201 lines
18 KiB
XML
201 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF90FF901354F918F6FBF64E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Erophylla bombifrons" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="517" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="517" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727140" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF90FF901354F918F6FBF64E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF90FF901354F918F6FBF64E" lastPageNumber="517" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<subSubSection box="[104,162,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[102,1169,1698,1785]" box="[104,162,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<heading box="[104,162,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<figureCitation box="[104,162,1698,1744]" captionStart="Plate 37: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="27.[133,163,3312,3337]" captionTargetBox="[24,2766,17,3654]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="47. Insular Single-leat Bat (Monophyllus plethodon), 48. Leach’s Single-leat Bat (Monophyllus redmani), 49. Commissaris’s L. ong-tongued Bat (Glossophaga commissaris), 50. Western Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga morenoi), 51. Gray's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga leachii), 52. Miller's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga longirostris), 53. Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina), 54. Southern LLong-nosed Bat (Leptonyctenis curasoae), 55. Greater Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), 56. Lesser Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae), 57. Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum), 58. Cuban Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla nana), 59. Jamaican Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla), 60. Cuban Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi), 61. Brown Flower Bat (Erophylla bombifrons), 62. Buffy Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekorni)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458756/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">61.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[178,550,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[102,1169,1698,1785]" box="[178,550,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<heading box="[178,550,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<vernacularName box="[178,550,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Brown Flower Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[616,991,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[102,1169,1698,1785]" box="[616,991,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<heading box="[616,991,1698,1744]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="G. S. Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[616,991,1698,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombifrons">
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<emphasis box="[616,991,1698,1744]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Erophylla bombifrons</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[103,1168,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[102,1169,1698,1785]" box="[103,1168,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<heading box="[103,1168,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[103,179,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[189,421,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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Erophylle de
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<collectingCountry box="[320,421,1762,1783]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Porto Rico</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[442,532,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[542,829,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Braunstirn-Blitenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[850,941,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[951,1013,1762,1783]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Eréfilo</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry box="[1054,1168,1762,1783]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[715,1308,1833,2257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[716,872,1833,1862]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S." class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombifrons">Phyllonycteris bombifrons G. S. Miller, 1899</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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“limestone cave near
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<collectingRegion country="Puerto Rico" name="Bayamon" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Bayamon</collectingRegion>
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, Province of SanJuan,
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<collectingCountry box="[1121,1291,1912,1941]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[715,1308,1833,2257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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All populations in the genus
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<taxonomicName box="[1117,1235,1948,1981]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Erophylla</taxonomicName>
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were once considered to be
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<taxonomicName box="[1055,1205,1996,2021]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sezekorni">E. sezekorni</taxonomicName>
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, which is why some literature actually focuses on
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<taxonomicName box="[716,883,2066,2099]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombifrons">E. bombifrons</taxonomicName>
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but uses than name
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<taxonomicName box="[1159,1302,2066,2099]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sezekorni">E. sezekorni</taxonomicName>
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. It is uncertain if santacristobalensis is really a separate subspecies; additional research is needed. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458722/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" targetBox="[101,692,1839,2253]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[715,1308,1833,2257]" box="[716,1117,2224,2257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[716,1117,2224,2257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" box="[101,759,2263,2296]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1899" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1899" box="[101,551,2263,2296]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bombifrons" subSpecies="bombifrons">E.b.bombifronsG.S.Miller,1899—PuertoRico.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" box="[102,762,2302,2335]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1905" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1905" box="[102,569,2302,2335]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bombifrons" subSpecies="santacristobalensis">E. b. santacristobalensis Elliot, 1905</taxonomicName>
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— Hispaniola.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[101,354,2346,2375]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 80-88 mm, tail 13-17 mm, ear 17-19 mm, hindfoot 13-15 mm, forearm 47-51 mm; weight 16-21 g. The Brown Flower Bat is mediumsized. It is noisy and very alert in caves during the day. Fur is short and silky, chestnutbrown dorsally and paler ventrally and on face and head. Hairs are white at bases and brown at tips. Flight membranes and ears are light brown and devoid of hair. Snoutis elongated and contains long protrusible tongue, covered with bristle-like papillae and rather thick compared to that of Leach’s Single-leaf Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[915,1203,2579,2612]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Monophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="redmani">Monophyllus redmani</taxonomicName>
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). Noseleaf is clearly defined, but it is much shorter and rudimentary than in most phyllostomids. Braincase rises abruptly from rostral plane, and zygomatic arches are complete. Dental formula for both species of Fraphyllais 12/2, C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (+2) = 32, and teeth are small and do not have W-pattern. Diploid numberis 2n = 32; all autosomes are biarmed, and most are metacentric and submetacentric. X-chromosome is the largest, and Y-chromosome is minute.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[100,574,2854,2887]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" box="[100,574,2854,2887]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[100,211,2854,2887]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Xeric and mesic habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[100,356,2903,2928]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet includes fruit, nectar, and insects. Of 109 individuals from
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<collectingCountry name="Puerto Rico" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
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, 75% had consumed insects, 76% nectar, and 85% fruits; c.50% had consumed all three. Coleopterans were most common in fecal pellets, but
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<taxonomicName box="[1003,1108,2973,3006]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1126,1299,2973,3006]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[165,357,3013,3046]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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were also found. An analysis ofstable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen revealed that the Brown Flower Bat obtained most ofits protein from plants. Plants visited for fruit include
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<taxonomicName box="[426,563,3092,3125]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Muntingiaceae" genus="Muntingia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Muntingia</taxonomicName>
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calabura (
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<taxonomicName box="[701,913,3092,3125]" family="Muntingiaceae" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" rank="family">Muntingiaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[940,1006,3092,3125]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName box="[1070,1227,3092,3125]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and
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<taxonomicName box="[102,213,3131,3164]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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torvum (
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<taxonomicName box="[332,493,3131,3164]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and plants visited for nectar and pollen include bananas, common guavas, lead trees, and several columnar cacti. When visiting columnar cacti, Brown Flower Bats hold onto flowers rather than hovering in front of them.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[99,1307,2263,3480]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,234,3249,3282]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Mating system has not been described, but it might be similar to the closely related Buffy Flower Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[461,611,3289,3322]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sezekorni">E. sezekorni</taxonomicName>
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) that is considered polygynous, probably promiscuous, with some characteristics in common with a lek system. Pregnancy occurs in February—June and lactation in May-September. Neonates weight ¢.25% of mothers’ postpartum weights. At birth, young are naked and light pink, with open eyes, and they cling to their mothers. Typically, young are left in caves when mothers go out to forage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1379,2588,291,1035]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1380,1618,291,324]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Brown Flower Bats typically share caves with several other species, where it is one of the last species to depart at night. Although some individuals begin their activity ¢.20 minutes after sunset, peak exits occur 40-60 minutes after sunset. It is also one of the first species to return before sunrise. It roosts predominantly in tepid areas (26°C) of caves, although it has been found in abandoned dams and small cavities in ceilings of cooler caves. In these cases, structures of roosts likely facilitate entrapment of metabolic heat, reducing energy required for thermoregulation. Brown Flower Bats probably fly in forest understories because it is regularly captured in mist nets at ground level, and understory plants form part of their diets.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1379,2588,291,1035]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,2088,645,678]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Brown Flower Bats often join multispecies assemblages in caves with hundreds of thousands of bats but roost separately along thermal gradient typical of such caves. They normally form very large colonies and likely commute long distances to forage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1379,2588,291,1035]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,1728,803,836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Brown Flower Bat is common throughout its restricted distribution. It is found in protected areas. It does not appearto be locally extinct anywhere in the West Indies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="517" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[1379,2588,291,1035]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,1534,930,955]" pageId="33" pageNumber="517">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Baker, August & Steuter (1978), Fleming et al. (2009), Gannon et al. (2005), Rodriguez-Durén (1996, 1998, 2009), Rodriguez-Duran & Christenson (2012), Rodriguez-Duran & Inchaustegui (2008), Simmons (2005), Soto-Centeno (2004), Soto-Centeno & Kurta (2003), Soto-Centeno et al. (2014).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |