]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Mexico</collectingCountry>
vs. southern
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA37106B9740FABEFF66" box="[1303,1388,1846,1871]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and Central
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33CDA371588972CFE84FF5A" box="[244,342,1882,1907]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">America</collectingCountry>
) With this distinction in mind, the majority of the literature relating to ecology, behavior, and physiology that was published under the name
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3717DA9708FD28FFBE" box="[678,762,1918,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3717DA9708FD28FFBE" box="[678,762,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Incilius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37165D9709FC84FFBE" box="[801,854,1919,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37165D9709FC84FFBE" box="[801,854,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Bufo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA37161A9708FC18FFBE" box="[870,970,1918,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37161A9708FC18FFBE" box="[870,970,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually pertains to
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711D197F6FAFCFFBE" box="[1197,1326,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711D197F6FAF8FFBE" box="[1197,1322,1918,1943]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Note that
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33CDA3715EB97D4FEA0FF92" box="[151,370,1954,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" refString="Trauth, S. E., Robinson, H. W. &amp; Plummer, M. V. (2004) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 421 pp." type="book">
Trauth
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA37159497D2FEF3FF92" box="[232,289,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
incorrectly listed Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson as the authority for the taxon
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33CDA3711EA97D4FB29FF92" box="[1174,1275,1954,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33CDA3711EA97D4FB29FF92" box="[1174,1275,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when, in fact, it is Girard.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D33DDA3615BB90E1FE03F8D1" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33DDA3615BB90E1FE03F8D1" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3615BB90E1FE9CF899" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33DDA3614B090E1FDE3F899" box="[460,561,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3614B090E1FDE3F899" box="[460,561,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA36179090E1FCEDF899" box="[748,831,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">nebula,</emphasis>
meaning “cloud” and “fer” meaning “bearing” and is in reference to the generally clouded color pattern of this species. The etymology provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33DDA3611C990CAFA95F8FD" author="Dodd" box="[1205,1351,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" refString="Dodd, C. K. (2013) Frogs of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1032 pp." type="book" year="2013">Dodd (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, for the taxon
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3615A090A9FE97F8D1" box="[220,325,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33DDA3615A090A9FE93F8D1" box="[220,321,223,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is incorrect.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D33DDA3515BB9172FD38FD24" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33DDA3615BB9172FF32FAAC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3615BB9172FEB2F934" bold="true" box="[199,352,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Distribution.</emphasis>
We present a map of locality records in Fig. 4. Consideration of the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33DDA3610629173FA49F934" box="[1310,1435,260,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ollotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3610629173FA49F934" box="[1310,1435,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests that it is limited at its southern extent by the seemingly minimal eastern tail of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Axis (Mulcay
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3614D0913BFE3AF94C" box="[428,488,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
2006), whereas it appears to be capitalizing upon human habitat disturbance and actively expanding its distribution eastward in the
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33DDA36167D9119FC4CF9A1" box="[769,926,367,392]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33DDA3616C99119FB3FF9A1" author="Vogel" box="[949,1261,367,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" refString="Vogel, L. S. &amp; Pechmann, J. H. K. (2010) Response of Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) to competition and hyproperiod in the presence of the invasive Coastal plain toad (Incilius nebulifer) Journal of Herpetology, 44, 382 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 08 - 300.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Vogel and Pechman 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
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). Presumably, the northern distributional limit is delimited by winter temperatures, although the species does occur in areas known to experience hard freezes. Similarly, it appears that the western distributional limits are contained by the cooler conditions on the uplift of the Sierra Madre Oriental in
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33DDA3616AA91AAFBFDF9DC" box="[982,1071,476,501]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. In
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33DDA36111C91AAFB4AF9DD" box="[1120,1176,476,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">USA</collectingCountry>
and extreme northern
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33DDA3615EB9189FF3DFA31" box="[151,239,511,536]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, the distributional pattern appears to follow permanent drainages in the Chihuahuan Desert, suggesting that aridity plays a factor in delimiting the range in this area. However, none of these hypotheses regarding physiological effects of low temperatures and dryness as factors limiting the distribution have been explicitly tested.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33DDA3615EB9754FEBCFF5C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1826,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3615EB9754FF06FF1E" bold="true" box="[151,212,1826,1847]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">MAP.</emphasis>
The distribution of
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33DDA3614D69754FD8DFF11" box="[426,607,1826,1848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33DDA3614D69754FD89FF11" box="[426,603,1826,1848]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Incilius nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Dots indicate locality records. The approximate location of the
<typeStatus id="535300ACD33DDA36107D9755FAFFFF11" box="[1281,1325,1827,1848]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
locality is indicated with a star. Question mark indicates a valid specimen record that likely does not represent a natural, nor established, population (see text).
</paragraph>
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Distributional notes were presented by
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<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3517CF9107FD22F9A1" box="[691,752,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516269119FB53F9A1" author="Dixon" box="[858,1153,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Dixon, J. R. &amp; Hibbitts, T. J. (2013) Amphibians and Reptiles of Texas: With Keys, Taxonomic Synopses, Bibliography, and Distribution Maps. W. L. Moody Natural History Series 45. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 460 pp." type="book" year="2013">Dixon &amp; Hibbitts (2013)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3511EE9106FAB1F9A1" box="[1170,1379,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Farr, W. L., Lazcano, D. &amp; Lavin-Murcio, P. A. (2013) New distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico III. Herpetological Review, 44, 631 - 645" type="journal article">
Farr
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3511B09107FAD8F9A1" box="[1228,1290,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3515EB91E2FE9DF985" author="Maxwell" box="[151,335,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Maxwell, T. C. (2013) Wildlife of the Concho Valley. W. L. Moody Natural History Series 48. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas, 292 pp." type="book" year="2013">Maxwell (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33EDA3515BB91C1FD02FC39" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
Although this species is listed in most literature and field guides (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35117691CEFACFF9F9" author="Conant" box="[1034,1309,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles: Eastern and Central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, xviii + 616 pp." type="book" year="1998">Conant &amp; Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35105091CEFEE5F9DD" author="Dorcas" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Dorcas, M. &amp; Gibbons, W. (2008) Frogs and Toads of the Southeast. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia, 264 pp." type="book" year="2008">Dorcas &amp; Gibbons 2008</bibRefCitation>
) as occurring in the state of Arkansas,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA35179091AAFCF5F9DD" box="[748,807,476,500]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35164E91AAFBDFF9DD" box="[818,1037,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Trauth, S. E., Robinson, H. W. &amp; Plummer, M. V. (2004) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 421 pp." type="book">
Trauth
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3516FF91ABFC6EF9DC" box="[899,956,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that the occurrence in that state is based on but a single record (first reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516739189FB87FA31" author="Smith" box="[783,1109,511,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Smith, H. M. &amp; Langebartel, D. A. (1949) The toad Bufo valliceps in Arkansas. Copeia, 1949, 230. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1439003" type="journal article" year="1949">Smith &amp; Langebartel (1949)</bibRefCitation>
near Calion, Union County, Arkansas; no additional records have been found. While
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516699252FC22FA15" box="[789,1008,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Trauth, S. E., Robinson, H. W. &amp; Plummer, M. V. (2004) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 421 pp." type="book">
Trauth
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3516199253FC4CFA14" box="[869,926,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
continued to list the species as part of the fauna of Arkansas, it seems unlikely that a viable population ever existed within the boundaries of Arkansas; that record is indicated on the map herein, but is not considered as part of the natural range of the species. A geographically proximal record, from Morehouse Parish, Louisiana,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA3516EA92E6FC03FA81" box="[918,977,656,680]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">USA</collectingCountry>
, is based on a specimen in the University of Louisiana at Monroe (ULM 16976) and does appear to be properly identified (J. L. Carr, pers. comm.); we have no information to discredit the validity of its locality data. However, we agree with J. Boundy (pers. comm.) that the natural northern boundary of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA351772928BFD59FB3C" box="[526,651,764,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA351772928BFD59FB3C" box="[526,651,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Louisiana appears to lie in the lower Red River Valley, in Rapides Parish. The locality mapped by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3517699369FCD9FB11" box="[533,779,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Dundee, H. A., Rossman, D. A. &amp; Beckham, E. C. (1989) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 316 pp." type="book">
Dundee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3517049357FD67FB11" box="[632,693,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
for Richland Parish is not based on an extant voucher specimen (J. Boundy, pers. comm.); so, we do not include that record here. Given the proximity of Caddo Parish, in northwestern Louisiana, to known records in adjacent counties in northeastern Texas gives us a somewhat objective reason to predict the presence of the species in northeastern Texas, despite the apparent lack of records. Specimens mapped from Jones County, Mississippi,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA3517FE93C6FD68FBE1" box="[642,698,944,968]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">USA</collectingCountry>
(Mendelson,
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35161C93C7FCA4FBE1" box="[864,886,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">in</emphasis>
Lannoo 2005) are based on specimens at the University of Southern Mississippi that have highly suspect locality data (R. L. Jones, pers. comm.); based on this information, we discount records from that county.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33EDA3515BB946BFD38FD24" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
In the western extreme of its distribution, in the Chihuahuan Desert,
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3516B0946BFB9BFC1C" box="[972,1097,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3516B0946BFB9BFC1C" box="[972,1097,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be restricted to the primary watercourses draining into either basins or into the Rio Grande that forms the
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA3511F29449FB62FC71" box="[1166,1200,1087,1112]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">US</collectingCountry>
–Mexican border. In
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA3515EB9412FF3DFC54" box="[151,239,1124,1149]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35147C9412FD9FFC55" box="[256,589,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A., Smith, H. M. &amp; Chiszar, D. (2004) Anfibios y Reptiles del Estado de Chihuahua, Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, 128 pp." type="book">
Lemos-Espinal
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3514CB9413FE27FC54" box="[439,501,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
do not list this species, under any taxonomic name from the State of Chihuahua; based on records of species in drainages into the Rio Grande in Texas,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA35113294FEFB5BFC89" box="[1102,1161,1160,1184]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">USA</collectingCountry>
, we suspect this species will be found in similar drainages in Chihuahua,
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA3517C794DAFCC6FCEC" box="[699,788,1196,1221]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Espino de
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516E894DAFBAEFCED" box="[916,1148,1196,1221]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Espino de Castillo, A., Castano-Meneses, G., Davila-Montes, M. J., Miranda-Ayada, M., Morales-Malacara, J. B. &amp; Paredes- Leon, R. (2009) Seasonal distribution and circadian activity in the troglophile long-footed robber frog Eleutherodactylus longipes (Anura: Brachycephalidae) at Los Riscos cave, Queretaro, Mexico: field and laboratory studies. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 71, 24 - 31." type="journal article">
Castillo
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35168E94DBFBF9FCEC" box="[1010,1067,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
mention a toad they refer to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3515CF94B9FEA3FCC1" box="[179,369,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515CF94B9FEA3FCC1" box="[179,369,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Incilius valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Los Riscos cave, in the State of Querétaro, but with no mention of voucher specimens; we do not include this record on the map presented here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C4F2ED85D33EDA3B15BB9561FCA5FDB5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33EDA3515BB9561FCFBFDB4" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515BB9561FD98FD19" bold="true" box="[199,586,1303,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Biology of The Gulf Coast Toad.</emphasis>
The catalogue account for
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA351601956EFB10FD19" authority="Porter, 1970" authorityName="Porter" authorityYear="1970" box="[893,1218,1303,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA351601956EFBCFFD19" box="[893,1053,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA351157956EFB69FD19" author="Porter" box="[1067,1211,1304,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Porter, K. R. (1970) Chapter 94. Bufo valliceps. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, St. Louis, Missouri, 1 - 4." type="book chapter" year="1970">Porter, 1970</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, as well as Porter’s (1962; 1964a–c) overall concept of the species, is a composite of
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA351609954BFBACFD7C" box="[885,1150,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA351609954BFC20FD7C" box="[885,1010,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA351681954BFBA8FD7C" box="[1021,1146,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and additional species of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3515EB9529FE11FD51" authority="Mendelson 1998" authorityName="Mendelson" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,451,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515EB9529FF39FD51" box="[151,235,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Incilius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3515859529FE69FD51" author="Mendelson" box="[249,443,1375,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III (1998) Geographic variation in Bufo valliceps (Anura: Bufonidae), a widespread toad in the United States and Middle America. S cientific Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 9, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1998">Mendelson 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; however, those records and literature cited that pertain to specimens from the currently known range of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA35143195F3FE18FDB4" box="[333,458,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35143195F3FE18FDB4" box="[333,458,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are valid for this latter species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33EDA3515BB95D1FDE5FF59" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515BB95D1FEB2FDE9" bold="true" box="[199,352,1447,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Morphology.</emphasis>
Morphological descriptions and analyses of morphological data were presented by Bauldauf (1958),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35158F95BAFE6FFDCC" author="McAlister" box="[243,445,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="McAlister, W. H. (1961) Mechanics of sound production in North American Bufo. Copeia, 1961, 86 - 95. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440179" type="journal article" year="1961">McAlister (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, W. Martin (1967; 1971), R.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35166495BAFC10FDCC" author="Martin" box="[792,962,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, R. F. (1972 a) Arciferal dextrality and sinistrality in anuran pectoral girdles. Copeia, 1972, 376 - 381. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1442507" type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Martin (1972a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516BA95BAFC07FDCC" author="Martin" box="[966,981,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, R. F. (1972 b) Evidence from osteology. Bufo of North and Central America. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, pp. 37 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35169295BAFB24FDCD" author="Martin" box="[1006,1270,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, W. F. &amp; Gans, C. (1972) Muscular control of the vocal tract during release signaling in the toad Bufo valliceps. Journal of Morphology, 137, 1 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051370102" type="journal article" year="1972">Martin &amp; Gans (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35107A95BAFA45FDCD" author="Gans" box="[1286,1431,1484,1508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Gans, C. (1973) Sound production in the Salientia: mechanisms and evolution of the emitter. American Zoologist, 13, 1179 - 1194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / 13.4.1179" type="journal article" year="1973">Gans (1973)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3515EB9587FE81FE21" author="Emerson" box="[151,339,1520,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Emerson, S. B. (1982) Frog postcranial morphology: identification of a functional complex. Copeia, 1982, 603 - 613. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1444660" type="journal article" year="1982">Emerson (1982)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3514189599FD1EFE21" author="Hutchinson" box="[356,716,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Hutchinson, D. A. &amp; Savitzky, A. H. (2004) Vasculature of the parotoid glands of four species of toads (Bufonidae: Bufo). Journal of Morphology, 260, 247 - 254. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10219" type="journal article" year="2004">Hutchinson &amp; Savitzky (2004)</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3517A49587FC60FE21" author="Martin" box="[728,946,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, R. F. (1972 b) Evidence from osteology. Bufo of North and Central America. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, pp. 37 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">R. Martin (1972b)</bibRefCitation>
. The analyses of sternal morphology and inguinal fat body organs by da
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3514849662FCF4FE05" author="Silva" box="[504,806,1556,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="da Silva, H. R. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (1999) A new organ and unique sternal morphology in toads (Anura: Bufonidae): descriptions, taxonomic distribution, and evolution. Herpetologica, 55, 114 - 126." type="journal article" year="1999">Silva &amp; Mendelson (1999)</bibRefCitation>
included specimens referable both to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3511AA9663FA81FE04" box="[1238,1363,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3511AA9663FA81FE04" box="[1238,1363,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3510F09663FED3FE79" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3510F09663FF2FFE79" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
however no differences in these structures are evident between the two species (
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3511F39641FA42FE79" author="Mendelson" box="[1167,1424,1591,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III, Mulcahy, D. G., Williams, T. S. &amp; Sites, J. W. Jr. (2011) A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa, 3138, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">
Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA351068964FFA9FFE79" box="[1300,1357,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The osteological review provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA351740962AFD08FE5D" author="Martin" box="[572,730,1628,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, R. F. (1973) Osteology of North American Bufo: the americanus, cognatus, and boreas species groups. Herpetologica, 29, 375 - 387." type="journal article" year="1973">Martin (1973)</bibRefCitation>
is problematic because it was based on specimens referable to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3515EB96F7FEC0FEB1" box="[151,274,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515EB96F7FEC0FEB1" box="[151,274,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but also included a skeletal specimen identified as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA35162996F6FC26FEB1" box="[853,1012,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35162996F6FC26FEB1" box="[853,1012,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Bufo valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the specimen in
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3511C69609FA9AFEB1" author="Martin" box="[1210,1352,1663,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, R. F. (1973) Osteology of North American Bufo: the americanus, cognatus, and boreas species groups. Herpetologica, 29, 375 - 387." type="journal article" year="1973">Martin 1973</bibRefCitation>
:fig. 2D is TNHC 41994; T. LaDuc,
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35149896D3FDE2FE94" box="[484,560,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">in lett.</emphasis>
); this specimen bears the locality data “
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33EDA35117796D2FBB5FE94" box="[1035,1127,1700,1725]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Mexico</collectingCountry>
: Sinaloa” which is greatly extralimital for the either
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA3514C696BFFDEAFEC9" box="[442,568,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3514C696BFFDEAFEC9" box="[442,568,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA35172396BFFD30FEC9" box="[607,738,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33EDA35172396BFFD0CFEC9" box="[607,734,1735,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35179696B1FCBCFEC9" author="Blair" box="[746,878,1735,1760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Blair, W. F. (1962) Non-morphological data in anuran classification. Systematic Zoology, 11, 72 - 84. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411454" type="journal article" year="1962">Blair (1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35160796BEFC66FEC9" author="Blair" box="[891,948,1736,1760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Blair, W. F. (1970) Genetically fixed characters and evolutionary divergence. American Zoologist, 10, 41 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / 10.1.41" type="journal article" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
) discussed the importance of various
<typeStatus id="535300ACD33EDA35101D96BEFA4EFEC9" box="[1377,1436,1736,1760]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">types</typeStatus>
of data to inform understanding of this species, with respect to other bufonids. Cytological comparisons with other bufonid species were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3517609779FCF9FF01" author="Sanders" box="[540,811,1807,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Sanders, O. &amp; Cross, J. C. (1964) Relationships between certain North American toads as shown by cytological study. Herpetologica, 19, 248 - 255." type="journal article" year="1964">Sanders &amp; Cross (1964)</bibRefCitation>
. A morphologically anomalous specimen was described by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3515C59742FE98FF65" author="Freed" box="[185,330,1844,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Freed, P. (1992) An anomalous Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 27, 149." type="journal article" year="1992">Freed (1992)</bibRefCitation>
and larval deformities by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3517129742FC97FF65" box="[622,837,1844,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Drake, D. L., Altig, R., Grace, J. B. &amp; Walls, S. C. (2007) Occurrence of oral deformities in larval anurans. Copeia, 2007, 449 - 458. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2007) 7 [449: OOODIL] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article">
Drake
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3517C59743FD23FF64" box="[697,753,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
. Effects of long-term preservation on specimens were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3514629721FDE1FF59" box="[286,563,1879,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Deichmann, J. L., Boundy, J. &amp; Williamson, G. B. (2009) Anuran artifacts of preservation: 27 years later. Phyllomedusa, 8, 51 - 58. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2316 - 9079. v 8 i 1 p 51 - 58" type="journal article">
Deichmann
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3514DA972FFE0CFF59" box="[422,478,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33EDA3415BB970AFAE6FAD9" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3515BB970AFCD0FFBC" bold="true" box="[199,770,1916,1941]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Reproduction, development, and hybridization.</emphasis>
Various aspects of the reproductive biology, including the advertisement calls, of
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<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33EDA3514E397D7FDCFFF90" box="[415,541,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been documented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35162A97D7FBF1FF91" author="Blair" box="[854,1059,1952,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Blair, A. P. (1947) The male warning vibration in Bufo. American Museum Novitates, 1344, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1947">A. P. Blair (1947)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35114C97D6FA9BFF91" author="Wright" box="[1072,1353,1952,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">Wright &amp; Wright (1949)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35102A97D7FF31FFF4" author="Duran" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Duran, M. G. (1954) Spermatogenesis of Bufo valliceps. M. S. Thesis, Texas Technical College Lubbock, Texas, 24 pp." type="book" year="1954">Duran (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35158F97B2FE44FFF4" author="Martin" box="[243,406,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Martin, P. S. (1958) A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gomez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 101, 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1958">Martin (1958)</bibRefCitation>
, W. F.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35149197B2FD53FFF4" author="Blair" box="[493,641,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Blair, W. F. (1956 a) Call differences as an isolation mechanism in southwestern toads (genus Bufo). Texas Journal of Science, 8, 87 - 106." type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="a">Blair (1956a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3517EC97B2FD0AFFF4" author="Blair" box="[656,728,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Blair, W. F. (1960 a) A breeding population of the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps) in relation to its environment. Ecology, 41, 165 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931950" type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="a">1960a</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35179397B2FC7CFFF4" author="Thornton" box="[751,942,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Thornton, W. A. (1960) Population dynamics in Bufo woodhousei and Bufo valliceps. Texas Journal of Science, 12, 176 - 200." type="journal article" year="1960">Thornton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA3516C197B2FBBEFFF4" author="Awbrey" box="[957,1132,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Awbrey, F. T. (1963) Homing and home range in Bufo valliceps. Texas Journal of Science, 15, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1963">Awbrey (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA35110097B3FAF6FFF4" author="Porter" box="[1148,1316,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Porter, K. R. (1964 a) Morphological and mating call comparisons in the Bufo valliceps complex. The American Midland Naturalist, 71, 232 - 245. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422697" type="journal article" year="1964" yearSuffix="a">Porter (1964a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33EDA34104F97B2FEEBF899" author="Hubbs" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" refString="Hubbs, C. &amp; Martin, F. D. (1967) Bufo valliceps breeding in artificial pools. Southwestern Naturalist, 12, 105 - 106. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3669153" type="journal article" year="1967">Hubbs &amp; Martin (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34143B90E1FE0EF899" author="Grubb" box="[327,476,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1970) Orientation in post-reproductive Mexican toads, Bufo valliceps. Copeia, 1970, 674 - 680. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1442309" type="journal article" year="1970">Grubb (1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34149590EEFDE3F899" author="Grubb" box="[489,561,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1973 a) Olfactory orientation in breeding Mexican toads, Bufo valliceps. Copeia, 1973, 490 - 497. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443114" type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">1973a</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416BE90E1FB26F899" author="Sullivan" box="[962,1268,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sullivan, B. K. &amp; Wagner, W. E. Jr. (1988) Variation in advertisement and release calls, and social influences on the calling behavior in the Gulf Coast Toad (Bufo valliceps) Copeia, 1988, 1014 - 1020. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1445726" type="journal article" year="1988">Sullivan &amp; Wagner (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34107E90E1FF31F8FD" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Dundee, H. A., Rossman, D. A. &amp; Beckham, E. C. (1989) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 316 pp." type="book">
Dundee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34101E90EFFA4EF899" box="[1378,1436,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34177190CBFD6DF8FC" author="Branson" box="[525,703,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Branson, B. A. (1995) The Gulf Coast Toad: a distribution master. Reptiles and Amphibians Magazine, (Nov / Dec 1995), 59 - 63." type="journal article" year="1995">Branson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417B090CBFC22F8FD" author="Wagner" box="[716,1008,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wagner, W. E. Jr. &amp; Sullivan, B. K. (1992) Chorus organization in the Gulf Coast Toad (Bufo valliceps): male and female behavior and the opportunity for sexual selection. Copeia, 1992, 647 - 658. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446140" type="journal article" year="1992">Wagner &amp; Sullivan (1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34168190CAFBEAF8FC" author="Sullivan" box="[1021,1080,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wagner, W. E. Jr. &amp; Sullivan, B. K. (1995) Sexual selection in the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps: female choice based on variable characters. Animal Behaviour, 49, 305 - 319. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1995.0044" type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113190CAFB33F8FD" author="Foley" box="[1101,1249,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Foley, D. H. III. (1994) Short-term response of herpetofauna to timber harvesting in conjunction with streamside-management zones in seasonally flooded bottomland-hardwood forests of southeast Texas. M. S. Thesis, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, Texas, 93 pp." type="book" year="1994">Foley (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34119190CAFA4AF8FD" author="Greuter" box="[1261,1432,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Greuter, K. L. (2004) Early juvenile ecology of the endangered Houston toad, Bufo houstonensis (Anura: Bufonidae). M. S. Thesis, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 103 pp." type="book" year="2004">Greuter (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, Lannoo
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(2005),
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,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34172C9096FCB5F8D1" author="Jones" box="[592,871,224,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Jones, D. L. &amp; Ratnam, R. (2009) Blind location and separation of callers in a natural chorus using a microphone array. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America, 126, 895 - 910. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1121 / 1.3158924" type="journal article" year="2009">Jones &amp; Ratnam (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34160A90A9FBBDF8D1" author="Pierce" box="[886,1135,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Pierce, B. A. &amp; Hall, A. S. (2012) Call latency as a measure of calling intensity in anuran auditory surveys. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 8, 199 - 206." type="journal article" year="2012">Pierce &amp; Hall (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411CC90A9FF36F935" author="Oyervides" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Oyervides, M. &amp; Zaidan, F. III. (2013) Natural History Notes: Incilius nebulifer (Gulf Coast Toad) Necrophilia. Herpetological Review, 44, 655 - 656." type="journal article" year="2013">Oyervides &amp; Zaidan (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. Development, metamorphosis, and ontogeny and factors affecting them have been documented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34102F9172FF31F969" author="Taylor" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Taylor, A. N. (1942) A cytological study of the germinal vesicle of the toad, Bufo valliceps. M. S. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 30 pp." type="book" year="1942">Taylor (1942)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415889151FDC4F969" author="Wright" box="[244,534,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">Wright &amp; Wright (1949)</bibRefCitation>
, Volpe (1957),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417AD9151FC4EF969" author="Limbaugh" box="[721,924,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Limbaugh, B. A. (1956) The early development of Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. M. S. Thesis, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, 29 pp." type="book" year="1956">Limbaugh (1956)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D19151FB34F969" author="Limbaugh" box="[941,1254,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Limbaugh, B. A. &amp; Volpe, E. P. (1957) Early development of the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. American Museum Novitates, 1842, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1957">Limbaugh &amp; Volpe (1957)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34118B915EFA45F969" author="Conant" box="[1271,1431,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Conant, R. (1958) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the United States and Canada East of the 100 th Meridian. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, xv + 366 pp." type="book" year="1958">Conant (1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB913AFF01F94C" author="Conant" box="[151,211,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Conant, R. (1975) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 429 pp." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34159B913AFEB9F94C" author="Blair" box="[231,363,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1953) Growth, dispersal and age at sexual maturity of the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps Wiegmann). Copeia, 1953, 208 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440358" type="journal article" year="1953">Blair (1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34140A913AFE12F94C" author="Blair" box="[374,448,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1956 b) Comparative survival of hybrid toads (B. woodhousei x B. valliceps) in nature. Copeia, 1956, 259 - 260. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440291" type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">1956b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414B7913AFDC6F94C" author="Blair" box="[459,532,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1960 a) A breeding population of the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps) in relation to its environment. Ecology, 41, 165 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931950" type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="a">1960a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341764913AFD80F94C" author="Blair" box="[536,594,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1963) Evolutionary relationships of North American toads of the genus Bufo: a progress report. Evolution, 17, 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2406331" type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34171A913BFD2FF94C" author="Turner" box="[614,765,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Turner, F. B. (1960) Post metamorphic growth in anurans. American Midland Naturalist, 64, 327 - 338. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422665" type="journal article" year="1960">Turner (1960</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341674913AFC96F94C" author="Turner" box="[776,836,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Turner, F. B. (1962) The demography of frogs and toads. Quarterly Review of Biology, 37, 303 - 314. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 403692" type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34162B913AFBE1F94C" box="[855,1075,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hubbs, C., Wright, T. &amp; Cuellar, O. (1963) Developmental temperature tolerance of central Texas populations of two anuran amphibians Bufo valliceps and Pseudacris streckeri. Southwestern Naturalist, 8, 142 - 149. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3669206" type="journal article">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3416D4913BFC32F94C" box="[936,992,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341143913AFA45F94C" author="Ballinger" box="[1087,1431,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Ballinger, R. E. &amp; McKinney, C. O. (1966) Developmental temperature tolerance of certain anuran species. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 161, 21 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jez. 1401610104" type="journal article" year="1966">Ballinger &amp; McKinney (1966)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB9106FECAF9A1" author="Yew" box="[151,280,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Yew, M. L. (1966) Electron microscopic studies on the origin and formation of yolk platelets in the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Texas University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 54 pp." type="book" year="1966">Yew (1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414549119FEB6F9A1" author="Yew" box="[296,356,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Yew, M. L. (1969) A cytological study of oogenesis and yolk formation in the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. La Cellule, 67, 330 - 339." type="journal article" year="1969">1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417629119FD19F9A1" author="Grubb" box="[542,715,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1973 b) Orientation in newly metamorphosed Mexican toads, Bufo valliceps. Herpetologica, 29, 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">Grubb (1973b)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410309119FF31F985" author="Nelson" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Nelson, L. A. (1993) The relationship between growth and heterozygosity in the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps. M. S. Thesis, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, 48 pp." type="book" year="1993">Nelson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414A391E2FCFFF984" author="Rosenberg" box="[479,813,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Rosenberg, E. U. &amp; Pierce, B. A. (1995) Effect of initial mass on growth and mortality at low pH in tadpoles of Pseudacris clarkii and Bufo valliceps. Journal of Herpetology, 29, 181 - 185. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564555" type="journal article" year="1995">Rosenberg &amp; Pierce (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34160591E2FB7FF985" author="Conant" box="[889,1197,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Conant, R. &amp; Collins, J. T. (1998) A Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles: Eastern and Central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts, xviii + 616 pp." type="book" year="1998">Conant &amp; Collins (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. Various aspects of hybridization with other anurans have been discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34166F91C1FC4DF9F9" author="Blair" box="[787,927,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, A. P. (1941) Variation, isolating mechanisms, and hybridization in certain toads. Genetics, 26, 398 - 417." type="journal article" year="1941">Blair (1941)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D691CEFBEDF9F9" author="Orton" box="[938,1087,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Orton, G. L. (1951) An example of interspecific mating in toads. Copeia, 1951, 78. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1438064" type="journal article" year="1951">Orton (1951)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113691C1FB08F9F9" author="Liner" box="[1098,1242,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Liner, E. A. (1954) The herpetofauna of Lafayette, Terrebonne and Vermillion parishes, Louisiana. Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, 17, 65 - 85." type="journal article" year="1954">Liner (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34119991C1FA4AF9F9" author="Thornton" box="[1253,1432,439,464]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Thornton, W. A. (1954) Population relations and isolation mechanisms in Bufo woodhousei and Bufo valliceps. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 118 pp." type="book" year="1954">Thornton (1954</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB91AAFF00F9DC" author="Thornton" box="[151,210,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Thornton, W. A. (1955) Interspecific hybridization in Bufo woodhousei and Bufo valliceps. Evolution, 9, 455 - 468. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2405480" type="journal article" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34159A91AAFE62F9DD" author="Blair" box="[230,432,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, A. P. (1941) Variation, isolating mechanisms, and hybridization in certain toads. Genetics, 26, 398 - 417." type="journal article" year="1941">A. P. Blair (1941)</bibRefCitation>
, W. G.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34177C91AAFD40F9DC" author="Blair" box="[512,658,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1956 b) Comparative survival of hybrid toads (B. woodhousei x B. valliceps) in nature. Copeia, 1956, 259 - 260. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1440291" type="journal article" year="1956" yearSuffix="b">Blair (1956b</bibRefCitation>
;
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;
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;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34165091AAFCA6F9DC" author="Blair" box="[812,884,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1960 a) A breeding population of the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps) in relation to its environment. Ecology, 41, 165 - 174. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931950" type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="a">1960a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34160391AAFC1AF9DC" author="Blair" box="[895,968,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1961 b) Further evidence bearing on intergroup and intragroup genetic compatibility in toads (genus Bufo). Texas Journal of Science, 13, 163 - 175." type="journal article" year="1961" yearSuffix="b">1961b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416A891AAFBDDF9DC" author="Blair" box="[980,1039,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1963) Evolutionary relationships of North American toads of the genus Bufo: a progress report. Evolution, 17, 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2406331" type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116791AAFB85F9DC" author="Blair" box="[1051,1111,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1964) Isolating mechanisms and interspecies interactions in anuran amphibians. Quarterly Review of Biology, 39, 334 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 404324" type="journal article" year="1964">1964</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34111E91AAFB4FF9DC" author="Blair" box="[1122,1181,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1966) Genetic compatibility in the Bufo valliceps and closely related groups of toads. Texas Journal of Science, 18, 333 - 351." type="journal article" year="1966">1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411D591AAFB37F9DD" author="Blair" box="[1193,1253,476,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1972) Bufo of North and Central America. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, pp. 93 - 101." type="book chapter" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34118491ABFA45F9DC" author="Moore" box="[1272,1431,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Moore, J. A. (1955) Abnormal combinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic systems in frogs and toads. Advances in Genetics, 7, 139 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0065 - 2660 (08) 60095 - 4" type="journal article" year="1955">Moore (1955)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB9189FEF1FA31" author="Volpe" box="[151,291,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Volpe, E. P. (1956) Experimental F 1 hybrids between Bufo valliceps and Bufo fowleri. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 4, 61 - 75." type="journal article" year="1956">Volpe (1956</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414529189FEBBFA31" author="Volpe" box="[302,361,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Volpe, E. P. (1959) Hybridization of Bufo valliceps with Bufo americanus and Bufo terrestris. Texas Journal of Science, 11, 335 - 342." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414099189FE63FA31" author="Volpe" box="[373,433,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Volpe, E. P. (1960) Evolutionary consequences of hybrid sterility and vigor in toads. Evolution, 14, 181 - 193. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2405825" type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414B89276FD1FFA31" author="Gosner" box="[452,717,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Gosner, K. L. &amp; Black, I. H. (1958) Notes on larval toads in the eastern United States with special reference to natural hybridization. Herpetologica, 14, 133 - 140." type="journal article" year="1958">Gosner &amp; Black (1958)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417A59276FC45FA31" box="[729,919,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Fox, W., Dessauer, H. C. &amp; Maumus, L. T. (1961) Electrophoretic studies of blood proteins of two species of toads and their natural hybrid. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 3, 52 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0010 - 406 X (61) 90193 - 1" type="journal article">
Fox
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3416779277FC91FA31" box="[779,835,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416DE9189FB89FA31" author="Kennedy" box="[930,1115,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Kennedy, J. P. (1962) Spawning season and experimental hybridization of the Houston toad, Bufo houstonensis. Herpetologica, 17, 239 - 245." type="journal article" year="1962">Kennedy (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34111A9276FADBFA31" author="Brown" box="[1126,1289,512,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, L. E. (1971 a) Natural hybridization and reproductive ecology of two toad species in a disturbed environment. American Midland Naturalist, 86, 78 - 85. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2423687" type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="a">Brown (1971a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410699189FAF7FA31" author="Brown" box="[1301,1317,511,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, L. E. (1971 b) Natural hybridization and trend toward extinction in some relict Texas toad populations. Southwestern Naturalist, 16, 185 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3670498" type="journal article" year="1971" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410469276FF31FA15" author="Guttman" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Guttman, S. I. (1972) Blood proteins. In: Blair, W. F. (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, pp. 265 - 278." type="book chapter" year="1972">Guttman (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34158D9253FDF0FA15" author="Brown" box="[241,546,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, L. E. &amp; Brownell, J. A. (1971) Relative survival of two toad species and their natural hybrids in a disturbed environment. American Midland Naturalist, 86, 235 - 238. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2423711" type="journal article" year="1971">Brown &amp; Brownell (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, Brownell (1971),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417869252FC4DFA15" author="Sanders" box="[762,927,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sanders, O. (1978) Bufo woodhousei in central Texas. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society, 14, 55 - 66." type="journal article" year="1978">Sanders (1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D09252FC35FA14" author="Sanders" box="[940,999,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sanders, O. (1985) Evolutionary hybridization and speciation in North American indigenous bufonids. Privately published, Dallas, Texas, viii + 110 pp." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
;
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),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113A9252FAC9FA15" box="[1094,1307,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hillis, D. M., Hillis A. M. &amp; Martin, R. F. (1984) Reproductive ecology and hybridization of the endangered Houston Toad (Bufo houstonensis). Journal of Herpetology, 18, 56 - 72. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1563672" type="journal article">
Hillis
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3411F09253FB17FA14" box="[1164,1221,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410549252FEDAFA49" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Dundee, H. A., Rossman, D. A. &amp; Beckham, E. C. (1989) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 316 pp." type="book">
Dundee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3410F49253FF66FA49" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341469923EFE6DFA49" author="Greuter" box="[277,447,584,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Greuter, K. L. (2004) Early juvenile ecology of the endangered Houston toad, Bufo houstonensis (Anura: Bufonidae). M. S. Thesis, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 103 pp." type="book" year="2004">Greuter (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414B0923EFCD8FA49" author="Brown" box="[460,778,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, L. E. &amp; Mesrobian, A. (2005) The endangered Houston toad and Texas politics. In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 150 - 167." type="book chapter" year="2005">Brown &amp; Mesrobian (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34166B9231FBC2FA49" box="[791,1040,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mulcahy, D. G., Morrill, B. H. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006) Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1889 - 1904. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01546. x" type="journal article">
Mulcahy
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3416FE923FFC69FA49" box="[898,955,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411309231FA8CFA49" box="[1100,1374,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III, Mulcahy, D. G., Williams, T. S. &amp; Sites, J. W. Jr. (2011) A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa, 3138, 1 - 34." type="journal article">
Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3411AD923FFAD8FA49" box="[1233,1290,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
. This older literature regarding hybridization must be interpreted in the context of the taxonomic separation of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33FDA3410F0921BFF2EFA81" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3410F0921BFF2EFA81" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33FDA34144F92E7FE7DFA81" box="[307,431,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34144F92E7FE7DFA81" box="[307,431,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414A592F9FCE0FA81" author="Mulcahy" box="[473,818,655,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
, and also in the context of the re-analyses of data from the laboratory of W. F. Blair presented by (2008) and subsequently re-analyzed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34110392C2FA4AFAE5" box="[1151,1432,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brandvain, Y., Pauly, G. B., May, M. R., &amp; Turelli, M. (2014). Explaining Darwin's Corollary to Haldane's Rule: the role of mitonuclear interactions in asymmetric postzygotic isolation among toads. Genetics, 197, 74 - 747. doi: 10.1534 / genetics. 113.161133" type="journal article">
Brandvain
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34107C92C3FAE5FAE4" box="[1280,1335,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
. Additional, recent, studies of hybridization were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34162D92A1FC36FAD9" author="Vogel" box="[849,996,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Vogel, L. S. (2007) The decline of Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri) in southern Louisiana: molecular genetics, field experiments and landscape studies. Ph. D. dissertation, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, ix + 114 pp." type="book" year="2007">Vogel (2007)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116692A1FAFDFAD9" author="Vogel" box="[1050,1327,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Vogel, L. S. &amp; Johnson, S. G. (2008) Estimation of hybridization and introgression frequency in toads (genus: Bufo) using DNA sequence variation at mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 61 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 059.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Vogel &amp; Johnson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33FDA3415BB928AFCB8FC55" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3415BB928AFE8AFB3C" bold="true" box="[199,344,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Habitat use.</emphasis>
Habitat use by the adults has been discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341607928BFBD5FB3D" author="Pope" box="[891,1031,764,788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Pope, P. H. (1919) Some notes on the amphibians of Houston, Texas. Copeia, 1919, 93 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1435632" type="journal article" year="1919">Pope (1919)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116F928AFAFAFB3D" author="Wright" box="[1043,1320,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">Wright &amp; Wright (1949)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341048928AFF31FB11" author="Thornton" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Thornton, W. A. (1960) Population dynamics in Bufo woodhousei and Bufo valliceps. Texas Journal of Science, 12, 176 - 200." type="journal article" year="1960">Thornton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415889369FE77FB11" author="Awbrey" box="[244,421,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Awbrey, F. T. (1963) Homing and home range in Bufo valliceps. Texas Journal of Science, 15, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1963">Awbrey (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414C99356FD54FB11" author="Brattstrom" box="[437,646,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brattstrom, B. H. (1963) A preliminary review of the thermal requirements of amphibians. Ecology, 44, 238 - 255. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1932171" type="journal article" year="1963">Brattstrom (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417EB9369FCE3FB11" author="Wilks" box="[663,817,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wilks, B. J. (1963) Some aspects of the ecology and population dynamics of the pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius) in southern Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 15, 241 - 283." type="journal article" year="1963">Wilks (1963)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34163E9369FC0BFB11" author="Grubb" box="[834,985,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1968) Homing behavior in post-reproductive Bufo valliceps: the importance of certain sensory mechanisms. M. S. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 54 pp." type="book" year="1968">Grubb (1968</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416969356FBF4FB11" author="Grubb" box="[1002,1062,800,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1970) Orientation in post-reproductive Mexican toads, Bufo valliceps. Copeia, 1970, 674 - 680. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1442309" type="journal article" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411429369FA96FB11" author="Neill" box="[1086,1348,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Neill, W. E. &amp; Grubb, J. C. (1971) Arboreal habits of Bufo valliceps in central Texas. Copeia, 1971, 347 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1442852" type="journal article" year="1971">Neill &amp; Grubb (1971)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410299369FF31FB74" author="Grubb" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1976) Maze orientation by Mexican toads, Bufo valliceps (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), using olfactory and configurational cues. Journal of Herpetology, 10, 97 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1562789" type="journal article" year="1976">Grubb (1976)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34158C9333FE5DFB74" author="Moore" box="[240,399,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Moore, R. H. (1976) Reproductive habits and growth of Bufo speciosus on Mustang Island, Texas, with notes on the ecology and reproduction of other anurans. Texas Journal of Science, 17, 173 - 178." type="journal article" year="1976">Moore (1976)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414E79332FD59FB75" box="[411,651,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Whiting, M. R., Fleet, R. R. &amp; Rakowitz, V. A. (1987) Herpetofauna in loblolly-shortleaf pine stands of east Texas. United States Forest Service General Technical Report, State Office, 68, 39 - 48." type="journal article">
Whiting
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3414829333FDE5FB74" box="[510,567,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1987)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417E49332FC51FB75" box="[664,899,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Dundee, H. A., Rossman, D. A. &amp; Beckham, E. C. (1989) The Amphibians and Reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 316 pp." type="book">
Dundee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34178A9333FCFDFB74" box="[758,815,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416F39332FB4FFB75" box="[911,1181,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="McAllister, C. T., Upton, S. J. &amp; Conn, D. B. (1989) A comparative study of endoparasites in three species of sympatric Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae), from Texas. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 56, 162 - 167." type="journal article">
McAllister
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34116C9333FB9BFB74" box="[1040,1097,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411D59332FAEFFB75" author="Foley" box="[1193,1341,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Foley, D. H. III. (1994) Short-term response of herpetofauna to timber harvesting in conjunction with streamside-management zones in seasonally flooded bottomland-hardwood forests of southeast Texas. M. S. Thesis, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, Texas, 93 pp." type="book" year="1994">Foley (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3410369332FE9BFBA9" author="Reid" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Reid, J. A. &amp; Whiting, M. (1994) Herpetofauna of pitcher plant bogs and adjacent forests in eastern Texas. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, October 23 - 26, 411 - 421." type="proceedings paper" year="1994">Reid &amp; Whiting (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34142B9311FE38FBA9" author="Irwin" box="[343,490,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Irwin, K. J. (1997) Herpetofaunal community response to timber harvest practices in an east Texas bottomland hardwood forest. M. S. Thesis, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, Texas, 93 pp." type="book" year="1997">Irwin (1997)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414849311FD18FBA9" author="Mendelson" box="[504,714,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III (1998) Geographic variation in Bufo valliceps (Anura: Bufonidae), a widespread toad in the United States and Middle America. S cientific Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 9, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1998">Mendelson (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417A59311FBEAFBA9" author="Mulcahy" box="[729,1080,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113A931EFB35FBA9" author="Means" box="[1094,1255,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Means, D. B. (2005) Pine silivculture. In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 139 - 145." type="book chapter" year="2005">Means (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411899311FF36FB8C" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mulcahy, D. G., Morrill, B. H. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006) Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1889 - 1904. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01546. x" type="journal article">
Mulcahy
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34101E931FFA4EFBA9" box="[1378,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34158893FAFDBAFB8D" author="Lemos-Espinal" box="[244,616,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Lemos-Espinal, J. A. &amp; Smith, H. M. (2007) Anfibios y Reptiles del Estado de Coahuila, Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, 550 pp." type="book" year="2007">Lemos-Espinal &amp; Smith (2007)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34170593FAFC4EFB8D" author="Vogel" box="[633,924,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Vogel, L. S. &amp; Johnson, S. G. (2008) Estimation of hybridization and introgression frequency in toads (genus: Bufo) using DNA sequence variation at mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 61 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 059.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Vogel &amp; Johnson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D193FAFB85FB8D" author="Salinas" box="[941,1111,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Salinas, C. (2009) The influence of environmental factors on the activity and movement of Bufo nebulifer (Coastal Plain Toad) in a disturbed area. M. S. Thesis, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas, 78 pp." type="book" year="2009">Salinas (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34111B93FAFA45FB8D" box="[1127,1431,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Oliver-Lopez, L., Woolrich-Pina, G. A. &amp; Lemos-Espinal, J. A. (2009) La Familia Bufonidae en Mexico. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico City, 139 pp." type="book">Oliver-López et al (2009)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB93D9FE85FBE1" author="Gehlbach" box="[151,343,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Gehlbach, F. R. (2010. Suburbanization of a central Texas herpetofauna. International Reptile Conservation Fund Reptiles and Amphibians, 17, 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="2010">Gehlbach (2010)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34141F93D9FDE4FBE1" box="[355,566,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Walls, S. C., Waddle, J. H. &amp; Dorazio, R. M. (2011) Estimating occupancy dynamics in an anuran assemblage from Louisiana, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management, 75, 751 - 761. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jwmg. 97" type="journal article">
Walls
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3414D693C7FE31FBE1" box="[426,483,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34173F93D9FC7EFBE1" box="[579,940,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hernandez-Salinas, U. &amp; Ramirez-Bautista, A. (2012) Diversity of amphibian communities in four vegetation types of Hidalgo State, Mexico. The Open Conservation Biology Journal, 6, 1 - 11. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2174 / 1874839201206010001" type="journal article">
Hernández-Salinas
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34166293C7FC85FBE1" box="[798,855,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34169493D9FB50FBE1" author="Milko" box="[1000,1154,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Milko, L. V. (2012) Integrating museum and GIS data to identify changes in species distributions driven by a disturbanceinduced invasion. Copeia, 2012, 307 - 320. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CE- 10 - 159" type="journal article" year="2012">Milko (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. Associations with caves has been reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414F893A2FDC7FBC5" author="Mohr" box="[388,533,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mohr, C. E. (1948) Unique animals inhabit subterranean Texas. Bulletin of the National Speleolgical Society, 10, 15 - 21." type="journal article" year="1948">Mohr (1948)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34175C93A2FD37FBC4" author="McAlister" box="[544,741,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="McAlister, W. H. (1954) Natural history notes on the barking frog. Herpetologica, 10, 197 - 199." type="journal article" year="1954">McAlister (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34178C93A2FC54FBC4" author="Baker" box="[752,902,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Baker, J. K. (1957) Biological notes. Texas Caver, 2, 3." type="journal article" year="1957">
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED33FDA34178C93A2FCE1FBC4" box="[752,819,980,1005]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Baker</collectingCountry>
(1957)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416ED93A2FB5CFBC4" author="Redell" box="[913,1166,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Reddell, J. R. &amp; Knox, O. (1962) The caves of Bexar County, Part 1. Texas Speleological Society, 1, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1962">Redell &amp; Knox (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411E593A2FA45FBC4" author="Redell" box="[1177,1431,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Reddell, J. R. &amp; Finch, R. (1963) The caves of Williamson County, Texas. Texas Speleological Society, 2, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1963">Redell &amp; Finch (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415BA9381FEA0FC39" author="Reddell" box="[198,370,1015,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Reddell, J. R. (1970) A checklist of the cave fauna of Texas. VI. Additional records of Vertebrata. Texas Journal of Science, 22, 139 - 158." type="journal article" year="1970">Reddell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
. Specific associations with saltwater were documented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411799381FB77FC39" author="Viosca" box="[1029,1189,1015,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Viosca, P. (1926) Distributional problems of the cold blooded vertebrates of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Ecology, 7, 307 - 314. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1929313" type="journal article" year="1926">Viosca (1926)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411CD9381FA91FC39" author="Allen" box="[1201,1347,1015,1040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Allen, M. J. (1932) A survey of the amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. American Museum Novitates, 542, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1932">Allen (1932)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341033938EFEFCFC1D" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Burger, W. L., Smith, P. W. &amp; Smith, H. W. (1949) Notable records of reptiles and amphibians in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences, 24, 130 - 134." type="journal article">
Burger
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3415EB946BFF07FC1C" box="[151,213,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1949)
</bibRefCitation>
, reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414A7946AFDBFFC1C" author="Neill" box="[475,621,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Neill, W. T. (1958) The occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in saltwater areas, and a bibliography. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 8, 1 - 97." type="journal article" year="1958">Neill (1958)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341702946AFCE2FC1C" author="Mueller" box="[638,816,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mueller, A. J. (1985) Vertebrate use of nontidal wetlands on Galveston Island, Texas. Texas Journal of Science, 37, 215 - 225." type="journal article" year="1985">Mueller (1985)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34163E946AFB8AFC1D" box="[834,1112,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Alexander, L. G., Lailvaux, S. P., Pechmann, J. H. K. &amp; DeVries, P. J. (2012) Effects of salinity on early life stages of the Gulf Coast Toad, Incilius nebulifer. Copeia, 2012, 106 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / CP- 09 - 206" type="journal article">
Alexander
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3416BF946BFBD3FC1C" box="[963,1025,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411E6946BFA4AFC1D" author="Hua" box="[1178,1432,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hua, J. &amp; Pierce, B. A. (2013) Lethal and sublethal effects of salinity on three common Texas amphibians. Copeia, 2013, 562 - 566. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / OT- 12 - 126" type="journal article" year="2013">Hua &amp; Pierce (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. Responses to fire were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417489436FCC3FC71" author="Brown" box="[564,785,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, D. J., Baccus J. T., Means, D. B. &amp; Forstner, M. R. J. (2011) Potential positive effects of fire on juvenile amphibians in a southern USA pine forest. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 2, 135 - 145. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3996 / 062011 - JFWM- 037" type="journal article" year="2011">
Brown
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3417F69437FD17FC71" box="[650,709,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34165C9436FC8FFC71" author="Brown" box="[800,861,1088,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, D. J., Duarte, Mali, A. I., Jones, M. C. &amp; Forstner, M. R. J. (2014) Potential impacts of a high-severity wildfire on abundance, movement, and diversity of herpetofauna in the Lost Pines Ecoregion of Texas. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 9, 192 - 205." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
). Potential effects of exposure to introduced plant species were reported by Cotton (2009) and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417F49412FCB4FC55" box="[648,870,1124,1149]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Cotten, T. B., Kwiatowski, M. A., Saenz, D. &amp; Collyer, M. (2013) Effects of an invasive plant, Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), on development and survival of anuran larvae. Journal of Herpetology, 46, 186 - 193. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 10 - 311" type="journal article">
Cotten
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3417A59413FCC0FC54" box="[729,786,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33FDA3415BB94F1FAA4FE5D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3415BB94F1FE6EFC89" bold="true" box="[199,444,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Community ecology.</emphasis>
Feeding ecology has been documented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D994F1FBB0FC89" author="Strecker" box="[933,1122,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Strecker, J. K. (1927 a) Chapters from the life-histories of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Part 2. Contributions from Baylor University Museum, 14, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1927" yearSuffix="a">Strecker (1927a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34111394F1FA45FC89" author="Campbell" box="[1135,1431,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Campbell, P. M. &amp; Davis, W. K. (1968) Vertebrates in stomachs of Bufo valliceps. Herpetologica, 24, 327 - 328." type="journal article" year="1968">Campbell &amp; Davis (1968)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB94DAFEFBFCEC" author="Clark" box="[151,297,1196,1221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Clark, W. T. (1969) Predation by the toad Bufo valliceps and regulation of density in prey populations of the pillbug isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, Texas, 129 pp." type="book" year="1969">Clark (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, and McGehee
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3414A794DBFDC6FCEC" box="[475,532,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2001). Predators and possible antipredator mechanisms have been documented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415C794B9FEA9FCC1" author="Strecker" box="[187,379,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Strecker, J. K. (1927 b) Observations on the food habits of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, 162, 6 - 9. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1436213" type="journal article" year="1927" yearSuffix="b">Strecker (1927b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414F494B9FD72FCC1" author="Wright" box="[392,672,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">Wright &amp; Wright (1949)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417D194B9FCEFFCC1" author="Licht" box="[685,829,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Licht, L. E. (1968) Unpalatability and toxicity of toad eggs. Herpetologica, 24, 93 - 98." type="journal article" year="1968">Licht (1968)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34163694B9FC0EFCC1" author="Neill" box="[842,988,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Neill, W. E. (1968 a) Predation on tadpoles of Bufo valliceps Wiegmann by Acilius semisulcatus (Coleoptera; Dytiscidae). M. S. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 42 pp." type="book" year="1968" yearSuffix="a">Neill (1968a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34169D94B9FC22FCC1" author="Neill" box="[993,1008,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Neill, W. E. (1968 b) Predation on Bufo valliceps tadpoles by the predaceous diving beetle Acilius semisulcatus. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 49, 169." type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34117A94B9FB70FCC1" author="Grubb" box="[1030,1186,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Grubb, J. C. (1972) Differential predation by Gambusia affinis on the eggs of seven species of anuran amphibians. American Midland Naturalist, 88, 102 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2424491" type="journal article" year="1972">Grubb (1972)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411D394B9FA91FCC1" author="Clark" box="[1199,1347,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Clark, D. R. Jr. (1974) The Western ribbon snake (Thamnophis proximus): ecology of a Texas population. Herpetologica, 30, 372 - 379." type="journal article" year="1974">Clark (1974)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34102C94A7FF31FD25" author="Brown" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brown, L. E. (1974) Behavioral reactions of bullfrogs while attempting to eat toads. Southwestern Naturalist, 19, 335 - 337. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3669945" type="journal article" year="1974">Brown (1974)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415939482FE2FFD25" author="Platt" box="[239,509,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Platt, S. G. &amp; Fontenot, L. W. (1993) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) predation on Gulf Coast Toads (Bufo valliceps) in Louisiana. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 28, 189 - 190." type="journal article" year="1993">Platt &amp; Fontenot (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417759482FD79FD25" author="Tucker" box="[521,683,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Tucker, J. K. (1994) A comment on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) predation on Gulf Coast Toads (Bufo valliceps) as reported by Platt and Fontenot. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 29, 73." type="journal article" year="1994">Tucker (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417CB9482FC88FD24" author="Adams" box="[695,858,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Adams, C. K. (2005) Relationships between predation, breeding site choice, and palatability of larval anurans in eastern Texas. M. S. Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, 39 pp." type="book" year="2005">Adams (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416E99482FBB4FD24" author="Mendelson" box="[917,1126,1268,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III (2005) Coastal-plain toad (Bufo nebulifer). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 424 - 427." type="book chapter" year="2005">Mendelson (2005)</bibRefCitation>
. Palatability of the tadpoles was tested by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34144B9561FDC9FD19" box="[311,539,1303,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Adams, C. K., Saenz, D. &amp; Conner, R. N. (2011) Palatability of twelve species of anuran larvae in eastern Texas. The American Midland Naturalist, 166, 211 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 - 166.1.211" type="journal article">
Adams
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3414F2956FFE1AFD19" box="[398,456,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
. Parasites have been reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416E99561FBE8FD19" author="Walton" box="[917,1082,1303,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Walton, A. C. (1929) Studies on some nematodes of North American frogs I. Journal of Parasitology, 15, 227 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271977" type="journal article" year="1929">Walton (1929)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113B9561FAD6FD19" author="Harwood" box="[1095,1284,1303,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Harwood, P. D. (1930) A new species of Oxysomatium (Nematoda) with some remarks on the genera Oxysomatium and Aplectana, and observations on the life history. The Journal of Parasitology, 17, 61 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3271435" type="journal article" year="1930">Harwood (1930)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34106C9561FE87FD7C" author="Hoffpauir" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hoffpauir, C. &amp; Morrison, E. O. (1966) Rhabdias ranae from Bufo valliceps. Southwestern Naturalist, 11, 302. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3669657" type="journal article" year="1966">Hoffpauir &amp; Morrison (1966)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34141F954AFDA4FD7D" box="[355,630,1340,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="McAllister, C. T., Upton, S. J. &amp; Conn, D. B. (1989) A comparative study of endoparasites in three species of sympatric Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae), from Texas. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 56, 162 - 167." type="journal article">
McAllister
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34149A954BFDF3FD7C" box="[486,545,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1989)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417F8954AFC68FD7D" author="McAllister" box="[644,954,1340,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="McAllister, C. T. &amp; Conn, D. B. (1990) Occurrence of tetrathrydia of Mestocestoides sp. (Cestoidea: Cyclophyllidea) in North American anurans (Amphibia). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 26, 540 - 543. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 26.4.540" type="journal article" year="1990">McAllister &amp; Donn (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341686954AFACEFD7D" author="Martin" box="[1018,1308,1340,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Martin, D. S. &amp; Dresser, S. S. (1991) Infectivity of cultured Trypanosoma fallisi (Kinetoplastida) to various anuran species and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Parasitology, 77, 498 - 500. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3283146" type="journal article" year="1991">Martin &amp; Dresser (1991)</bibRefCitation>
. Pathogens were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414219516FD9EFD51" box="[349,588,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Gaertner, J. P., McHenry, D., Forstner, M. R. J. &amp; Hahn, D. (2010) Annual variation of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis) and a sympatric congener (Bufo nebulifer) Herpetological Review, 41, 456 - 459." type="journal article">Gaertner et al (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417F49516FCB2FD51" box="[648,864,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Saenz, D., Kavanagh, B. T. &amp; Kwiatkowski, M. A. (2010) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis detected in amphibians from national forests in eastern Texas, USA. Herpetological Review, 41, 47 - 49." type="journal article">
Saenz
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3417AE9517FCD9FD51" box="[722,779,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. Interspecific associations with other anurans have been discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34140995F2FDD9FDB4" author="Glass" box="[373,523,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Glass, B. P. (1946) A new Hyla from Texas. Herpetologica, 3, 101 - 103." type="journal article" year="1946">Glass (1946)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34176795F2FCE9FDB5" author="Wright" box="[539,827,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wright, A. H. &amp; Wright, A. A. (1949) Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada, Third edition. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, 640 pp." type="book" year="1949">Wright &amp; Wright (1949)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34163795F2FC3BFDB4" author="Axtell" box="[843,1001,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Axtell, R. W. (1958) Female reaction to the male call in two anurans (Amphibia) Southwestern Naturalist, 3, 70 - 76. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3669038" type="journal article" year="1958">Axtell (1958)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34168595F2FB47FDB4" author="Blair" box="[1017,1173,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1961 a) Calling and spawning seasons in a mixed population of anurans. Ecology, 42, 99 - 110. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1933272" type="journal article" year="1961" yearSuffix="a">Blair (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411D995F3FA93FDB4" author="James" box="[1189,1345,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="James, P. (1966) The Mexican burrowing toad, Rhinophrynus dorsalis, an addition to the vertebrate fauna of the United States. Texas Journal of Science, 18, 272 - 276." type="journal article" year="1966">James (1966)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34102D95F3FF31FDE9" author="Moore" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Moore, R. H. (1976) Reproductive habits and growth of Bufo speciosus on Mustang Island, Texas, with notes on the ecology and reproduction of other anurans. Texas Journal of Science, 17, 173 - 178." type="journal article" year="1976">Moore (1976)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34158E95D1FDFCFDE9" author="Gambs" box="[242,558,1447,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Gambs, R. D. &amp; Littlejohn, M. J. (1979) Acoustic behavior of males of the Rio Grande leopard frog (Rana berlandieri): an experimental analysis through field playback trials. Copeia, 1979, 643 - 650. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1443872" type="journal article" year="1979">Gambs &amp; Littlejohn (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, Foley (2005),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34179C95D1FBCBFDE9" author="Mitchell" box="[736,1049,1447,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mitchell, J. C. &amp; Lannoo, M. J. (2005 a) Squirrel treefrog (Hyla squirrela). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 456 - 458." type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="a">Mitchell &amp; Lannoo (2005a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116295D1FBFFFDE9" author="Mitchell" box="[1054,1069,1447,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Mitchell, J. C. &amp; Lannoo, M. J. (2005 b) Eastern narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 501 - 503." type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34113F95D1FA45FDE9" author="Schwalbe" box="[1091,1431,1447,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Schwalbe, C. R. &amp; Goldberg, C. S. (2005) Barking frog (Eleutherodactylus augusti). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 1491 - 492." type="book chapter" year="2005">Schwalbe &amp; Goldberg (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB95BAFE32FDCC" author="Franklin" box="[151,480,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Franklin, C. J. &amp; Killpack, D. C. (2005) Eurycea neotenes (Texas salamander) (Texas Salamander): Habitat Utilization. Herpetological Review, 36, 428." type="journal article" year="2005">Franklin &amp; Killpack (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, Sredl (2005),
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417E595BAFC4AFDCC" author="Sredl" box="[665,920,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sredl, M. J. &amp; Field, K. J. (2005) Western narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne olivacea). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 503 - 506." type="book chapter" year="2005">Sredl &amp; Field (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416D695BAFBB3FDCC" author="Sullivan" box="[938,1121,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sullivan, B K. (2005) Woodhouse's Toad (Bufo woodhousei). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 438 - 440." type="book chapter" year="2005">Sullivan (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34110F95BAFAF4FDCC" author="Wallace" box="[1139,1318,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wallace, J. E. (2005) Cliff Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus [= Syrrhophus] marnocki). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 496 - 499." type="book chapter" year="2005">Wallace (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34104495BAFEB2FE21" author="Vogel" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Vogel, L. S. &amp; Pechmann, J. H. K. (2010) Response of Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) to competition and hyproperiod in the presence of the invasive Coastal plain toad (Incilius nebulifer) Journal of Herpetology, 44, 382 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 08 - 300.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Vogel &amp; Pechmann (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414E09587FD56FE21" box="[412,644,1519,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Preston, D. B. &amp; Forstner, M. R. J. (2014) Houston toad (Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis) tadpoles decrease their activity in response to chemical cues produced from the predation of conspefics and congeneric (Bufo (Incilius) nebulifer) tadpoles. Journal of Herpetology. [online ahead of print]. Available from: http: // journalofherpetology. org / doi / abs / 10.1670 / 13 - 059? journalCode = hpet (accessed 9 June 2015)" type="journal article">
Preston
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34148B9587FDFDFE21" box="[503,559,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
. Associations with other species caught in traps with this species were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414619662FE6AFE04" author="Blair" box="[285,440,1556,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Blair, W. F. (1960 b) The Rusty Lizard: A Population Study. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 185 pp." type="book" year="1960" yearSuffix="b">Blair (1960b)</bibRefCitation>
. Population trends were discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34161C9662FBDFFE04" author="Boundy" box="[864,1037,1556,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Boundy, J. (2005) Museum collections can assess population trends. In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 295 - 299." type="book chapter" year="2005">Boundy (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116B9662FAF8FE05" author="Camper" box="[1047,1322,1556,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Camper, J. D. &amp; Dixon, J. R. (1988) Evaluation of a microchip marking system for amphibians and reptiles. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Research Publications, 7100 (159), 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1988">Camper &amp; Dixon (1988)</bibRefCitation>
evaluated a microchip marking technology in the species. Road and industrial mortality was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411A99641FA4EFE79" author="Flickinger" box="[1237,1436,1591,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Flickinger, E. L. (1981) Wildlife mortality at petroleum pits in Texas. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 45, 560 - 564. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3807949" type="journal article" year="1981">Flickinger (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415BA962BFE55FE5C" box="[198,391,1628,1653]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Ray, J. E., Preston, D. &amp; McCallum, M. L. (2006) Life History Notes: Bufo nebulifer (Coastal plains toad): Urban Road Mortality. Herpetological Review, 37, 443." type="journal article">
Ray
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA341586962BFEE1FE5C" box="[250,307,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
; road mortality and scavenging by
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33FDA34166C962AFBDBFE5D" box="[784,1033,1628,1653]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Thamnophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proximus">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34166C962AFBDBFE5D" box="[784,1033,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Thamnophis proximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411B6962BFAA0FE5D" author="Watson" box="[1226,1394,1628,1652]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Watson, C. M. (2007) Natural History Notes: Thamnophis proximus (Western ribbon snake): Foraging Biology. Herpetological Review, 38, 346." type="journal article" year="2007">Watson (2007)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED33FDA3B15BB9609FC35F94C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3415BB9609FE21FEB1" bold="true" box="[199,499,1663,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Physiology and behavior.</emphasis>
Various aspects of the physiological parameters and responses in this species have been presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34140696D3FD74FE94" author="Morgan" box="[378,678,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Morgan, A. H. &amp; Stokes, M. (1936) Seasonal and temperature induced changes in the thyroid of Bufo valliceps. Anatomical Record, 64, 86" type="journal article" year="1936">Morgan &amp; Stokes (1936)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417C496D2FBC7FE95" author="Svedberg" box="[696,1045,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Svedberg, T. &amp; Hedenius, A. (1934) The sedimentation constants of the respiratory proteins. Biological Bulletin, 66, 191 - 223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1537332" type="journal article" year="1934">Svedberg &amp; Hedenius (1934)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34115B96D2FB0BFE94" author="Sanders" box="[1063,1241,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Sanders, J. D. (1962) Studies on a slime-producing bacterium from a sugar refinery and studies relating to the breakdown of chitin in the digestive tract of Bufo valliceps. M. S. Thesis, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, Texas, 96 pp." type="book" year="1962">Sanders (1962)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34119796D2FA45FE94" author="Wittliff" box="[1259,1431,1700,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wittliff, J. L. (1964) Venom constituents of Bufo fowleri, Bufo valliceps and their natural hybrids analysed by electrophoresis and chromography. In: Leone, C. A. (Ed.), Taxonomic Biochemistry and Serology. Ronald Press, New York, pp. 457 - 464." type="book chapter" year="1964">Wittliff (1964)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB96B1FE69FEC9" author="Campbell" box="[151,443,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Campbell, P. M. &amp; Davis, W. K. (1971) The effect of various combinations of temperature and relative humidity on the evaporative water loss of Bufo valliceps. Texas Journal of Science, 22, 389 - 402." type="journal article" year="1971">Campbell &amp; Davis (1971)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414BA96BEFDA9FEC9" author="Guttman" box="[454,635,1736,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Guttman, S. I. (1974) Anoxia tolerance in two species of toads, Bufo valliceps and Bufo woodhousei. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A Comparative Physiology, 47, 867 - 870. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0300 - 9629 (74) 90461 - 7" type="journal article" year="1974">Guttman (1974)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417FA96B1FCE3FEC9" author="Withers" box="[646,817,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Withers, P. C. (1978) Acid-base regulation as a function of body temperature in ectothermic toads, a heliothermic lizard, and a heterothermic mammal. Journal of Thermal Biology, 3, 163 - 171. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0306 - 4565 (78) 90013 - X" type="journal article" year="1978">Withers (1978)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34164096B1FBCAFEC9" box="[828,1048,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Prasad, C., Edwards, R. M., Pegues, J., Mori, M., Wilber, J. F., Thomas, R. A. &amp; Pierson, W. (1984) Distribution and characterization of cyclo (His-Pro) - like immunoreactivity in anuran (frog) skins. Peptides, 5, 133 - 136. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0196 - 9781 (84) 90064 - 0" type="journal article">
Prasad
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3416F196BFFC17FEC9" box="[909,965,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1984)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34115F96B1FB01FEC9" author="Wygoda" box="[1059,1235,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Wygoda, M. L. (1989) Body temperature in arboreal and nonarboreal anuran amphibians: Differential effects of a small change in water vapor density. Journal of Thermal Biology, 14, 239 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0306 - 4565 (89) 90011 - 9" type="journal article" year="1989">Wygoda (1989)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411A296B1FA45FEC9" author="Williams" box="[1246,1431,1735,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Williams, A. A. (1992) Behavioral thermoregulation of the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann: effects of dehydration. M. S. Thesis, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, 41 pp." type="book" year="1992">Williams (1992)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415EB969AFE37FF2D" author="Williams" box="[151,485,1772,1797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Williams, A. A. &amp; Wygoda, M. L. (1993) Dehydration stimulates behavioral hypothermia in the Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps. Journal of Thermal Biology, 18, 223 - 227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0306 - 4565 (93) 90006 - F" type="journal article" year="1993">Williams &amp; Wygoda (1993)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341484969BFCC0FF2D" author="Verma" box="[504,786,1772,1797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Verma, N. &amp; Pierce, B. A. (1994) Body mass, developmental stage, and interspecific differences in acid tolerance of larval anurans. Texas Journal of Science, 46, 319 - 327." type="journal article" year="1994">Verma &amp; Pierce (1994)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341659969BFC1BFF2D" author="Moore" box="[805,969,1772,1796]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Moore, C. D. (1997) A histochemical and physiological analysis of performance in the planaris longus muscle of the frog (Rana pipiens) and the toad (Bufo valliceps). Bios, 68, 234 - 242." type="journal article" year="1997">Moore (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34116E969BFAC4FF2D" box="[1042,1302,1772,1797]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Rowson, A. D., Obringer, A. R. &amp; Roth, T. L. (2001) Non-invasive treatments of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone for inducing spermiation in American (Bufo americanus) and Gulf Coast (Bufo valliceps) toads. Zoo Biology, 20, 63 - 74. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / zoo. 1007" type="journal article">
Rowson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA341100969BFB68FF2C" box="[1148,1210,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
. Veterinary protocols were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414A69779FD0BFF01" box="[474,729,1807,1832]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brannelly, L. A., Richards-Zawacki, C. L. &amp; Pessier, A. P. (2012) Clinical trials with itraconozole as a treatment for chytrid fungal infections in amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 101, 95 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / dao 02521" type="journal article">
Brannelly
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3417339767FD5AFF01" box="[591,648,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34166C9779FC03FF01" author="Brannelly" box="[784,977,1807,1832]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Brannelly, L. A. (2014) Reduced itraconazole concentration and durations are successful in treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 85, e 51166. doi: 10.1670 / 13 - 059" type="journal article" year="2014">Brannelly (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and notes on captive care were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3415C79742FE45FF65" box="[187,407,1844,1869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Walsh, G. E., Weber, D. E., Esry, L. K., Nguyen, M. T., Noles, J. &amp; Albrecht, B. (1992) Synthetic substrata for propogation and testing of soil and sediment orgranisms. Pedobiologia, 36, 1 - 10." type="journal article">
Walsh
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3414749743FE90FF64" box="[264,322,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
. Phototactic responses were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3416089743FB47FF65" author="Jaeger" box="[884,1173,1844,1869]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Jaeger, R. G. &amp; Hailman, J. P. (1973) Effects of intensity on the phototactic responses of adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 33, 352 - 407. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1973. tb 02103. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Jaeger &amp; Hailman (1973)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3411B29742FF36FF59" author="Hailman" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Hailman, J. P. &amp; Jaeger, R. G. (1974) Phototactic responses to spectrally domininant stimuli and use of color vision by adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey. Animal Behaviour, 22, 757 - 795. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (74) 90002 - 5" type="journal article" year="1974">Hailman &amp; Jaeger (1974)</bibRefCitation>
; however, the source for the specimens used by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA341671972EFA86FF59" author="Jaeger" box="[781,1364,1879,1904]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Jaeger, R. G. &amp; Hailman, J. P. (1973) Effects of intensity on the phototactic responses of adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 33, 352 - 407. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1973. tb 02103. x" type="journal article" year="1973">
Jaeger &amp; Hailman (1973, presented as
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33FDA3411BB972FFA99FF59" box="[1223,1355,1879,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA3411BB972FFA99FF59" box="[1223,1355,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">B. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
is not reported, so referral of data as relevant to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD33FDA341709970BFD20FFBC" box="[629,754,1916,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA341709970BFD20FFBC" box="[629,754,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is speculative. Interspecific effects of injections of pituitary extracts were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3414B097D6FD25FF91" author="Quinn" box="[460,759,1952,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Quinn, H. R. &amp; Mengden, G. (1984) Reproduction and growth of Bufo houstonensis. Southwestern Naturalist, 29, 189 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3671025" type="journal article" year="1984">Quinn &amp; Mengden (1984)</bibRefCitation>
. Hemoglobins and transferrins were described by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA34104C97D7FF37FFF4" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Fox, W., Dessauer, H. C. &amp; Maumus, L. T. (1961) Electrophoretic studies of blood proteins of two species of toads and their natural hybrid. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 3, 52 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0010 - 406 X (61) 90193 - 1" type="journal article">
Fox
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34101F97D7FA4EFF90" box="[1379,1436,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(1961)
</bibRefCitation>
. Resistance to cardiotoxins was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD33FDA3417A297B3FC6EFFF5" box="[734,956,1988,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" refString="Moore, D. J., Halliday, D. C. T., Rowell, D. M., Robinson, A. J. &amp; Keogh, J. S. (2009) Positive Darwinian selection results in resistance to cardioactive toxins in true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Biology Letters, 5 (4), 513 - 516. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0281" type="journal article">
Moore
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD33FDA34164D97B3FCB8FFF4" box="[817,874,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
The parotoid secretions were analyzed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B15EB90EEFE92F899" author="Porter" box="[151,320,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Porter, K. R. (1964 c) Chromatographic comparisons of the parotoid secretions of six species in the Bufo valliceps group. In: Leone, C. A. (Ed.), Taxonomic Biochemistry and Serology. Ronald Press Company, New York, pp. 451 - 456" type="book chapter" year="1964" yearSuffix="c">Porter (1964c)</bibRefCitation>
, but results are based on specimens referable both to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B16B490EFFB9BF899" box="[968,1097,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B16B490EFFB9BF899" box="[968,1097,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11F690EFFAC3F899" box="[1162,1297,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B11F690EFFADFF899" box="[1162,1293,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">I. valliceps</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Serological comparisons were made by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B14A190CAFDA1F8FC" author="Durio" box="[477,627,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Durio, W. O. (1960) The phylogenetic relationship of Bufo fowleri and Bufo valliceps as determined by serological studies. M. S. Thesis, Southwestern Louisiana Institute Lafayette, Lousisiana, 23 pp." type="book" year="1960">Durio (1960)</bibRefCitation>
and biochemical components in the skin were analyzed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B104C90CAFF37F8D1" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Cei, J. M., Erspamer, V. &amp; Roseghini, M. (1968) Taxonomic significance of biogenic amines and polypeptides in amphibian skin. II. Toads of the genera Bufo and Melanophryniscus. Systematic Zoology, 17, 232 - 245. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2412002" type="journal article">
Cei
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B101D90CBFA4EF8FC" box="[1377,1436,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(1968)
</bibRefCitation>
. Use of this species for human pregnancy testing was evaluated by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B117890A9FACEF8D1" author="Aguirre-Pequeno" box="[1028,1308,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Aguirre-Pequeno, E. (1950) Actual value of biological reactions for diagnosis of pregnancy: the Mexican Toad (Bufo valliceps Wiegmann) as reactive animal. Gaceta Medica de Mexico, 80, 146 - 154." type="journal article" year="1950">Aguirre-Pequeno (1950)</bibRefCitation>
. Effects of potentially toxic chemicals were evaluated by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B17CA9172FC7DF935" author="Chen" box="[694,943,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Chen, K. K. &amp; Chen, A. L. (1933) Relative susceptibility of the Nebulous toad (Bufo valliceps) and the Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) to different substances. Journal of Pharmacology, 47, 295 - 306." type="journal article" year="1933">Chen &amp; Chen (1933)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B168E9172FACEF934" author="Shaw" box="[1010,1308,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Shaw, W. H. R. &amp; Grushkin, B. (1957) The toxicity of metal ions to aquatic organisms. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 67, 447 - 452. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 9861 (57) 90299 - 0" type="journal article" year="1957">Shaw &amp; Grushkin (1957)</bibRefCitation>
. Effects of radiation were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B14BB9151FD8FF969" author="Blair" box="[455,605,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Blair, W. F. (1960 c) Radiation-induced genetic damage in the Mexican toad (Bufo valliceps). Texas Journal of Science, 12, 216 - 227." type="journal article" year="1960" yearSuffix="c">Blair (1960c)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B17E89151FC90F969" author="Clayton" box="[660,834,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Clayton, F. E. (1960) Developmental-genetic study of the effects of X-ray irradiation in Drosophila virilis and Bufo valliceps. Final Scientific Report, January 1, 1955 - December 31, 1960, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 115 pp." type="book" year="1960">Clayton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B16319151FC0FF969" author="Clark" box="[845,989,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Clark, D. R. Jr. (1971) Branding as a marking technique for amphibians and reptiles. Copeia, 1971, 148 - 151. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441609" type="journal article" year="1971">Clark (1971)</bibRefCitation>
reported on use of branding as a means of marking individuals.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B14D8913AFD83F94D" author="Greding" box="[420,593,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Greding, E. J. Jr. (1971) Comparative rates of learning in frogs (Ranidae) and toads (Bufonidae) Caribbean Journal of Science, 11, 204 - 208." type="journal article" year="1971">Greding (1971)</bibRefCitation>
reported on learning in this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED330DA3B15BB9119FA9BFA31" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B15BB9119FE91F9A1" bold="true" box="[199,323,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">Evolution.</emphasis>
The phylogenetic literature, with respect to
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B16429107FC69F9A1" box="[830,955,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B16429107FC69F9A1" box="[830,955,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, can be difficult to interpret if the authors did not state the provenance of the samples used in their analyses. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B114A91E2FB30F984" author="Baldauf" box="[1078,1250,404,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Baldauf, R. J. (1959) Morphological criteria and their use in showing bufonid phylogeny. Journal of Morphology, 104, 527 - 560. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051040307" type="journal article" year="1959">Baldauf (1959)</bibRefCitation>
implies that the individuals used in his morphological analyses were collected in the
<collectingCountry id="F4FFFE9ED330DA3B16A091CEFBC6F9F9" box="[988,1044,440,464]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">USA</collectingCountry>
(and possibly may be the same individuals reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B14CD91AAFD85F9DC" author="Baldauf" box="[433,599,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Baldauf, R. J. (1958) Contributions to the cranial anatomy of Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. Texas Journal of Science, 10, 172 - 186." type="journal article" year="1958">Baldauf, 1958</bibRefCitation>
), but one cannot be certain.
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B16CD91ABFBB0F9DD" author="Maxson" box="[945,1122,476,500]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Maxson, L. R. (1984) Molecular probes of phylogeny and biogeography in toads of the widespread genus Bufo. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1, 345 - 356." type="journal article" year="1984">Maxson (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B11DE91ABFA49F9DD" box="[1186,1435,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Maxson, L. R., Song, A. &amp; Lopata, R. (1981) Phylogenetic relationships among North American toads, genus Bufo. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 9, 347 - 350. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (81) 90021 - 1" type="journal article">
Maxson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B107491ABFA94F9DC" box="[1288,1350,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
included
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B15829276FE6FFA31" box="[254,445,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
“
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B147A9276FE67FA31" box="[262,437,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">Bufo valliceps</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
in their studies from Texas, so they can be assigned with certainty to
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11B49277FA9BFA31" box="[1224,1353,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B11B49277FA94FA31" box="[1224,1350,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED330DA3B15BB9252FB18FD24" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
All phylogenetic treatments of the taxon “
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B17B99252FCEAFA14" box="[709,824,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B17B99252FCE2FA14" box="[709,816,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">valliceps</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
published prior to 2000 were based, variously, on specimens or samples representing either
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B1705923FFD2AFA49" box="[633,760,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B1705923FFD2AFA49" box="[633,760,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu stricto) or
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B16B1923FFB83FA49" box="[973,1105,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B16B1923FFB9FFA49" box="[973,1101,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The modern reader of those papers is encouraged to check the geographic source of the material included in any particular analysis and assign the appropriate taxonomic name. Because of the well-supported sister-taxon relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B11A792E7FA84FA81" box="[1243,1366,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11A792E7FA84FA81" box="[1243,1366,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B10F092E7FF29FAE4" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B10F092E7FF29FAE4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B147792C2FD8BFAE5" author="Mulcahy" box="[267,601,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B171A92C2FC82FAE4" author="Mulcahy" box="[614,848,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mulcahy, D. G., Morrill, B. H. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006) Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1889 - 1904. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01546. x" type="journal article" year="2006">
Mulcahy
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B17AE92C3FCDEFAE4" box="[722,780,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B162192C2FBB3FAE5" author="Mendelson" box="[861,1121,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III, Mulcahy, D. G., Williams, T. S. &amp; Sites, J. W. Jr. (2011) A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa, 3138, 1 - 34." type="journal article" year="2011">
Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B169F92C3FBCFFAE4" box="[995,1053,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), the taxonomic differences typically have virtually no bearing on the overall evolutionary discussions presented by those authors. The exception, however, is the result presented by Van Bocxclaer
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B162F928BFC5EFB3C" box="[851,908,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2010), wherein they reported that the species pair
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B15AF9369FEE5FB11" box="[211,311,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B15AF9369FEE5FB11" box="[211,311,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B141A9369FE19FB11" box="[358,459,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B141A9369FE19FB11" box="[358,459,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was rendered paraphyletic by a sample identified as “
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B11FA9357FA90FB11" box="[1158,1346,801,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocristata">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11FA9357FA90FB11" box="[1158,1346,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. macrocristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B10239356FE9DFB72" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
(=
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B10F09357FE91FB72" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocristatus">I. macrocristatus</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B14299332FDB2FB75" box="[341,608,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III, Mulcahy, D. G., Williams, T. S. &amp; Sites, J. W. Jr. (2011) A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa, 3138, 1 - 34." type="journal article">
Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B14A49333FDC2FB74" box="[472,528,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
reviewed all of the relevant material, presented a clarification of the issue and determined that Van Boxclaer
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B175C931FFD8BFBA9" box="[544,601,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2010) had included a misidentified specimen in their analyses (i.e., their sample of “
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B146693FBFE0FFB8D" box="[282,477,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B146693FBFE04FB8D" box="[282,470,909,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Incilius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrocristata">I. macrocristata</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
actually represented
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B17B393FBFC9EFB8C" box="[719,844,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B17B393FBFC9EFB8C" box="[719,844,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In their broad analysis of amphibian relationships,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B15EB93C6FE45FBE1" author="Pyron" box="[151,407,943,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Pyron, R. A. &amp; Wiens, J. J. (2011) A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 543 - 583. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.06.012" type="journal article" year="2011">Pyron &amp; Wiens (2011)</bibRefCitation>
chose to compile various published genetic sequences (i.e., GenBank) to create chimera to represent the taxa
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B141493A2FCF6FBC4" box="[360,804,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
“
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B141393A2FDCDFBC4" box="[367,543,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">Bufo valliceps</taxonomicName>
” and “
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B171693A2FCCFFBC4" box="[618,797,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">Bufo nebulifer</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
for their analyses; their compilation of sequences from various sources into singular OTUs included the misidentified material from
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B117F938EFAE1FC39" box="[1027,1331,1015,1040]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Loader, S. P., Roelants, K., Biju, S. D., Menegon, M. &amp; Bossuyt, F. (2010) Gradual adaptation toward a rangeexpansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science, 327, 679 - 682. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1181707" type="journal article">
Van Bocxlaer
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11D8938FFB0CFC39" box="[1188,1246,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
, with the result that Pyron &amp; Wiens presented
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B1730946AFD1CFC1C" box="[588,718,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
“
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B1728946AFD14FC1C" box="[596,710,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">valliceps</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
and “
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B1666946AFC5CFC1C" box="[794,910,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B1666946AFC55FC1C" box="[794,903,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">nebulifer</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
not to be sister taxa. Because their analyses include clearly misidentified material, this section of their overall phylogenetic tree is inadmissible. Thus, the sister relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B14F59413FDD4FC54" box="[393,518,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valliceps">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B14F59413FDD4FC54" box="[393,518,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. valliceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B175A9413FD76FC54" box="[550,676,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B175A9413FD76FC54" box="[550,676,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains is supported by all modern phylogenetic analyses that are based on accurately identified material. Phylogenetic relationships, biogeographic history, and evolutionary natural history of
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B147794DBFE5BFCEC" box="[267,393,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B147794DBFE5BFCEC" box="[267,393,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">I. nebulifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were presented and discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B167494DAFBB0FCED" author="Mulcahy" box="[776,1122,1196,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mulcahy, D. G. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2000) Phylogeography and speciation of the morphologically variable, widespread species Bufo valliceps, based on molecular evidence from mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 173 - 189. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2000.0827" type="journal article" year="2000">Mulcahy &amp; Mendelson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B111394DAFAB5FCEC" box="[1135,1383,1196,1221]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mulcahy, D. G., Morrill, B. H. &amp; Mendelson, J. R. III. (2006) Historical biogeography of lowland species of toads (Bufo) across the Trans-Mexican Neovolcanic Belt and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 1889 - 1904. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2006.01546. x" type="journal article">
Mulcahy
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B11A694DBFAC1FCEC" box="[1242,1299,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B15EB94B9FE78FCC1" box="[151,426,1231,1256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III, Mulcahy, D. G., Williams, T. S. &amp; Sites, J. W. Jr. (2011) A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data. Zootaxa, 3138, 1 - 34." type="journal article">
Mendelson
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B146094A7FE87FCC1" box="[284,341,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
. The relative phylogenetic diversity of
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B161594A7FC38FCC1" box="[873,1002,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicName id="4BE8C58DD330DA3B161594A7FC34FCC1" box="[873,998,1231,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulifer">I. nebulifer</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with respect to other North American bufonids, in terms of conservation prioritization was presented and discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B115C9482FB14FD24" author="Goebel" box="[1056,1222,1268,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Goebel, A. M. (2005) Conservation systematics: the Bufo boreas species group. In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 210 - 221." type="book chapter" year="2005">Goebel (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8C57BE0ED330DA3B15BB9561FCA5FDB5" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B15BB9561FDF7FD19" bold="true" box="[199,549,1303,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">Conservation and education.</emphasis>
Summary of possible conservation threats to this species were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B15EB954BFDBEFD7D" author="Hammerson" box="[151,620,1340,1364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Hammerson, G. &amp; Canseco-Marquez, L. (2004) Incilius nebulifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014. 2. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org (accessed 4 October 2014)" type="journal article" year="2004">Hammerson &amp; Canseco-Márquez (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B1707954AFC9CFD7C" author="Mendelson" box="[635,846,1340,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Mendelson, J. R., III (2005) Coastal-plain toad (Bufo nebulifer). In: Lannoo, M. J. (Ed.), Status and Conservation of U. S. Amphibians. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 424 - 427." type="book chapter" year="2005">Mendelson (2005)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B1621954AFB41FD7D" box="[861,1171,1340,1365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Frias-Alvarez, P., Zuniga, J. J. &amp; Flores-Villela, O. (2010) A general assessment of the conservation status and decline trends of Mexican amphibians. Biodiversity Conservation, 19, 3699 - 3742. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 010 - 9923 - 9" type="journal article">
Frías-Alvarez
<emphasis id="BE9C621CD330DA3B117C954BFBEEFD7C" box="[1024,1084,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. Use of habitat by this species following mining activities was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B17909529FC41FD51" author="Walton" box="[748,915,1375,1400]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Walton, J. L. (2012) The effects of mine land reclamation on herpetofaunal communities. M. S. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 75 pp." type="book" year="2012">Walton (2012)</bibRefCitation>
. Use of these common toads in conservationawareness education programs was described by
<bibRefCitation id="E879C3FFD330DA3B17C195F2FCA1FDB5" author="Rommel" box="[701,883,1412,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" refString="Rommel, R. E. (2012) Toad trackers: amphibians as gateway species to biodiversity stewardship. Herpetological Review, 43, 417 - 421." type="journal article" year="2012">Rommel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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