199 lines
16 KiB
XML
199 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF98FF9813A8FD9DF937F321" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lichonycteris obscura Thomas 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="525" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="525" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>583</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727302" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF98FF9813A8FD9DF937F321" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF98FF9813A8FD9DF937F321" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[148,205,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[146,1185,551,677]" box="[148,205,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<heading box="[148,205,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,205,551,597]" captionStart="Plate 38: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="35.[150,180,3330,3355]" captionTargetBox="[13,2757,14,3657]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="63. Tailed Tailless Bat (Anoura caudifer), 64. Ecuadorian Tailless Bat (Anowra aequatoris), 65. Cadena’s Tailless Bat (Anowra cadenai), 66. Tube-lipped Tailless Bat (Anoura fistulata), 67. Luis Manuel’s Tailless Bat (Anoura luismanueli), 68. Peruvian Tailless Bat (Anowra javier), 69. Handley’s Tailless Bat (Anoura cultrata), 70. Broad-toothed Tailless Bat (Anowra latidens), 71. Geoffroy’s Tailless Bat (Anoura geoffroy), 72. Tschudi’s Tailless Bat (Anoura peruana), 74. Godman’s Long-tailed Bat (Choeroniscus godmani), 75. Lesser Long-tailed Bat (Choeroniscus minor), 76. Greater Long-tailed Bat (Choeroniscus periosus), 77. Mexican Long-tongued Bat (Choeronycteris mexicana), 78. Capixaba Nectarfeeding Bat (Dryadonycteris capixaba), 79. Banana Bat (Musonycteris harrisoni), 80. Pale Brown Long-tongued Bat (Lichonycteris degener), 81. Dark Long-tongued Bat (Lichonycteris obscura), 82. Ega Long-tongued Bat (Scleronycteris ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458758" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458758/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">81.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[222,719,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[146,1185,551,677]" box="[222,719,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<heading box="[222,719,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[222,719,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Dark Long-tongued Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[786,1164,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[146,1185,551,677]" box="[786,1164,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<heading box="[786,1164,551,597]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1895" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[786,1164,551,597]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lichonycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis box="[786,1164,551,597]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Lichonycteris obscura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[146,1185,551,677]" box="[148,1185,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<heading box="[148,1185,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,223,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[233,442,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Lichonyctére sombre</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[463,553,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[563,874,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Dunkle Langzungenfledermaus</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[895,986,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[996,1109,615,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Liconicterio</vernacularName>
|
||
oscuro
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[146,1185,551,677]" box="[147,687,655,676]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<heading box="[147,687,655,676]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[147,394,655,676]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[404,687,655,676]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Dark Brown Long-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[760,1353,724,1147]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[761,916,724,753]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1895" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lichonycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscura">Lichonycteris obscura Thomas, 1895</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[847,1169,760,793]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[860,989,760,793]" country="Nicaragua" name="Managua" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Managua</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1019,1164,760,793]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[760,1353,724,1147]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
For a long time,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[998,1131,799,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lichonycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscura">L. obscura</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1019,1163,838,871]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lichonycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="degener">L. degener</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South America, east of the Andes. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458772" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458772/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" targetBox="[147,737,732,1145]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[760,1353,724,1147]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[761,938,921,950]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[972,1074,921,950]" name="Mexico" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1095,1208,921,950]" country="Mexico" name="Tabasco" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Tabasco</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
) S through Central America to the W slope of the Andes in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1092,1229,996,1029]" name="Colombia" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[760,1353,724,1147]" lastBlockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[762,1011,1075,1108]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 46-55 mm, tail 6-9 mm, ear 9-13 mm, hindfoot 8-12 mm, forearm 31-35 mm; weight 6-8-8 g (non-reproductive adults). Males are notably smaller than females. Dorsal fur of the Dark Long-tongued Bat is dark brown and has clearly tricolored hairs, with dark bases, pale middles, and dark tips. It is one of the smallest nectar-feeding specialists of phyllostomids, with only moderately elongated and rather slender rostrum. Wing membrane is attached to foot near bases of outer toes. Lower incisors are missing, and there are only two upper and lower molars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[149,259,1391,1424]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly evergreen lowland primary and secondary rainforests but occasionally more disturbed areas when nectar resources are abundant (plantations) from lowlands up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[519,628,1471,1504]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[149,410,1509,1542]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Dark Long-tongued Batis a nectar specialist. In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[150,301,1548,1581]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they visited at least 14 different plant species, including bromeliads, the Balsa tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[304,569,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ochroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ochroma pyramidale</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[584,735,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[760,976,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Mucuna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mucuna holtonu</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[996,1132,1596,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and cultivated banana. An individual in Chiapas had eaten pollen of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[913,1090,1627,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lonchocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lonchocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1157,1294,1627,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="525" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,284,1667,1700]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Dark Long-tongued Bats were found in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1207,1354,1667,1700]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
in October-February, suggesting a bimodal reproduction pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[148,389,1746,1779]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark Long-tongued Bats are strictly nocturnal. The few roosting Dark Long-tongued Bats observed so far were found exclusively alone and within or underfallen trees, mostly close to the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,846,1864,1897]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Dark L.ong-tongued Bats occur only at very low densities. In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[674,821,1903,1936]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they were almost exclusively captured in October-February, during a period of high flower availability; their whereabouts outside this period were unknown. Very small body size appears not to be particularly conducive for large-scale migration, so perhaps this seasonal appearance was caused by their small-scale resource tracking movements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[148,1357,1158,2213]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,501,2101,2134]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Nevertheless, the Dark Long-tongued Bat probably depends largely on evergreen forest habitats that could be threatened in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="525" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="41.[1420,2625,291,357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1422,1575,291,316]" pageId="41" pageNumber="525">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Hill (1986a), Reid (2009), Solari (2018f), Tschapka (1998, 2004), Villalobos-Chaves et al. (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |