275 lines
27 KiB
XML
275 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFB4FFB716B5F42CFE55FFD3" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lampronycteris brachyotis" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="490" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="489" updateTime="1656355241220" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>583</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762124" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFB4FFB716B5F42CFE55FFD3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFB4FFB716B5F42CFE55FFD3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1417,1449,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2606,2965,3094]" box="[1417,1449,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<heading box="[1417,1449,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1417,1449,2966,3012]" captionStart="Plate 35: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="5.[140,170,3304,3329]" captionTargetBox="[27,2763,17,3651]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Californian Leat-nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus), 2. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Macrotus waterhousu), 3. Orange-throated Bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis), 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta), 5. Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni), 6. Schmidts’ Big-eared Bat (Mucronycteris schmidtorum), 7. Yates’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycleris yaltest), 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Muicronycteris hirsuta), 9. Brosset’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti), 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae), 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses), 12. Litde Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis), 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis), 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri), 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii), 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita), 19. Fernandez’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez), 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata), 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis), 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara), 23. Marinkelle’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458620/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">3.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1466,1900,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2606,2965,3094]" box="[1466,1900,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<heading box="[1466,1900,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1466,1900,2966,3012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Orange-throated Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1950,2431,2965,3011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2606,2965,3094]" box="[1950,2431,2965,3011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<heading box="[1950,2431,2965,3011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1950,2431,2965,3011]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lampronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyotis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1950,2431,2965,3011]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Lampronycteris brachyotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2606,2965,3094]" box="[1416,2605,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<heading box="[1416,2605,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1490,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1499,1820,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Lampronyctére a oreilles courtes</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1840,1930,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1938,2139,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Gelbbauch-Blattnase</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2160,2249,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2258,2405,3030,3051]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Lampronicterio</vernacularName>
|
||
de garganta naranja
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2606,2965,3094]" box="[1416,2171,3070,3091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<heading box="[1416,2171,3070,3091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1663,3070,3091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1669,1863,3070,3091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Yellow-throated Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1874,2171,3070,3091]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Yellow-throated Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1415,2458,3136,3169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2460,3136,3217]" box="[1415,2458,3136,3169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1571,3136,3169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dobson, 1879" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1879" box="[1583,2059,3136,3169]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Schizostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyote">Schizostoma brachyote Dobson, 1879</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[2076,2454,3136,3169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
“Cayenne,”
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2241,2454,3136,3169]" name="French Guiana" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1415,1777,3176,3209]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1414,2460,3136,3217]" box="[1415,1777,3176,3209]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458620/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" startId="5.[140,170,3304,3329]" targetBox="[27,2763,17,3651]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[138,2597,3304,3491]" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">
|
||
On following pages: 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[607,839,3304,3329]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">Micronycteris minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 5. Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1165,1313,3304,3329]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hairy" authorityName="Hairy" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanborni">
|
||
sanborni); 6. Schmidts' Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1743,2044,3304,3329]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidtorum">Micronycteris schmidtorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 7. Yates's Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2330,2550,3304,3329]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yatesi">Micronycteris yatesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 8. Hairy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[367,598,3343,3368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsuta">Micronycteris hirsuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 9. Brosset's Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[920,1172,3343,3368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brosseti">Micronycteris brosseti</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1507,1780,3343,3368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giovanniae">Micronycteris giovanniae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1837,1916,3343,3368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matses">Matses</taxonomicName>
|
||
Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2089,2326,3343,3368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matses">Micronycteris matses</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 12. Little Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[147,410,3382,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="553" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">Micronycteris megalotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 13. Common Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[745,990,3382,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">Micronycteris microtis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 14.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1051,1191,3382,3407]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="5" pageNumber="489">Saint Vincent</collectingCountry>
|
||
Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1364,1512,3382,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
buriri); 15. Common Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1893,2117,3382,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">Desmodus rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2485,2581,3382,3407]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diaemus</taxonomicName>
|
||
youngii); 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[565,758,3422,3447]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">Diphylla ecaudata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1133,1335,3422,3447]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurita">Lonchorhina aurita</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 19. Fernandez's Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1737,1990,3422,3447]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="497" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fernandez">Lonchorhina fernandez</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mankomara">
|
||
Lonchorhina
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,232,3461,3486]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inusitata">inusitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[590,855,3461,3486]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orinocensis">Lonchorhina orinocensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1262,1394,3461,3486]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lonchorhina</taxonomicName>
|
||
mankomara
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 23. Marinkelle’s Sword-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1936,2068,3461,3486]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchorhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="489" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lonchorhina</taxonomicName>
|
||
marinkelle)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" targetBox="[433,437,3454,3479]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[788,1382,302,721]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,964,302,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
From S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1097,1197,302,327]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(S
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1252,1375,302,327]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[793,896,333,366]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[969,1078,333,366]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula) S through Central America to South America, including
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[850,986,420,445]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1006,1149,420,445]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the Guianas, E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[792,907,460,485]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[952,1018,460,485]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1035,1128,460,485]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1208,1285,460,485]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Sao Paulo State</collectingRegion>
|
||
; also on
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1067,1186,494,523]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[788,1382,302,721]" lastBlockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[790,1036,530,563]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 50-61 mm, tail 7-14 mm, ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 10-18 mm, forearm 39-43 mm; weight 9-15 g. The Orange-throated Bat is medium-sized. Venter and throat are usually orange to yellow but can be as dark as cinnamon fuscous. Sometimesyellow-orange extends to bases of cars and head. Rest of pelageis olive-brown to dark brown or sepia. Immature individuals are olive-brown on back and sides. Strip of long, stiff hairs occurs around throat, and in some individuals, it forms ruff of darker color extending to back whereit blends into thicker and plusher hair on top of head. Eyes are black. Tail is relatively short and completely embedded in uropatagium, which is broad and hairy closer to body and naked distally. Noseleaf is pointed and relatively short compared with other phyllostomids. Lower lobe of noseleaf is easily distinguished from upperlip, and when viewed from the side,itis raised above contour of upperlip. Lowerlip has two squarish padsthat form V-shaped groove in chin. Ears are medium-sized for the family; they appear rounded, but upon close examination, they end in tip that is usually bent forward and outward, giving the impression of a rounded ear. Inner edge of ear,just above eye, has semicircular projection forward thatis very evident and helpful as a diagnostic characteristic. Tragusis long and pointed. Feet are long and slender, about the same length as calcar. Rostrum is slightly elongated. Dental formulais 12/2, C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (
|
||
<date box="[706,739,1277,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">x2</date>
|
||
) = 34. There are two pairs of upper incisors. I' are chiselshaped, and I? are bifid, with elongated medial cusp in contact with
|
||
<date box="[1218,1244,1317,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">I2.</date>
|
||
Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60. X-chromosomeis submetacentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,282,1396,1429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Various habitats from tropical lowland rainforests to tropical subhumid forests, tropical semideciduous forests, cerrado formations, and Atlantic Forest of southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[282,361,1475,1508]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
at elevations below
|
||
<quantity box="[644,733,1475,1508]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" unit="m" value="525.0">525 m</quantity>
|
||
. Orange-throated Bats seem to be sensitive to human disturbance in their roosts and foraging habitats; they are among the first bat species to disappear after habitat fragmentation, disturbance, or destruction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,433,1593,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[622,727,1593,1626]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, insects and spiders dominate diets of the Orange-throated Bats, but some fruit is also eaten. The Orange-throated Bat frequently is included in the guild of foliage-gleaning bats. Nevertheless, some researchers noted that it has longer, narrower wings and smaller ears than other typical gleaning bats of the same size and concluded that it conducts longerflights and has wider home ranges than other gleaning phyllostomids. Foraging areas represent 70-80% of home ranges. Available evidence suggests that the Orange-throated Bat is more markedly an aerial insectivore that hunts in open spaces,likely around upper canopies, and also uses open space above canopiesto take long foraging flights.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,301,1948,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[490,595,1948,1981]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Orange-throated Bats seem to be monoestrous, giving birth during rainy season. Females carry a single embryo. Slightly different pattern of lactating females and young and subadults in March and July-August has been observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[307,421,2067,2100]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Little is known of reproductive habits in South America. Orangethroated Bats form harems of one male and several females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,397,2146,2179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Orange-throated Bats are fully nocturnal, leaving day roosts an average of 45 minutes after sunset and returning one hour before sunrise. Most individuals in a radio-tracked colony in Barro Colorado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[916,1028,2225,2258]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, remained evenly active throughout the period that they remained outside the roost, but two males remained close to the roost throughout the night. One individual spent 82% of the night (and all daylight hours) inside the roost. Orange-throated Bats fly 1-70 minutes at a time, but most flights last 1-20 minutes. Average foraging flight lasted more than nine minutes, and foraging flights were alternated with behavior consistent with perch-hunting, with shortsallies or search flights. The Orange-throated Bats seem to combine aerial foraging with gleaning prey from vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,848,2540,2573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Orange-throated Bats on Barro
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island have rather large home ranges given their relatively small size. Average home range of males and females was c.30 ha, although one male used two foraging areas and thus had a home range of 60 ha. Within home ranges, foraging areas were smaller: 27 ha for males and 22 ha for females. Core areas were 4 ha for males and 5 ha for females. Home rangesoffive of nine radio-tracked individuals overlapped spatially, although sequential tracking of individuals did not allow for conclusions of simultaneous spatiotemporal habitat use; core areas of two individuals overlapped. Mean nightly distance flown was
|
||
<quantity box="[222,305,2856,2889]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
(7-25 km), but by extrapolating conservatively with flight speed of 9-9 m/s from M. Weinbeer and E. K. V. Kalko in 2004, the average total distance flown per night was probably closer to
|
||
<quantity box="[487,576,2934,2967]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" unit="km" value="60.0">60 km</quantity>
|
||
. Only two of the nine radio-tracked individuals foraged near the roost; the other seven moved away from the roost to forage. Orange-throated Bats form colonies of up to a few hundred individuals in hollow trees, caves, mines, culverts, and dark roomsat archaeologicalsites. They can coexist with a wide variety of other bat species in the same roost, including Fringe-lipped Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1108,1351,3092,3125]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrhosus">Trachops cirrhosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), short-tailed bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[399,501,3136,3165]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carollia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), Cozumelan Golden Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[953,1184,3136,3165]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Mimon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cozumelae">Mimon cozumelae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Pallas’s Long-tongued Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[449,712,3170,3203]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">Glossophaga soricina</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,500,3211,3244]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Nevertheless, given apparent intolerance to human disturbance oftheir habitat, population trends of the Orange-throated Bat seem to be declining. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[847,950,3289,3322]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, local federal legislation lists it as threatened because ofits dependence on undisturbed tropical rainforest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[158,1383,725,3479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,313,3377,3402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bolivar-Cimé et al. (2013), Brandao et al. (2016), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Medellin, Navarro et al. (1983), Medellin, Wilson & Navarro (1985), Sanborn (1949a), Simmons & Voss (1998), Teeling et al. (2012), Weinbeer & Kalko (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |