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<document id="CF146B39EDB2C78877ABB95FD1262EE3" ID-CLB-Dataset="30120" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4418.3.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="da066000-9f72-4025-8b09-95b2a88e269d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1244795" ID-ZooBank="65E10213-0EF0-422F-9106-7841B4D9AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1525969633192" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Breure, Abraham S. H. &amp; Ablett, Jonathan D." docDate="2018" docId="03A687E9A5136304FF33868FC4B6AE0B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4418.3.8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4418 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Subulina bruggenorum Breure &amp; Ablett, 2018, nom. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="300" masterDocId="FF9FFF91A5136305FFA4845BC135AD4A" masterDocTitle="An ironic twist of fate: replacement name for Stenogyra gracilenta Morelet, 1885, not Achatina gracilenta Morelet, 1867 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Achatinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="299" pageNumber="299" updateTime="1698543482353" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="673B169B9BBCF87EF4B70DB5BFC45EBA">An ironic twist of fate: replacement name for Stenogyra gracilenta Morelet, 1885, not Achatina gracilenta Morelet, 1867 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Achatinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="75687F57CB69003844E722085408E67F">Breure, Abraham S. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9DC19A4783837FC96E4C0A6C174BF981">Ablett, Jonathan D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E32CB505DB2DA25CFA66DEE65427A706">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="F756534988EE35AC70B59F4D88B08031" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4418.3.8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A687E9A5136304FF33868FC4B6AE0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5981250" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143929500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5981250" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687E9A5136304FF33868FC4B6AE0B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687E9A5136304FF33868FC4B6AE0B" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
<subSubSection id="C3156574A5136305FF33868FC401A90F" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF33868FC401A90F" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
During work on a monograph of Morelet’s contributions to malacology (Breure, Audibert &amp; Ablett, forthcoming) we found that two of his newly introduced taxa currently have to be considered as homonyms belonging to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FF338743C0ACAE7A" authority="H. Beck, 1837" authorityName="H. Beck" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,409,792,816]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FF338743C1C3AE7A" box="[151,246,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Subulina</emphasis>
H. Beck, 1837
</taxonomicName>
(classified within the family
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FD738742C26DAE7A" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[727,856,793,816]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Achatinidae</taxonomicName>
according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FC488742C5D4AE7A" box="[1004,1249,792,816]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1402" refString="Fontanilla, I., Naggs, F. &amp; Wade, C. (2017) Molecular phylogeny of the Achatinoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 114, 382 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.06.014" type="journal article">
Fontanilla
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FBC58742C5A2AE7A" box="[1121,1175,792,816]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
(2017
</bibRefCitation>
: 385)). The older taxon is
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FF578760C0FCAE19" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" box="[243,457,827,851]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FF578760C0FCAE19" box="[243,457,827,851]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FD7F8767C512AE19" box="[731,1063,828,851]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet (1867: 79, pl. 7 fig. 2)</bibRefCitation>
from [
<collectingCountry id="F318766FA5136305FBD58767C5F0AE19" box="[1137,1221,828,851]" name="Angola" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Angola</collectingCountry>
] “Golungo-Alto, au bord du Rio Quiapose, près de Sange; les environs de Lopollo (district de Huilla)”. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FB018705C408AE3F" box="[1189,1341,862,885]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1570" refString="Naggs, F. (1990 a) A catalogue of types in the family Subulinidae (Pulmonata, Mollusca) held in the Natural History Museum London. Natural History Museum, London, 60 pp." type="book">Naggs (1990a</bibRefCitation>
: 31; also pers. comm.
<date id="FFB1103FA5136305FE8487DAC0E0AED2" box="[288,469,897,920]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" value="2017-10-10">10 October 2017</date>
) this species has to be classified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FCF587DBC5E3AED2" authority="(Morelet, 1867)" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" baseAuthorityName="Morelet" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[849,1238,896,920]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FCF587DBC516AED2" box="[849,1059,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Subulina gracilenta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FB9687DAC5FBAED2" box="[1074,1230,897,920]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5136305FAB487DAC40BAED2" box="[1296,1342,897,920]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
material of this species is present in the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK 1893.2.4.263–265). The younger taxon was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FE8E879DC3B4AE97" box="[298,641,966,989]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet (1885: 25, pl. 2 fig. 8)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FD0E879DC2BEAE97" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[682,907,965,989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FD0E879DC2BEAE97" box="[682,907,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from [
<collectingCountry id="F318766FA5136305FC7D879DC510AE97" box="[985,1061,966,989]" name="Gabon" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Gabon</collectingCountry>
] “environs de Mayumba”.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FAF4879DC039A94A" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1647" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1906) Achatinidae: Stenogyrinae and Coeliaxinae. Manual of Conchology, Series 2, 18, 1 - 357." type="journal article">Pilsbry (1906: 82)</bibRefCitation>
already recognised this as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FDE187B3C2ECA94A" authority="(Morelet, 1885)" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Morelet" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[581,985,1000,1024]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FDE187B3C228A94A" box="[581,797,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Subulina gracilenta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FC9487B2C2E4A94A" box="[816,977,1001,1024]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; Naggs (pers. comm.
<date id="FFB1103FA5136305FB7287B2C4A0A94A" box="[1238,1429,1001,1024]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" value="2017-10-10">10 October 2017</date>
) confirmed this classification and concluded that this taxon is a junior secondary homonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FB678050C006A90F" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FB678050C4AEA969" box="[1219,1435,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FF338075C006A90F" box="[151,307,1070,1093]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5136305FE9B8075C041A90F" box="[319,372,1070,1093]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Type</typeStatus>
material for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FDA08075C2B2A90F" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[516,903,1069,1093]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FDA08075C3D3A90F" box="[516,742,1069,1093]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FD4A8075C2B2A90F" box="[750,903,1070,1093]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has not been located. We here propose
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3156574A5136305FA998076C090A922" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FA998076C090A922" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FA998076C01DA922" ID-CoL="53DQW" authorityName="Breure &amp; Ablett" authorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bruggenorum" status="nom. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FA998076C01DA922" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Subulina bruggenorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2485796A5136305FE90800AC090A922" box="[308,421,1105,1128]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">nom. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3156574A5136305FE15800AC00BA9C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FE15800AC00BA9C1" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
as a replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FD4A800AC548A922" ID-CoL="4ZZ49" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[750,1149,1104,1128]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FD4A800AC2E6A922" box="[750,979,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FC44800AC548A922" box="[992,1149,1105,1128]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(not
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FB65800BC007A9C1" ID-CoL="96B3" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FB65800BC4AEA922" box="[1217,1435,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FF33802FC007A9C1" box="[151,306,1140,1163]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3156574A5136305FF6380CDC319A99A" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF6380CDC319A99A" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FF6380CDC072A9E4" bold="true" box="[199,327,1174,1198]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Etymology.</emphasis>
We have much pleasure to dedicate this new name to Mrs. Wenda van Bruggen-Gorter and her late husband Dr Dolf (A.C.) van Bruggen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3156574A5136304FF638087C4B6AE0B" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF638087C0FCAB07" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
It should be noted that the systematics of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FD6F8087C27FA9B9" authorityName="P.Fischer &amp; Crosse" authorityYear="1877" box="[715,842,1244,1267]" class="Gastropoda" family="Subulinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Subulininae">Subulininae</taxonomicName>
are still poorly known. Gittenberger &amp; Van
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FA9B8087C1EBA85F" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1455" refString="Gittenberger, E. &amp; van Bruggen, A. C. (2013) Land snails of the islet of Misali, off Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 87, 235 - 273." type="journal article">Bruggen (2013)</bibRefCitation>
recently remarked on the study of this group: &quot;It seems reasonable to assume that it is a speciose subfamily, but the delimitation of many alleged species, nearly all of which are based on shell characters only, remains unclear. The number of anatomical, not to mention molecular data, stands in violent contrast with the number of nominal species. Apart from that, many nominal species are only known from their
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5136305FC20813DC287A837" box="[900,946,1382,1405]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
localities. Several alleged genera cannot be distinguished conchologically because of overlapping shell characters, while anatomical data are not available or too fragmentary, because their
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5136305FE6E81F7C0CDA889" box="[458,504,1452,1475]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
species are insufficiently known. The situation is complicated even more by the variability of the male part of the genital tract and the uniformity of the female part. In several cases, dissection is hampered by the size of the snails and even more so by the fragility of the uterus of these ovoviviparous animals. Also, they start reproducing before maximum size is reached. Therefore there is reason to be cautious with regard to taxa distinguished by size alone.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF638202C28DABD9" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Whilst it may be best practise to implement nomenclatural acts only when accompanied with a critical taxonomic revision, the authors believe that in this case the designation is appropriate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF6382C5C377ABB1" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FF6382C5C054ABFF" box="[199,353,1694,1717]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1570" refString="Naggs, F. (1990 a) A catalogue of types in the family Subulinidae (Pulmonata, Mollusca) held in the Natural History Museum London. Natural History Museum, London, 60 pp." type="book">Naggs (1990a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FECA82C5C086ABFF" box="[366,435,1694,1717]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1608" refString="Naggs, F. (1990 b) A catalogue of the family Subulinidae (Pulmonata, Mollusca) in the general collection of the Natural History Museum London. Natural History Museum, London, 82 pp." type="book">1990b</bibRefCitation>
) evaluated and revised the generic placement of all known species up until that point, and followed Zilch's generic system. The current understanding of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FC11829BC521AB92" authorityName="H. Beck" authorityYear="1837" box="[949,1044,1728,1752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FC11829BC521AB92" box="[949,1044,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Subulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that these species are congeneric (Naggs, pers. comm.
<date id="FFB1103FA5136305FEDF82BFC302ABB1" box="[379,567,1764,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" value="2018-03-13">
13th March
<docYear id="9369DA04A5136305FE5982BFC302ABB1" box="[509,567,1764,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">2018</docYear>
</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136305FF63835DC4B5AAE2" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
In the case of the available
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5136305FE43835DC320AA57" box="[487,533,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">type</typeStatus>
material, we currently only have the shells of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FC5B835EC45AAA57" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" box="[1023,1391,1797,1821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FC5B835EC5E6AA57" box="[1023,1235,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FB7D835DC45AAA57" box="[1241,1391,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and a figure of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FEB58372C3A7AA0A" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[273,658,1832,1856]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FEB58372C0C7AA0A" box="[273,498,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FE5E8372C3A7AA0A" box="[506,658,1833,1856]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to evaluate the generic placement of the species. Given anatomical and molecular information we would of course be in a position to further refine our understandings of these two species. Looking at the shells of each taxa it can be seen that there are difference in terms of shell sculpture;
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FB198335C01BAAE2" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FB198335C4AEAACF" box="[1213,1435,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FF3383CAC01BAAE2" box="[151,302,1937,1960]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has a finely striated shell where as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FD0D83CBC52EAAE2" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" box="[681,1051,1936,1960]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FD0D83CBC248AAE2" box="[681,893,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5136305FC2083CAC52EAAE2" box="[900,1051,1937,1960]" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has a prominently striated shells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5136304FF6383EFC5EDAC8E" blockId="0.[151,1436,724,2029]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,151,833]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="300" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">
However we feel that it is not appropriate to place these species in separate genera based on shell characters alone, and so the replacement name is an appropriate measure. For example, the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5136305FBB4838EC401AAA7" authority="Thiele, 1933" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1933" box="[1040,1332,2005,2029]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Striosubulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="299" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5136305FBB4838EC5AAAAA7" box="[1040,1183,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="299">Striosubulina</emphasis>
Thiele, 1933
</taxonomicName>
, that was erected as a monotypic generic category for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FDD384CCC2E0ADE5" authority="(Rang, 1831)" authorityName="Rang" authorityYear="1831" baseAuthorityName="Rang" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[631,981,151,175]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striatella">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FDD384CCC208ADE5" box="[631,829,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina striatella</emphasis>
(Rang, 1831)
</taxonomicName>
, based on the strong sculpture of the shell compared to the smooth shell of the
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5126304FDB384E1C370AD9B" box="[535,581,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FD1F84E2C22FAD9B" authorityName="H. Beck" authorityYear="1837" box="[699,794,185,209]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FD1F84E2C22FAD9B" box="[699,794,185,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FC8384E2C2E1AD9B" baseAuthorityName="Bruguière" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[807,980,185,209]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FC8384E2C2E1AD9B" box="[807,980,185,209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Naggs made a detailed study of the penial structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FEB38487C0E9ADBE" baseAuthorityName="Rang" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[279,476,220,244]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striatella">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FEB38487C0E9ADBE" box="[279,476,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina striatella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, as with the full range of characters of the reproductive organs proximal to the genital orifice, it was indistinguishable from that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FD2984A4C20BAC5D" baseAuthorityName="Bruguière" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[653,830,255,279]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FD2984A4C20BAC5D" box="[653,830,255,279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unpublished, Naggs, pers. comm.
<date id="FFB1103FA5126304FB69855BC4A4AC5D" box="[1229,1425,256,279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" value="2018-03-13">13th March 2018</date>
). Although unpublished, this congeneric relationship was confirmed by the molecular study of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FBDE8579C441AC73" box="[1146,1396,289,313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1402" refString="Fontanilla, I., Naggs, F. &amp; Wade, C. (2017) Molecular phylogeny of the Achatinoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 114, 382 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.06.014" type="journal article">
Fontanilla
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FB4A8579C411AC73" box="[1262,1316,289,313]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
. As more genetic and anatomical data appear it is of course possible that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FCDF851EC5CCAC16" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[891,1273,324,348]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FCDF851EC56EAC16" box="[891,1115,324,348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FBC6851EC5CCAC16" box="[1122,1273,325,348]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
may prove not to be placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FEE3853CC093AC35" authorityName="H. Beck" authorityYear="1837" box="[327,422,359,383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FEE3853CC093AC35" box="[327,422,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as of course could
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FD2A853CC539AC35" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" box="[654,1036,359,383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FD2A853CC253AC35" box="[654,870,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FCD48533C539AC35" box="[880,1036,360,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and future taxonomists may feel it appropriate to resurrect the original species name of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FCA685D2C529ACEB" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[770,1052,393,417]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FCA685D2C245ACEB" box="[770,880,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FCDA85D1C529ACEB" box="[894,1052,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
for this taxon. Thus the authors acknowledge this name should be considered a placeholder only until future revisionary work is done.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5126304FF63858BC530AF3B" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">
In the NHM collections the only other
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FD218594C3D1ACAD" authorityName="H. Beck" authorityYear="1837" box="[645,740,463,487]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FD218594C3D1ACAD" box="[645,740,463,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species recorded from the regions around where the
<typeStatus id="54B4885DA5126304FAE6858BC44FACAD" box="[1346,1402,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">types</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FF3385A9C326AF43" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[151,531,497,521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FF3385A9C043AF43" box="[151,374,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FED985A9C326AF43" box="[381,531,498,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FDE385AAC28CAF43" authority="Morelet, 1867" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1867" box="[583,953,497,521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Achatina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FDE385AAC22EAF43" box="[583,795,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Achatina gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FC8685A9C28CAF43" box="[802,953,498,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1496" refString="Morelet, A. (1867) Voyage du Dr Friederich Welwitsch execute par ordre du Gouvernement Portugais dans les royaumes d'Angola et de Benguella (Afrique equinoxiale). Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles. Bailliere et fils, Paris / London / New York, 102 pp." type="book">Morelet, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were found are;
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FBC985AAC1E2AF66" authority="(Morelet, 1885)" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" baseAuthorityName="Morelet" baseAuthorityYear="1885" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="normalis">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FBC985AAC404AF43" box="[1133,1329,497,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina normalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FA9B85A9C1E5AF66" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FF47864FC36FAF66" authority="(Morelet, 1866)" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1866" baseAuthorityName="Morelet" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[227,602,532,556]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="petrensis">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FF47864FC09DAF66" box="[227,424,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina petrensis</emphasis>
(Morelet, 1866)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FD2B864FC2D8AF66" authority="(Rang, 1831)" authorityName="Rang" authorityYear="1831" baseAuthorityName="Rang" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[655,1005,532,556]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Subulina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striatella">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FD2B864FC263AF66" box="[655,854,532,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Subulina striatella</emphasis>
(Rang, 1831)
</taxonomicName>
. Since none of these species is a known or likely senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FE6D866CC27EAF05" authority="Morelet, 1885" authorityName="Morelet" authorityYear="1885" box="[457,843,567,591]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Stenogyra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gracilenta">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FE6D866CC39CAF05" box="[457,681,567,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Stenogyra gracilenta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FD158663C27EAF05" box="[689,843,568,591]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1545" refString="Morelet, A. (1885) Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de l'Afrique equinoxiale. Journal de conchyliologie, 33, 20 - 33." type="journal article">Morelet, 1885</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, we believe that in this instance the replacement of the junior homonym need not await completion of a comprehensive revisionary work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB036FFA5126304FF638626C4B6AE0B" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">
Morelet described 738 new taxa, of which 52% are from Africa. Although he seems to have been a careful taxonomist (we found few homonyms in his taxa list), he was also old-fashioned when it came to the classification in genera. He preferred the
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FE068699C338AF93" box="[418,525,705,729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">sensu lato</emphasis>
interpretation and repeatedly indicated in correspondence to H. Crosse he was not in favour of the work of A. &amp; H.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E4B0EA5126304FE5286BEC3BDAFB6" box="[502,648,741,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" refId="ref1319" refString="Adams, A. &amp; Adams, H. (1853 - 1858) The genera of Recent Mollusca, arranged according to their organisation. Van Voorst, London, 66 1 pp." type="book">
Adams (
<date id="FFB1103FA5126304FDF686BEC3BDAFB6" box="[594,648,741,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" value="1853" valueMax="1858">1853</date>
</bibRefCitation>
–1858) who split many genera like
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FBB086BFC57BAFB6" box="[1044,1102,740,764]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FBB086BFC57BAFB6" box="[1044,1102,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Helix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D7CA5126304FB2C86BFC5EAAFB6" box="[1160,1247,740,764]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bulimulidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="1" pageNumber="300" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BEAEDA5126304FB2C86BFC5EAAFB6" box="[1160,1247,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="300">Bulimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless he reluctantly started to follow this framework in his later work. The fact that two species described by Morelet in different genera more than 130 years later appear to be secondary homonyms, may thus be considered as an ironic twist of fate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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