226 lines
20 KiB
XML
226 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF8EFF8E16B8FEB4F809F905" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sturnira erythromos" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="547" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="547" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760105" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760105" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF8EFF8E16B8FEB4F809F905" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF8EFF8E16B8FEB4F809F905" lastPageNumber="547" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<subSubSection box="[1412,1491,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1407,2522,270,394]" box="[1412,1491,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<heading box="[1412,1491,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<figureCitation box="[1412,1491,270,316]" captionStart="Plate 41: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="59.[123,153,3247,3272]" captionTargetBox="[22,2764,17,3653]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="119. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bidens), 120. Lesser Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira nana), 121. Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira aratathomasi), 122. Honduran Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira hondurensis), 123. Burton's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Stwrnira burtonlimi), 124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira ludovici), 125. Adriana’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira adrianae), 126. Tschudi’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira oporaphilum), 127. Mistratoan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mistratensis), 128. Soriano’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira sorianoi), 129. Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira koopmanhilli), 130. Talamancan Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira mordax), 131. Perla Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira perla), 132. Tilda’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira tildae), 133. Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira erythromos), 134. Bogota Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bogotensis), 135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira magna), 136. Northern Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira parvidens), 137. Baker's Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira bakeri), 138. Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira Lilium), 139. Gianna’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira giannae), 140. Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira angeli), 141. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira paulsoni), 142. Luis’s Yellow-shouldered Bat (Sturnira luisi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459033" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459033/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">133.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1509,2100,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1407,2522,270,394]" box="[1509,2100,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<heading box="[1509,2100,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<vernacularName box="[1509,2100,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2151,2522,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1407,2522,270,394]" box="[2151,2522,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<heading box="[2151,2522,270,316]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tshudi" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[2151,2522,270,316]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythromos">
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<emphasis box="[2151,2522,270,316]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Sturnira erythromos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1407,2522,270,394]" box="[1409,2463,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<heading box="[1409,2463,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1484,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1493,1684,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Sturnire des Andes</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1705,1795,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1805,2126,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Haarige Gelbschulterfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2147,2238,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2248,2325,334,355]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Sturniro</vernacularName>
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de los Andes
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1407,2522,270,394]" box="[1408,2126,373,394]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<heading box="[1408,2126,373,394]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1655,373,394]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1663,1832,373,394]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Andean Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1845,2126,373,394]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Small Yellow-shouldered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[2021,2614,440,867]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2021,2176,440,473]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Tschudi, 1844" authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1844" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythromos">Phyllostoma erythromos Tschudi, 1844</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[2106,2177,487,512]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<collectingCountry box="[2106,2174,487,512]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2021,2384,519,552]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[2021,2614,440,867]" box="[2021,2384,519,552]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458874" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458874/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" targetBox="[1406,1996,448,861]" targetPageId="63">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[2021,2614,440,867]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2021,2197,562,591]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Andes of
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<collectingCountry box="[2346,2493,562,591]" name="Venezuela" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Colombia" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2083,2201,601,630]" name="Ecuador" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2219,2286,601,630]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2305,2401,601,630]" name="Bolivia" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry name="Argentina" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[2021,2614,440,867]" lastBlockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2021,2273,676,709]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 53-59 mm (tailless), ear 14-16 mm, hindfoot 12-14 mm, forearm 38-44 mm; weight 12-17 g. The Hairy Yellow-shouldered Batis small to medium-sized. Dorsal fur is dense, long, soft, tricolored, and dark brown to smoky grayish brown; sometimes on shoulders and below neck of adults (especially males), there is a yellow or reddish patch from glandular secretions. Head is large, neck is wide, and snout is short and broad. Noseleaf is medium-sized, spear-shaped, and broad; ears are short, smaller than head; and lowerlip has three central warts, surrounded by row of smaller ones. Uropatagium is practically absent, reduced to a very narrow fringe; tail is absent; calcaris short; feet are short and extensively furred to claws. I' are spearshaped with separated tips and project forward; I, are bilobate; lower molars have ill-defined cusps toward tongue, giving each molar a flat, plain aspect; tooth rows are arched outward; and palate is flat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1519,1229,1262]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary, secondary, disturbed, and gallery forests; forest edges; cultivated areas such as banana or cocoa plantations; and gardens at elevations of 1000-3740 m (but as low as
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<quantity box="[1615,1702,1308,1341]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
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on eastern slopes of Andes in northern
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<collectingCountry box="[2290,2439,1308,1341]" name="Argentina" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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). The Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat can be found in montane and cloudy forests; highlands and slopes of the Andes; subtropical, temperate, and lower Andean forests; mainly evergreen forested habitats but also semi-dry inter-Andean Valleys and dry seasonalforests, likely on a seasonal basis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1669,1506,1539]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat feeds almost exclusively on fruits and is categorized as a low-flying frugivore. It specializes on chiropterochorous fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[1444,1557,1588,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1576,1735,1588,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName box="[1817,1885,1588,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1902,2064,1588,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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). Otherfruits can be included in
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<taxonomicName box="[2526,2613,1588,1617]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
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proportions, such as those from species of
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<taxonomicName box="[2030,2166,1628,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2192,2364,1628,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Morus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">Morus nigra</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[2392,2536,1628,1657]" family="Rubiaceae" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psychotria</taxonomicName>
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carthagenensis,
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<taxonomicName box="[1711,1808,1672,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Randia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Randia</taxonomicName>
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armata),
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<taxonomicName box="[1946,2102,1672,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2127,2237,1672,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Vassobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vassobia</taxonomicName>
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breviflora, V. lorentzii), and
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<taxonomicName box="[1408,1595,1706,1735]" family="Cannabaceae" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1617,1688,1706,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Celtis</taxonomicName>
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iguanaea).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1541,1742,1775]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Breeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[1595,1742,1742,1775]" name="Venezuela" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, both sexes were reproductively inactive in May (end offirst rainy season), but two pregnant females and one male with enlarged testes were captured in December (end of second rainy season). In
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<collectingCountry box="[2201,2340,1830,1855]" name="Colombia" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, two females were pregnant in December. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1791,1909,1861,1894]" name="Ecuador" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, pregnant females (fetuses 26-29 mm) were captured in August-September. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1864,1931,1900,1933]" name="Peru" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, ten pregnant females, each with a single fetus (2-18 mm), and some scrotal males were found in August, and six males had enlarged testes (4-4
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<date box="[1565,1609,1979,2012]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">x 5</date>
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-8 mm on average). In
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<collectingCountry box="[1950,2046,1979,2012]" name="Bolivia" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, six lactating females were recorded in January, and scrotal males (testes 4-4-5-8 mm) in May and November. In northern
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<collectingCountry box="[1405,1548,2058,2091]" name="Argentina" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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, the Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat is monoestrous, starting reproductive activity in July, with single parturition in November—January and lactating females until April; additional records from
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<collectingCountry box="[1848,1990,2137,2170]" name="Argentina" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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include one female near parturition and a male with scrotaltestes in October and juveniles with cartilaginous phalanges in June.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1643,2216,2249]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bats are nocturnal and mostly fly in interior forest or over small rivers. Nightly activity, as reflected by mist-net captures, was bimodal. A main peak occurred around midnight and was followed by a decrease in captures until a second, less pronounced peak at ¢.06:30 h. It roosts in hollow trees and probably in foliage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,2114,2422,2447]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Elevational movements, or at least habitat shifts across mountain ranges, probably occur given the marked seasonal fluctuations of captures along elevational gradients.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1755,2532,2565]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hairy Yellow-shouldered Bat was considered rare and therefore vulnerable according to an index ofrarity for Neotropical bats. In contrast, it has been ranked in the category of abundant non-endangered bat species.Its conservation status is considered stable, and it occurs in several protected areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="63" pageNumber="547" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="63.[1401,2615,874,2881]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1559,2739,2764]" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Albuja (1999), Arita (1993), Autino & Barquez (1994), Barquez, Giannini & Mares (1993), Barquez, Mares & Braun (1999), Capllonch et al. (1997), Gardner (
|
||
<quantity box="[2013,2080,2778,2803]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.008" pageId="63" pageNumber="547" unit="g" value="2008.0">2008g</quantity>
|
||
), Gardner & O'Neill (1969), Giannini (1999), Giannini & Barquez (2003), Handley (1976), Lee, Packer & Alvarado (2006), Maguina et al. (2012), Moya & Arteaga (2007),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1489,1570,2856,2881]" country="Uruguay" name="Soriano" pageId="63" pageNumber="547">Soriano</collectingRegion>
|
||
etal. (2002), Thomas (1972), Tirira (2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |